of 74
i
THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF
SANSKRIT PARADIGMS
Essential Grammatical Tables for Students
Sixth Edition
McComas Taylor 2009
ii
Preface The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and lat-er as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is par-ticularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful para-digms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear students.
iii
1. gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine 1
2. phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter 2 3. sen army. Nominal stems in feminine 3 4. muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine 4 5. uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter 5
6. ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine 6 7. guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine 7 8. mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter 8 9. dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine 9
10. dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic 10 11. nad river. Nominal stems in feminine 11 12. str woman ( irregular). Nominal stems in feminine 12 13. bh earth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic 13
14. vadh woman. Nominal stems in feminine 14 15. rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine 15 16. tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine 16
iv
17. nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter 17 18. kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine 18
19. pit father. Nominal stems in masculine 19 20. svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine 20 21. mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine 21 22. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant masculine 22
23. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant neuter 23 24. sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masculine/feminine 24 25. manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter 25 26. hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine 26
27. dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter 27 28. marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masculine 28 29. vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings feminine 29 30. mad/asmad I/we 30
31. tvad/yumad you 31 32. tad he masculine (also ya, ka) 32 33. tad it neuter (also yat, kim) 33
v
34. tad she feminine (also y, k) 34 35. ayam this masculine 35
36. ayam this neuter 36 37. ayam this feminine 37 38. asau that masculine 38 39. asau that neuter 39
40. asau that feminine 40 41. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masculine 41 42. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter 42 43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings 43
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings 44 45. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings 45 46. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings 46 47. Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings 47
48. Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings 48 49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active 49 50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tmanepada/middle endings 50
vi
51. Class 5 (u class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings 51
52. Class 5 (u class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings 52 53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active 53 54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tmanepada/middle endings 54
55. Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings 55 56. Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings 56 57. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings 57 58. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings 58
59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings 59 60. Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings 60 61. Sandhi rules: vowels 61 62. Sandhi rules: consonants 62
vii
The Alphabet
a i u
e ai o au
ka
kha
ga
gha
ca
cha
ja
jha
viii
a ha a ha a
ta tha da dha na
pa pha ba bha ma
ya ra la va a a sa ha
ix
Tricky Combinations
