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© WASH Inst. Sanitation & Faecal Sludge and Septage Management - Status, Progress, Challenges and Way Forward Arumugam Kalimuthu Program Director WASH Institute
© WASH Inst.
Sanitation &
Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
- Status, Progress, Challenges and Way Forward
Arumugam KalimuthuProgram Director
WASH Institute
Basics
• 1.27 billion people (17.5% of world population)
• 29 states and 7 union territories
• National/State/District/Block/Gram Panchayat• Village / Hamlet
• WASH : Two ministries • Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS)• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
• National Govt• Policy /Guidelines • Financial Assistance
• State • Implementation (Water & Sanitation is State subject)
Sanitation Status
1.2 billion people practise open defecation,83 per cent of whom live in 13 countries
Rest of world, 205
India, 665
Indonesia, 66
Ethiopia, 52
Pakistan, 50
China, 37
Nigeria, 29
Brazil, 18
Bangladesh, 18
Sudan, 14
Nepal, 14
Niger, 11
Viet Nam, 10
Mozambique, 10
Rest of world, 205
In millions of people
01020304050607080
India
Nepa
lPa
kistan
Afgha
nistan
Maldi
ves
Bang
ladesh
% of Open Defecation in Rural areas in South Asian countries (2006)
% of OpenDefecation inRural areas
Globally 1.2 billion people practice open defecation, 55% of them are in India.
Among the South Asian countries, again in India is worst performer in term of sanitation coverage.
On an average 1000 children die due to diarrhoea in India caused by poor sanitation.
It is estimated that around 180 million work days to be lost each year due to poor sanitation in the country.
Sanitation Coverage Status
The Need…
~18%
Over 18% Urban householdsin India lack individual toilets &~12% households defecate in open / Only ~6% coverage of
public & community toilets
~24%
Over 24% young girls drop out due to lack of toilets at
home or school / ~30% schools don’t have separate
toilet for girls
Lack of Measures for effective containment, transportation and disposal of faecal waste
$54 Bn
India loses over USD 54 Billion per year due to inadequate sanitation
infrastructure (health related, tourism) -
6.4% of GDP or ~$48 per capita
$India has spent over USD 20 Bn on WASH projects in the last 20 years…
yet…
Initiatives, such as, Total Sanitation Campaign (1998), National Urban Sanitation Policy (2008), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (2012) have been undertaken…
© WASH Inst.
Why Sanitation is critical ?
Sanitation saves lives of children• Diarrhea responsible for
13% child deaths in India• Kills an estimated
200,000 children every year
Health and nutrition• Lack of sanitation leads to
physical and cognitive stunting in children, potentially leading to a less productive future workforce
Women’s security and dignity• Open Defecation a serious
threat to safety and dignity of women
• Linked to various crimes against women
About 450 million people in rural India defecate in the open. That amounts to almost half of the world’s population that defecates in the open. SDG 6 will be achieved only if SBM is successful.
Sanitation Progress
© WASH Inst.
How is SBM different from previous sanitation programs
1986CRSP
1999Total Sanitation Campaign
2012 NirmalBharat Abhiyan
2014 Swachh Bharat Mission
PM’s flagship program + a people’s movement
Behaviour change at the heart of SBM’s strategy (IEC/BCC)
Focus shifted from outputs to outcomes - toilet construction to ODF
Use of innovative techniques, technologies and partnerships
Flexibility and autonomy to states
Results based approach – award the good performers
Renewed focus on Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM)
WASH Priorities of Existing Govt. Programs (Urban)
• 100% Open Defecation Free (ODF) and 100% scientific waste management across 4041 statutory towns
• Sustainable Sanitation Practices & Services Delivery
• Water Supply-Augmentation & Rehabilitation of Existing systems
• Sewerage Facilities & SeptageManagement
• Faecal Sludge Management
• Adequate Water Supply & Sanitation
• Water Management: Smart Metering, Leakage identification and its preventive measures; water quality monitoring
• Waste Water Treatment
Swachh Bharat Mission AMRUT SMART Cities
© WASH Inst.
Snapshot of SBM-G Progress (crossed 60% coverage)
67% - 99%
0% - 33%
34% - 66%
Completed
1. Uttarakhand2. Gujarat 3. Haryana
States likely to become ODF by March 31st
* as of January 31, 2017
% of rural Households with Toilets
Toilets Built since Oct 2, 201434,004,156
No. of ODF Villages
1,61,100
Dec-13: 38.81% Feb-17: 60.79%
Coverage
No. of ODF States3 (Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh &
Kerala)
No. of ODF Districts
94
Mission Progress-Toilets (Urban)
50,28,000Individual Household Toilets completed or under-construction
238,000Community/Public Toilets
completed or under construction
511
Cities certified Open Defecation Free
Importance for Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Campaign) - New Currency carries the SBM Logo
Sanitation Challenges ?
34 years
Demand Creation (BCC) :
Sanitation is not a “Hardware” and it is a “Software”
Skill and Capacity Gaps
Sanitation Incentives ; Simplification of process
Source : The Hindu
Source : The Times of India
Bridge Financing
TechnologyInnovation
Supply Chain
Deskilling
Ensure sustainable water supply
Lack of Focus on FSSM
What is FSSM
Faecal Sludge and Septage Management(FSSM) is the management of safecontainment, transportation, treatment,disposal and reuse of faecal sludge andseptage.
Status of Sanitation in Urban India
With Decrease in City Size, Dependence on OSS Increases
Source : CPR
Shit Flow Diagram
Centralized System : Not a Solution
Existing Situation in India • Over 60% of household toilets are beyond
the coverage of sewerage network.
• 7,000+ small towns do not have centralized
sewerage systems and are unlikely to be
covered by such systems in the near
future.
• Improper design of OSS (septic tank)
• Illegal dumping of Faecal sludge
• Lack of private operators in small towns
Unsafe Disposal of Faecal Sludge:
Need For FSSM• Weak sanitation has significant health
costs and untreated faecal sludge and
septage from cities is the single biggest
source of water resource pollution in India.
• With the fast urbanization the
conventional sewerage systems are not
likely to keep pace with the growing
demand in the developing countries like
India
• Centralized system need High CAPEX and
OPEX
FSSM : Global Issue
• Globally, around 2.7 billion people are served by onsitesanitation technologies and it is expected that thenumber is going to get doubled by 2030.
• With fast urbanization the conventional seweragesystems are not likely to keep pace with the growingdemand in the developing countries
• Most of the Sewerage systems that have beenconstructed in low-income countries have failedbecause of high O & M costs.
The Recent Progress
The Way Forward
Focus on “Sanitation ++”
Household & Community Sanitation
Faecal Sludge & Septage Management
Grey Water Management
Move from Village Wide Approach to District Wide Approach :
SCALE
Village
Gram Panchayats
District wide Approach
Involvement of private sector in Sanitation Business
?
Need Innovation/Research in Sanitation and FSSM Products
Simple
Cost effective
Low O&M
Containment
Emptying
Transport
Treatment
Disposal / Reuse
Protect Water Bodies by adopting right and appropriate sanitation technological options
Intensive BCC
Not only for demand creation.
Post implementation support
is much more critical
Train / groom more personnel / Professional
Ensure Social Engineering aspects part of the syllabus
Champion at
Dr. P.B. Salim, I.A.S.
Source: http://vetconcerns.org/2015/06/02/the-underprivileged-a-vets-saga/
Every GP
Every Block
Every District
Every State
Knowledge Management
