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Sand Production and Control Methods Eric Laurent, Savina Nguyen, Ethan Oddo, Tyler Richardson PETE 4050 Team 3 Sand control refers to managing or minimizing the amount of sand produced from a hydrocarbon reservoir. This ultimately leads to equipment failure and downtime. Sand Control Methods Design Effects Causes of Sanding References Sand production is a factor of rock strength, natural earth stresses, and manmade stresses caused by drilling or production. In unconsolidated formations, sanding is triggered by drag from fluid turbulence. This worsens with higher fluid viscosity and flow rate. In more consolidated formations, sanding is triggered by changes in production rate, the onset of water production, changes in gas-oil ratio, and reduced reservoir pressures. The arch above shows the doorway to the fracturethat forms naturally during perforation. Changes in production rate, water reducing capillary pressure between the grains, and fracturing can damage the arch which ultimately causes it to collapse leading to the onset of sand production. Resin Injection Screens and Liners Gravel Packing Resins such as phenolics, furans, and epoxies are injected through perforations and flushed with a catalyst in order to cement the sand in place. Clay can hinder its effectiveness due to a higher surface area; a clay stabilizer is used pre-flush normally. Residual water can create a need for more effective resin. This, however, can compromise your desired permeability and slow your flow rate. Injection must be perfectly even and coat all exposed sand to be successful, so resin injection is usually reserved for short intervals of no more than 15 feet. Larger openings in slotted liners stop larger grains, while smaller openings, like that of pre-packed screens with resin coated gravel, offer coverage of finer grains. The opening size causes the amount of bridging that happens between the screen and the casing or open hole. Even if a small amount of fine grains get through, the screen or liner can be plugged within a few hours of installation. This is the least expensive of the major down hole filter systems. A steel screen is placed in the wellbore and the surrounding annulus is packed with prepared gravel of a specific size designed to prevent the passage of formation sand. Creates a granular filter with permeability as high as 120 mD Primary objective: stabilize the formation while causing minimal impairment to well productivity Fig. 4 - Pre-packed Liner (3) Fig. 5 - Pre-packed Screen (3) Fig. 3 – Resin Injection Diagram (9) Fig. 2 – Arch due to Fracture (4) Fig. 1 – Example of equipment damage from uncontrolled sand production (5) Fig. 6 – Gravel Pack System (7) Fig. 7 – Gravel packing compared to screens and untouched wells (3) A study was completed in various deep water fields with wells operating with a stand alone screen. The result was average skin factor lower than 10. 1. Andrews, J.; Kjørholt H.; and Jøranson H.; Statoil ASA. 2005. Production enhancement from sand management philosophy: A Case Study from Statfjord and Gullfaks . Paper SPE 94511 presented at the European Formation Damage Conference, Sheveningen, The Netherlands. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-94511-MS?id=conference-paper %2FSPE-94511-MS 2. Furgier, Jean-Noël; Viguerie, Bjorn; Aubry, Eric; Rivet, Pascal; Total E&P. 2013. Stand Alone Screens: What Key Parameters are Really Important for a Successful Design? Paper SPE 165170 presented at the European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-165170-MS?id=conference-paper %2FSPE-165170-MS 3. King , George E. 2009. Sand Control Overview. GEK Engineering Online. http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/Sand_Control_Overview.pdf (downloaded 6 April 2014). 4. Carlson, Jon; Gurley, Derrel; King, George E.; Price-Smith, Colin; and Waters, Frank. 1992. Sand Control: Why and How? Oilfield Review, Volume 4, Issue 4. https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors92/1092/p41_53.pdf 5. Liou, Joanne. 2012. Refining the grip on natures fine grains. Drilling Contractor, May/June feature. http://www.weatherford.com/weatherford/groups/web/documents/weatherfordcorp/wft208290.pdf 6. Gringarten, Allain C. and Alshawaf, Mohammed H. 2013. Impact Of Completion On Wellbore Skin Effect. Paper SPE 164872 presented at EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE Europec, London, UK. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-164872-MS?id=conference-paper %2FSPE-164872-MS 7. Gravel Pack. 2014. Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/g/gravel_pack.aspx 8. Langley, Diane. 2011. Sand control case histories: Shape memory polymers, resins, shunt tubes. March/April feature. Completing the Well. Drilling Contractor. http://www.drillingcontractor.org/sand-control-case-histories-shape-memory-polymers-resins-shunt-tubes-8793 9. Dunefront Limited. 2014. Sand Control Introduction. http://dunefront.com/resources.aspx Fig. 10 – Well performance in different gravel packs (3) Fig. 9 – Skin Effects in Stand Alone Screened Wells (2) Carrier fluid can enter the formation and damage permeability, restricting production. Gravel packs reduce the operational well bore diameter, which could lead to requirement of an artificial lift equipment above the zone. It is difficult to complete multiple zones, and almost all well repairs require complete removal of the screen and gravel pack. Despite being one of the more expensive methods, it is one of the most effective sand control systems and the most commonly used. Negative Effects Halliburton improved on this method by using an oscillator, which generates bursts of fluid to help the resin to better penetrate the formation. This strengthens the consolidation of the well by increasing the permeability. Fig. 8 – Halliburtons oscillator to help distribute resin (8) What is Sand Control? To maintain a long-term gravel pack, a balance between a larger pack, which minimizes the pressure drop, and a smaller pack, which collects the sand particles, must be met. Achieving this balance will create a higher effective permeability over the formation.
Transcript
Page 1: Sand Production and Control Methods - Weebly

Sand Production and Control Methods Eric  Laurent,  Savina  Nguyen,  Ethan  Oddo,  Tyler  Richardson  

PETE  4050  -­‐  Team  3  

Sand control refers to managing or minimizing the amount of sand produced from a hydrocarbon reservoir. This ultimately leads to equipment failure and downtime.