tra ja va dda dya tta ka ra dra ddha kta kra ca d r pta a ha h ru
x
Generic endings for nominals
Sing. Dual Plur.
M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
-
-am
-
-e
-a
-a
-i
-
-
-
-
-e
-a
-a
-i
-
-au
-au
-bhym
-bhym
-bhym
-o
-o
-au
-
-
-bhym
-bhym
-bhym
-o
-o
-
-a
-a
-bhi
-bhya
-bhya
-m
-su
-a
-i
-i
-bhi
-bhya
-bhya
-m
-su
-i
xi
Vowel strength
Simple (weak) a, i, u, ,
gua (middle) a e o ar al
vddhi (strong) ai au r --
Use/meaning of cases
Nominative subject of sentence Accusative direct object of main verb Instrumental with, by (with saha and vin)
Dative for and indirect object Ablative from Genitive s indicated possession Locative in, on, at (location)
Vocative direct address
1
1. gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
gaja
gajam
gajena
gajya
gajt
gajasya
gaje
gaja
gajau
gajau
gajbhym
gajbhym
gajbhym
gajayo
gajayo
gajau
gaj
gajn
gajai
gajebhya
gajebhya
gajnm
gajeu
gaj
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
2
2. phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
phalam
phalam
phalena
phalya
phalt
phalasya
phale
phala
phale
phale
phalbhym
phalbhym
phalbhym
phalayo
phalayo
phale
phalni
phalni
phalai
phalebhya
phalebhya
phalnm
phaleu
phalni
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
3
3. sen army. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
sen
senm
senay
senyai
seny
seny
senym
sene
sene
sene
senbhym
senbhym
senbhym
senayo
senayo
sene
sen
sen
senbhi
senbhya
senbhya
sennm
sensu
sen
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
4
4. muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
muni
munim
munin
munaye
mune
mune
munau
mune
mun
mun
munibhym
munibhym
munibhym
munyo
munyo
mun
munaya
munn
munibhi
munibhya
munibhya
munnm
muniu
munaya
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
5
5. uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
uci
uci
ucin
ucine
ucina
ucina
ucini
uci
ucin
ucin
ucibhym
ucibhym
ucibhym
ucino
ucino
ucin
ucni
ucni
ucibhi
ucibhya
ucibhya
ucnm
uciu
ucni
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
6
6. ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
ruti
rutim
ruty
rut-yai/-aye
rut-y/-e
rut-y/-e
rut-ym/-au
rute
rut
rut
rutibhym
rutibhym
rutibhym
rutyo
rutyo
rut
rutaya
rut
rutibhi
rutibhya
rutibhya
rutnm
rutiu
rutaya
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
7
7. guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
guru
gurum
guru
gurave
guro
guro
gurau
guro
gur
gur
gurubhym
gurubhym
gurubhym
gurvo
gurvo
gur
gurava
gurn
gurubhi
gurubhya
gurubhya
gurm
guruu
gurava
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
8
8. mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
mdu
mdu
mdun
mdune
mduna
mduna
mduni
mdo
mdun
mdun
mdubhym
mdubhym
mdubhym
mduno
mduno
mdun
mdni
mdni
mdubhi
mdubhya
mdubhya
mdnm
mduu
mdni
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
9
9. dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
dhenu
dhenum
dhenv
dhenvai
dhenv
dhenv
dhenvm
dheno
dhen
dhen
dhenubhym
dhenubhym
dhenubhym
dhenvo
dhenvo
dhen
dhenava
dhen
dhenubhi
dhenubhya
dhenubhya
dhennm
dhenuu
dhenava
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
10
10. dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
dh
dhiyam
dhiy
dhiye/yai
dhiya/y
dhiya/y
dhiyi/ym
dh
dhiyau
dhiyau
dhbhym
dhbhym
dhbhym
dhiyo
dhiyo
dhiyau
dhiya
dhiya
dhbhi
dhbhya
dhbhya
dhiym/nm
dhu
dhiya
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
11
11. nad river. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
nad
nadm
nady
nadyai
nady
nady
nadym
nadi
nadyau
nadyau
nadbhym
nadbhym
nadbhym
nadyo
nadyo
nadyau
nadya
nad
nadbhi
nadbhya
nadbhya
nadnm
nadu
nadya
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
12
12. str woman ( irregular).. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
str
strm/striyam
striy
striyai
striy
striy
striym
stri
striyau
striyau
strbhym
strbhym
strbhym
striyo
striyo
striyau
striya
str/striya
strbhi
strbhya
strbhya
strm
stru
striya
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
13
13. bhearth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
bh
bhuvam
bhuv
bhuve/vai
bhuva
bhuva
bhuvi/m
bh
bhuvau
bhuvau
bhbhym
bhbhym
bhbhym
bhuvo
bhuvo
bhuvau
bhuva
bhuva
bhbhi
bhbhya
bhbhya
bhuvm/nm
bhu
bhuva
