sustainable

sanitation

alliance

Sanitation Systems, Technology Options,Hygiene and Health

zurbrugg@eawag.ch

Durban, 16 Feb. 2008, Sandec / Eawag

Eawag/Sandec, SEI, BGR, TTZ, IWA, WSSCC, BOKU,

UNESCO-IHE, AEE/INTEC, GTZ, IWWA, IWA-SG, UN-

Habitat, UNDP, Ecosanlac, KfW

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Working group 4: Sanitation systems,

technology options, hygiene and health

The SuSanA Approved Statement, draft 05/2007

addresses health as a central issue for Sustainable

Sanitation:

“The main objective of a sanitation system is to

protect and promote human health by providing a

clean environment and breaking the cycle of

disease.”

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Working group 4: Sanitation systems,

technology options, hygiene and health

Goal is to raise awareness and knowledge by:

• launching discussion and debate on the

concept of sanitation system

• describing the wide variety of sanitation

systems and technology components available

with their advantages and disadvantages given

selected sustainability criteria

• describing their function towards reducing

health risk of stakeholders and downstream

affected populations by technical and non-

technical means

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Working group 4: Sanitation systems,

technology options, hygiene and health

Expected outputs:

• Factsheet on the importance to engage in a

system perspective, taking into account waste

products, processes/functions and

technologies

• Sourcebook of typical sanitation systems and

technologies with description on hygienization

processes and risk of exposure to pathogens

as well as case study descriptions

• ….

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Understanding sustainable sanitation system

and technology options

Understanding sustainable sanitation systems and

technologies means to address:

• Function of health risk reduction

• Technical appropriateness

• Economic viability

• Institutional appropriateness

• Socially acceptability

• Minimal environmental impact

• Minimal resource use and potential for maximal

resource reuse

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A Sanitation System – a multi-step process

By considering ‘sanitation’ as a multi-step process,

and not a single point, waste products are accounted

for from the point of generation to the point of

ultimate disposal.

Introducing the concept of waste inputs/products,

functions and technologies

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Use /

Disposal

Centralized

Treatment

Transport

Collection and

Storage / Treatment

A Sanitation System –

waste inputs, products and functions

Inputs

Flushwater Stormwater Greywater Organics

Excreta Urine FaecesAnal

cleansing

water

Dry

cleansing

material

Products BlackwaterFaecal

sludge

Compost /

Humus

Functional

groups

User Interface

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Typical System Templates

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Typical System Templates

Alternating Double Pit

Single Pit

Urine Separating

Twin Pit Flush

Flush and Decentralized Treatment

Settled Sewer

Simplified Sewer and Centralized Treatment

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Inputs User Interface Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

T9- Sed/ Thick

T10- Unplanted

drying beds

T11- Planted

drying beds

T12- Co-

Composting

T13- Biogas

Urine

Faeces

Anal Cleansing

Water

Faecal sludge

R11- Land

Application

R12-Surface

Disposal

R13- Incineration

C2- Human

Powered E&T

C3- Motorized

E&T

C7- Transfer

Station

System 1: Single Pit

S2- Single Pit

S3- Single Pit VIP

S4- Double Pit VIP

U1- Dry Toilet

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

Greywater

treatment

R1- Fill and Cover

Products

Dry Cleansing

Material

Products

R5- Irrigation

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R12-Surface

Disposal

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Inputs Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

DisposalProducts Products

Urine

Faeces

Organics

R4- Compost/

EcoHumus

System 2: Alternating Double Pit System

S4- Double VIP

S5- Fossa Alterna

S12- (Composting

Chamber)

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Greywater

treatment

Anal Cleansing

Water

Dry Cleansing

Material

Compost/

Humus

R10- Disposal/

Recjarge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R12- Disposal

User Interface

U1- Dry Toilet

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Inputs User Interface Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

Urine

FaecesR3- Application

R12- Disposal

System 3: Urine separation and disposal

S2- Single Pit

S3- VIP

S4- Double Pit

VIP

S7- Dehydration

Vaults

U2- UDDT

U3-(Urinal)

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Urine

FaecesC2- Human

Powered E&T

R8- Soak Pit

Anal Cleansing

Water

Dry Cleansing

Material

Greywater

treatment

R12- Disposal

Products

Anal Cleansing

Water

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

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Inputs User Interface Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

Urine

Faeces

System 4: Urine separation and application

U2- UDDT

U3- (Urinal)

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Greywater

treatment

Urine

FaecesC2- Human

Powered E&T

R2- ApplicationS1- Storage

Tank

C1- Jerrycan

C3- Motorized

E&T

R3- Application

R12- Disposal

Anal Cleansing

WaterR8- Soak Pit

Dry Cleansing

MaterialR12- Disposal

Products

S2- Single Pit

S3- VIP

S4- Double Pit

VIP

S7- Dehydration

Vaults

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

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Inputs User Interface Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