Sand Control Methods Design Effects

Causes of Sanding

References

•  Sand production is a factor of rock strength, natural earth stresses, and manmade stresses caused by drilling or production.

•  In unconsolidated formations, sanding is triggered by drag from fluid turbulence. This worsens with higher fluid viscosity and flow rate.

•  In more consolidated formations, sanding is triggered by changes in production rate, the onset of water production, changes in gas-oil ratio, and reduced reservoir pressures.

•  The arch above shows the “doorway to the fracture” that forms naturally during perforation.

•  Changes in production rate, water reducing capillary pressure between the grains, and fracturing can damage the arch which ultimately causes it to collapse leading to the onset of sand production.

Resin Injection

Screens and Liners

Gravel Packing Resins such as phenolics, furans, and epoxies are injected through perforations and flushed with a catalyst in order to cement the sand in place. •  Clay can hinder its effectiveness due to a higher surface

area; a clay stabilizer is used pre-flush normally.

•  Residual water can create a need for more effective resin. This, however, can compromise your desired permeability and slow your flow rate.

•  Injection must be perfectly even and coat all exposed sand to be successful, so resin injection is usually reserved for short intervals of no more than 15 feet.

•  Larger openings in slotted liners stop larger grains, while smaller openings, like that of pre-packed screens with resin coated gravel, offer coverage of finer grains.

•  The opening size causes the amount of bridging that happens between the screen and the casing or open hole.

•  Even if a small amount of fine grains get through, the screen or liner can be plugged within a few hours of installation.

•  This is the least expensive of the major down hole filter systems.

•  A steel screen is placed in the wellbore and the surrounding annulus is packed with prepared gravel of a specific size designed to prevent the passage of formation sand.

•  Creates a granular filter with permeability as high as 120 mD

•  Primary objective: stabilize the formation while causing minimal impairment to well productivity

Fig. 4 - Pre-packed Liner (3)

Fig. 5 - Pre-packed Screen (3)

Fig. 3 – Resin Injection Diagram (9)

Fig. 2 – Arch due to Fracture (4)

Fig. 1 – Example of equipment damage from uncontrolled sand production (5)

Fig. 6 – Gravel Pack System (7)

Fig. 7 – Gravel packing compared to screens and untouched wells (3)

A study was completed in various deep water fields with wells operating with a stand alone screen. The result was average skin factor lower than 10.

1.  Andrews, J.; Kjørholt H.; and Jøranson H.; Statoil ASA. 2005. Production enhancement from sand management philosophy: A Case Study from Statfjord and Gullfaks . Paper SPE 94511 presented at the European Formation Damage Conference, Sheveningen, The Netherlands. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-94511-MS?id=conference-paper%2FSPE-94511-MS

2.  Furgier, Jean-Noël; Viguerie, Bjorn; Aubry, Eric; Rivet, Pascal; Total E&P. 2013. Stand Alone Screens: What Key Parameters are Really Important for a Successful Design? Paper SPE 165170 presented at the European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-165170-MS?id=conference-paper%2FSPE-165170-MS

3.  King , George E. 2009. Sand Control Overview. GEK Engineering Online. http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/Sand_Control_Overview.pdf (downloaded 6 April 2014).

4.  Carlson, Jon; Gurley, Derrel; King, George E.; Price-Smith, Colin; and Waters, Frank. 1992. Sand Control: Why and How? Oilfield Review, Volume 4, Issue 4. https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors92/1092/p41_53.pdf

5.  Liou, Joanne. 2012. Refining the grip on nature’s fine grains. Drilling Contractor, May/June feature. http://www.weatherford.com/weatherford/groups/web/documents/weatherfordcorp/wft208290.pdf

6.  Gringarten, Allain C. and Alshawaf, Mohammed H. 2013. Impact Of Completion On Wellbore Skin Effect. Paper SPE 164872 presented at EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE Europec, London, UK. https://www-onepetro-org.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/download/conference-paper/SPE-164872-MS?id=conference-paper%2FSPE-164872-MS

7.  Gravel Pack. 2014. Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary. http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/g/gravel_pack.aspx 8.  Langley, Diane. 2011. Sand control case histories: Shape memory polymers, resins, shunt tubes. March/April feature.

Completing the Well. Drilling Contractor. http://www.drillingcontractor.org/sand-control-case-histories-shape-memory-polymers-resins-shunt-tubes-8793

9. Dunefront Limited. 2014. Sand Control Introduction. http://dunefront.com/resources.aspx

Fig. 10 – Well performance in different gravel packs (3)

Fig. 9 – Skin Effects in Stand Alone Screened Wells (2)

•  Carrier fluid can enter the formation and damage permeability, restricting production.

•  Gravel packs reduce the operational well bore diameter, which could lead to requirement of an artificial lift equipment above the zone.

•  It is difficult to complete multiple zones, and almost all well repairs require complete removal of the screen and gravel pack.

Despite being one of the more expensive methods, it is one of the most effective sand control systems and the most commonly used.

Negative Effects

Halliburton improved on this method by using an oscillator, which generates bursts of fluid to help the resin to better penetrate the formation. This strengthens the consolidation of the well by increasing the permeability.

Fig. 8 – Halliburton’s oscillator to help distribute resin (8)

What is Sand Control?

To maintain a long-term gravel pack, a balance between a larger pack, which minimizes the pressure drop, and a smaller pack, which collects the sand particles, must be met. Achieving this balance will create a higher effective permeability over the formation.

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