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
14
14. vadhwoman. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
vadh
vadhm
vadhv
vadhvai
vadhv
vadhv
vadhvm
vadhu
vadhvau
vadhvau
vadhbhym
vadhbhym
vadhbhym
vadhvo
vadhvo
vadhvau
vadhva
vadh
vadhbhi
vadhbhya
vadhbhya
vadhnm
vadhu
vadhva
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
15
15. rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
rj
rjnam
rj
rje
rja
rja
rji/rjani
rjan
rjnau
rjnau
rjabhym
rjabhym
rjabhym
rjo
rjo
rjnau
rjna
rja
rjabhi
rjabhya
rjabhya
rjm
rjasu
rjna
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
16
16. tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
tm
tmnam
tman
tmane
tmana
tmana
tmani
tman
tmnau
tmnau
tmabhym
tmabhym
tmabhym
tmano
tmano
tmnau
tmna
tmana
tmabhi
tmabhya
tmabhya
tmanm
tmasu
tmna
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
17
17. nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
nma
nma
nmn
nmne
nmna
nmna
nmni/nmani
nma/nman
nmn/nman
nmn/nman
nmabhym
nmabhym
nmabhym
nmno
nmno
nmn/nman
nmni
nmni
nmabhi
nmabhya
nmabhya
nmnm
nmasu
nmni
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
18
18. kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
kart
kartram
kartr
kartre
kartu
kartu
kartari
kartar
kartrau
kartrau
kartbhym
kartbhym
kartbhym
kartro
kartro
kartrau
kartra
kartn
kartbhi
kartbhya
kartbhya
kartm
kartu
kartra
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
19
19. pit father. Nominal stems in masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
pit
pitaram
pitr
pitre
pitu
pitu
pitari
pitar
pitarau
pitarau
pitbhym
pitbhym
pitbhym
pitro
pitro
pitarau
pitara
pitn
pitbhi
pitbhya
pitbhya
pitm
pitu
pitara
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
20
20. svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
svas
svasram
svasr
svasre
svasu
svasu
svasari
svasar
svasrau
svasrau
svasbhym
svasbhym
svasbhym
svasro
svasro
svasrau
svasra
svas
svasbhi
svasbhya
svasbhya
svasm
svasu
svasra
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
21
21. mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
mt
mtaram
mtr
mtre
mtu
mtu
mtari
mtar
mtarau
mtarau
mtbhym
mtbhym
mtbhym
mtro
mtro
mtarau
mtara
mt
mtbhi
mtbhya
mtbhya
mtm
mtu
mtara
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
22
22. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
bhagavn
bhagavantam
bhagavat
bhagavate
bhagavata
bhagavata
bhagavati
bhagavan
bhagavantau
bhagavantau
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhym
bhagavato
bhagavato
bhagavantau
bhagavanta
bhagavata
bhagavadbhi
bhagavadbhya
bhagavadbhya
bhagavatm
bhagavatsu
bhagavanta
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
23
23. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
bhagavat
bhagavat
bhagavat
bhagavate
bhagavata
bhagavata
bhagavati
bhagavat
bhagavat
bhagavat
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhym
bhagavadbhym
bhagavato
bhagavato
bhagavat
bhagavanti
bhagavanti
bhagavadbhi
bhagavadbhya
bhagavadbhya
bhagavatm
bhagavatsu
bhagavanti
Note: feminine bhagavat is declined like nad.
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
24
24. sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masc/fem
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
suman
sumanasam
sumanas
sumanase
sumanasa
sumanasa
sumanasi
sumana
sumanasau
sumanasau
sumanobhym
sumanobhym
sumanobhym
sumanaso
sumanaso
sumanasau
sumanasa
sumanasa
sumanobhi
sumanobhya
sumanobhya
sumanasm
sumanasu
sumanasa
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
25
25. manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
mana
mana
manas
manase
manasa
manasa
manasi
mana
manas
manas
manobhym
manobhym
manobhym
manaso
manaso
manas
mansi
mansi
manobhi
manobhya
manobhya
manasm
manasu
mansi
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
26
26. hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
hast
hastinam
hastin
hastine
hastina
hastina
hastini
hastin
hastinau
hastinau
hastibhym
hastibhym
hastibhym
hastino
hastino
hastinau
hastina
hastina
hastibhi
hastibhya
hastibhya
hastinm
hastiu
hastina
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
27
27. dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
dhani
dhani
dhanin