DisposalProductsProducts

Urine

Faeces

System 5: Twin-Pit Pour Flush Latrine

(U3- Urinal)

U4- Pour Flush

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Greywater

treatment

Blackwater R4- Compost/

EcoHumus

S6- Twin-Pit Pour

Flush LatrineC2- Human

Powered E&T

Flushwater

Anal Cleansing

Water

Compost/

Humus

Dry Cleansing

MaterialR12- Disposal

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

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Inputs Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

Urine

Faeces

System 6: Decentralized effluent and (semi-)centralized faecal s ludge treatment

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

BlackwaterR8- Soak Pit

R9- Leach Field

S8- Settling Tank

S9- Septic Tank

S10- ABR

S11- Anaerobic

Filter

Flushwater

Faecal sludge

C3- Motorized

E &T

C7- Transfer

Station

Greywater

treatment

T1-WSP

T2-Aerated Pond

T3-FWS CW

T4-HSF CW

T5- VF CW

T6- Trickling Filter

T7-UASB

T8-Act. Sludge

T9- Sed/ Thick

T10- Unplanted

drying beds

T11- Planted

drying beds

T12- Co-

Composting

T13- Biogas

R11- Land

Application

R12-Disposal

R13- Incineration

Anal Cleansing

Water

Dry Cleansing

MaterialR12- Disposal

Products Products

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

User Interface

U4- Pour Flush

Toilet

U5- Cistern

Flush

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Inputs User Interface Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

Urine

Faeces

System 7: Settled sewerage with (semi-) centralized treatment

U4- Pour Flush

Toilet

U5- Cistern

Flush

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Blackwater

R5- Irrigation

R6- Aquaculture

R7- Macrophyte

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

Flushwater

Faecal sludge C3- Motorized

E&T

Greywater

treatment

C4- Simplified

Sewers

C5- Settled

Sewers

S8- Settling Tank

S9- Septic Tank

S10- ABR

T1-WSP

T2-Aerated Pond

T3-FWS CW

T4-HSF CW

T5- VF CW

T6- Trickling Filter

T7-UASB

T8-Act. Sludge

R11- Land

Application

R12-Surface

Disposal

R13- Incineration

T9- Sed/ Thick

T10- Unplanted

drying beds

T11- Planted

drying beds

T12- Co-

Composting

T13- Biogas

Anal Cleansing

Water

Dry Cleansing

MaterialR12- Disposal

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R8- Soak Pit

R10-Disposal/

Recharge

Products Products

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Products Collection

and

Storage/Trt

Conveyance (Semi-)

Centralized

Treatment

Use and/or

Disposal

Urine

Faeces

System 8: Sewerage system with (semi-) centralized treatment

Stormwater

drains

Greywater

Stormwater

Flushwater

Faecal sludge

C3- Simplified

Sewer

C5- Gravity

Sewer

T1-WSP

T2-Aerated Pond

T3-FWS CW

T4-HSF CW

T5- VF CW

T6- Trickling Filter

T7-UASB

T8-Act. Sludge

T9- Sed/ Thick

T10- Unplanted

drying beds

T11- Planted

drying beds

T12- Co-

Composting

T13- Biogas

Anal Cleansing

Water

Dry Cleansing

Material

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R5- Irrigation

R6- Aquaculture

R7- Macrophyte

R10- Disposal/

Recharge

R11- Land

Application

R12-Surface

Disposal

R13- Incineration

Products Products

R12- Disposal

Blackwater

User Interface

U4- Pour Flush

Toilet

U5- Cistern

Flush

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• Inputs

• Application Level

• Management Level

• Description / Adequacy

• Technical appropriateness (Pros & Cons)

• Health aspects / Acceptance

• Maintenance

• (Cost)

• Further references

Technology factsheets

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• Prioritizing pathogens

Relate to systems and technologies

• Pathogen reduction function (technical and non-

technical barriers)

• Where are people exposed (pathways)

• Who is exposed

• How many are exposed and how frequently

Health Risk Facts

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• Exposure (when, who, how)

• Risk mitigation measures

Health risk aspects

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Lead: Eawag/Sandec, seconded by SEI (T.A. Stenström)

• Core group (5 persons) will work on the various sub-items

• Outline of outputs is defined by next SuSanA meeting

• Cross-communication occurs between this and other

groups, sp. 2 (costs), 5 (food security),7 (community

sanitation), 13 (O&M)

Logistics of the working group