dhanine
dhanina
dhanina
dhanini
dhani/dhanin
dhanin
dhanin
dhanibhym
dhanibhym
dhanibhym
dhanino
dhanino
dhanin
dhanni
dhanni
dhanibhi
dhanibhya
dhanibhya
dhaninm
dhaniu
dhanni
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
28
28. marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masc
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
marut
marutam
marut
marute
maruta
maruta
maruti
marut
marutau
marutau
marudbhym
marudbhym
marudbhym
maruto
maruto
marutau
maruta
maruta
marudbhi
marudbhya
marudbhya
marutm
marutsu
maruta
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
29
29. vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings fem
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
vk
vcam
vc
vce
vca
vca
vci
vk
vcau
vcau
vgbhym
vgbhym
vgbhym
vco
vco
vcau
vca
vca
vgbhi
vgbhya
vgbhya
vcm
vku
vca
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
30
30. mad/asmad I/we
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
aham
mm/m
may
mahyam/me
mat/matta
mama/me
mayi
vm
vm/nau
vbhym
vbhym/nau
vbhym
vayo/nau
vayo
vayam
asmn/na
asmbhi
asmabhyam/na
asmat/asmatta
asmkam/na
asmsu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
31
31. tvad/yumad you
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
tvam
tvm/tv
tvay
tubhyam/te
tvat/tvatta
tava/te
tvayi
yuvm
yuvm/vm
yuvbhym
yuvbhym/vm
yuvbhym
yuvayo/vm
yuvayo
yyam
yumn/va
yumbhi
yumabhyam/va
yumat/ yumatta
yumkam/va
yumsu
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
32
32. tad he masculine (also ya, ka)
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
sa
tam
tena
tasmai
tasmt
tasya
tasmin
tau
tau
tbhym
tbhym
tbhym
tayo
tayo
te
tn
tai
tebhya
tebhya
tem
teu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
33
33. tad it neuter (also yat, kim)
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
tat
tat
tena
tasmai
tasmt
tasya
tasmin
te
te
tbhym
tbhym
tbhym
tayo
tayo
tni
tni
tai
tebhya
tebhya
tem
teu
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
34
34. tad she feminine (also y, k)
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
s
tm
tay
tasyai
tasy
tasy
tasym
te
te
tbhym
tbhym
tbhym
tayo
tayo
t
t
tbhi
tbhya
tbhya
tsm
tsu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
35
35. ayam this masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
ayam
imam
anena
asmai
asmt
asya
asmin
imau
imau
bhym
bhym
bhym
anayo
anayo
ime
imn
ebhi
ebhya
ebhya
em
eu
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
36
36. ayam this neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
idam
idam
anena
asmai
asmt
asya
asmin
ime
ime
bhym
bhym
bhym
anayo
anayo
imni
imni
ebhi
ebhya
ebhya
em
eu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
37
37. ayam this feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
iyam
imm
anay
asyai
asy
asy
asym
ime
ime
bhym
bhym
bhym
anayo
anayo
im
im
bhi
bhya
bhya
sm
su
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
38
38. asau that masculine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
asau
amum
amun
amumai
amumt
amuya
amumin
am
am
ambhym
ambhym
ambhym
amuyo
amuyo
am
amn
ambhi
ambhya
ambhya
amm
amu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
39
39. asau that neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
ada
ada
amun
amumai
amumt
amuya
amumin
am
am
ambhym
ambhym
ambhym
amuyo
amuyo
amni
amni
ambhi
ambhya
ambhya
amm
amu
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12 bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
40
40. asau that feminine
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
asau
amm
amuy
amuyai
amuy
amuy
amuym
am
am
ambhym
ambhym
ambhym
amuyo
amuyo
am
am
ambhi
ambhya
ambhya
amm
amu
bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41
41
41. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masc
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
nayan
nayantam
nayat
nayate
nayata
nayata
nayati
nayan
nayantau
nayantau
nayadbhym
nayadbhym
nayadbhym
nayato
nayato
nayantau
nayanta
nayata
nayadbhi
nayadbhya
nayadbhya
nayatm
nayatsu
nayanta
gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11
str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21
42
42. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter
Sing. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Inst.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
nayat
nayat
nayat
nayate
nayata
nayata
nayati
nayat
nayant
nayant
nayadbhym
nayadbhym
nayadbhym
nayato
nayato
nayant
nayanti
nayanti
nayadbhi
nayadbhya
nayadbhya
nayatm
nayatsu
nayanti
Note: Feminine present active participles nayant decline like nad
43
43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 naymi anayam nayni nayeyam
2 nayasi anaya naya naye
3 nayati anayat nayatu nayet
Dual 1 nayva anayva nayva nayeva
2 nayatha anayatam nayatam nayetam
3 nayata anayatm nayatm nayetm
Plur. 1 nayma anayma nayma nayema
2 nayatha anayata nayata nayeta
3 nayanti anayan nayantu nayeyu
44
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 naye anaye nayai nayeya
2 nayase anayath nayasva nayeth
3 nayate anayata nayatm nayeta
Dual 1 nayvahe anayvahi nayvahai nayevahi
2 nayethe anayethm nayethm nayeythm
3 nayete anayetm nayetm nayeytm
Plur. 1 naymahe anaymahi naymahai nayemahi
2 nayadhve anayadhvam nayadhvam nayedhvam
3 nayante anayanta nayantm nayeran
45
45. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 dvemi adveam dvei dviym
2 dveki adve dvihi dviy
3 dvei adve dveu dviyt
Dual 1 dviva adviva dveva dviyva
2 dviha adviam dviam dviytam
3 dvia advim dvim dviytm
Plur. 1 dvima advima dvema dviyma
2 dviha advia dvia dviyta
3 dvianti advian dviantu dviyu
46
46. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 dvie advii dveai dviya
2 dvike advih dvikva dvith
3 dvie advia dvim dvita
Dual 1 dvivahe advivahi dvevahai dvivahi
2 dvithe advithm dvithm dviythm
3 dvite advitm dvitm dviytm
Plur. 1 dvimahe advimahi dvemahai dvimahi
2 dvihve advihvam dvihvam dvidhvam
3 dviate adviata dviatm dviran
47
47. Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 asmi sam asni sym
2 asi s edhi sy
3 asti st astu syt
Dual 1 sva sva asva syva
2 stha stam stam sytam
3 sta stm stm sytm
Plur. 1 sma sma asma syma
2 stha sta sta syta
3 santi san santu syu
48
48. Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 hanmi ahanam hanni hanym
2 hasi ahan jahi hany
3 hanti ahan hantu hanyt
Dual 1 hanva ahanva hanva hanyva
2 hatha ahatam hatam hanytam
3 hata ahatm hatm hanytm
Plur. 1 hanma ahanma hanma hanyma
2 hatha ahata hata hanyta
3 ghnanti aghnan ghnantu hanyu
49
49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 juhomi ajuhavam juhavni juhuym
2 juhoi ajuho juhudhi juhuy
3 juhoti ajuhot juhotu juhuyt
Dual 1 juhuva ajuhuva juhavva juhuyva
2 juhutha ajuhutam juhutam juhuytam
3 juhuta ajuhutm juhutm juhuytm
Plur. 1 juhuma ajuhuma juhavma juhuyma
2 juhutha ajuhuta juhuta juhuyta
3 juhvati ajuhavu juhvatu juhuyu
50
50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tm./middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 juhve ajuhvi juhavai juhvya
2 juhue ajuhuth juhuva juhvth
3 juhute ajuhuta juhutm juhvta
Dual 1 juhuvahe ajuhuvahi juhavvahai juhvvahi
2 juhvthe ajuhvthm juhvthm juhvythm
3 juhvte ajuhvtm juhvtm juhvytm
Plur. 1 juhumahe ajuhumahi juhavmahai juhvmahi
2 juhudhve ajuhudhvam juhudhvam juhvdhvam
3 juhvate ajuhvata juhvatm juhvran
51
51. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 sunomi asunavam sunavni sunuym
2 sunoi asuno sunu sunuy
3 sunoti asunot sunotu sunuyt
Dual 1 sunuva/ sunva
asunuva/ asunva
sunavva sunuyva
2 sunutha asunutam sunutam sunuytam
3 sunuta asunutm sunutm sunuytm
Plur. 1 sunuma/ sunma
asunuma/ asunma
sunavma sunuyma
2 sunutha asunuta sunuta sunuyta
3 sunvanti asunvan sunvantu sunuyu
52
52. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 sunve asunvi sunavai sunvya
2 sunue asunuth sunuva sunvth
3 sunute asunuta sunutm sunvta
Dual 1 sunuvahe/ sunvahe
asunuvahi/ asunvahi
sunavvahai sunvvahi
2 sunvthe asunvthm sunvthm sunvythm
3 sunvte asunvtm sunvtm sunvytm
Plur. 1 sunumahe/ sunmahe
asunumahi/ asunmahi
sunavmahai sunvmahi
2 sunudhve asunudhvam sunudhvam sunvdhvam
3 sunvate asunvata sunvatm sunvran
53
53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 ruadhmi aruadham ruadhni rundhym
2 ruatsi aruat runddhi rundhy
3 ruaddhi aruat ruaddhu rundhyt
Dual 1 rundhva arundhva ruadhva rundhyva
2 runddha arunddham runddham rundhytam
3 runddha arunddhm rundhhm rundhytm
Plur. 1 rudma arundhma ruadhma rundhyma
2 runddha arunddha runddha rundhyta
3 rundhanti arundhan rundhantu rundhyu
54
54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tm./middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 rundhe arundhi ruadhai rundhya
2 runtse arunddh runtsva rundhth
3 runddhe arunddha runddhm rundhta
Dual 1 rundhvahe arundhvahi ruadhvahai rundhvahi
2 rundhthe arundhthm rundhthm rundhythm
3 rundhte arundhtm rundhtm rundhytm
Plur. 1 rundhmahe arundhmahi ruadhmahai rundhmahi
2 runddhve arunddhvam runddhvam rundhdhvam
3 rundhate arundhata rundhatm rundhran
55
55. Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 karomi akaravam karavi kurym
2 karoi akaro kuru kury
3 karoti akarot karotu kuryt
Dual 1 kurva akurva karavva kuryva
2 kurutha akurutam kurutam kurytam
3 kuruta akurutm kurutm kurytm
Plur. 1 kurma akurma karavma kuryma
2 kurutha akuruta kuruta kuryta
3 kurvanti akurvan kurvantu kuryu
56
56. Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 kurve akurvi karavai kurvya
2 kurue akuruth kuruva kurvth
3 kurute akuruta kurutm kurvta
Dual 1 kurvahe akurvahi karavvahai kurvvahi
2 kurvthe akurvthm kurvthm kurvythm
3 kurvte akurvtm kurvtm kurvytm
Plur. 1 kurmahe akurmahi karavmahai kurvmahi
2 kurudhve akurudhvam kurudhvam kurvdhvam
3 kurvate akurvata kurvatm kurvran
57
57. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 krmi akrm krni krym
2 krsi akr krhi kry
3 krti akrt krtu kryt
Dual 1 krva akrva krva kryva
2 krtha akrtam krtam krytam
3 krta akrtm krtm krytm
Plur. 1 krma akrma krma kryma
2 krtha akrta krta kryta
3 kranti akran krantu kryu
58
58. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 kre akri kriai krya
2 kre akrth krva krth
3 krte akrta krtm krta
Dual 1 krvahe akrvahi krvahai krvahi
2 krthe akrthm krthm krythm
3 krte akrtm krtm krytm
Plur. 1 krimahe akrmahi krmahai krmahi
2 krdhve akrdhvam krdhvam krdhvam
3 krate akrata kratm krran
59
59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings
d see k do vac speak dh put
Sing. 1 dadara cakara/ cakra
uvaca/ uvca
dadhau
2 dadaritha cakartha uvaktha/
uvacitha
dadhtha/
dadhitha
3 dadara cakra uvca dadhau
Dual 1 dadiva cakva civa dadhiva
2 dadathu cakrathu cathu dadhathu
3 dadatu cakratu catu dadhatu
Plur. 1 dadima cakma cima dadhima
2 dada cakra ca dadha
3 dadu cakru cu dadhu
60
60. Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings
d see k do vac speak
dh put
Sing. 1 dade cakre ce dadhe
2 dadie cake cie dadhie
3 dade cakre ce dadhe
Dual 1 dadivahe cakvahe civahe dadhivahe
2 dadthe cakrthe cthe dadhthe
3 dadte cakrte cte dadhte
Plur. 1 dadimahe cakmahe cimahe dadhimahe
2 dadidhve cakdhve cidhve dadhidhve
3 dadire cakrire cire dadhire
61
61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break)
Final vowels
-a/- -i/- -u/- - -e -ai -o -au Initials
-- -ya- -va- -ra- -e - - a- -o - -va- a-
-- -y- -v- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -
-e- -- -vi- -ri- -a i- - i- -a i- -vi- i-
-e- -- -v- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -
-o- -yu- -- -ru- -a u- - u- -a u- -vu- u-
-o- -y- -- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -
-ar- -y- -v- -- -a - - - -a - -v- -
-ai- -ye- -ve- -re- -a e- - e- -a e- -ve- e-
-ai- -yai- -vai- -rai- -a ai- - ai- -a ai- -vai- ai-
-au- -yo- -vo- -ro- -a o- - o- -a o- -vo- o-
-au- -yau- -vau- -rau- -a au- - au- -a au- -vau- au-
62
62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join)
Final letter -k - -t -p - -n -m -/-r - -a Initial -k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a k-/kh- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o g-/gh-
-k- -- -c- -p- -- -- - -- -- -a- c-/ch- -g- -- -j- -b- -- -- - -r- - -o j-/jh-
-k- -- -- -p- -- -- - -- -- -a- -/ h- -g- -- -- -b- -- -- - -r- - -o -/h-
-k- -- -t- -p- -- -s- - -s- -s- -as- t-/th- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o d-/-dh
-k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a p-/ph- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o b-/bh-
-- -- -n- -m- -- -n- - -r- - -o n-/m-
63
Final letter
-k - -t -p - -n -m -/-r - -a Initial -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o y-/v-
-g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - zero1 - -o r-
-g- -- -l- -b- -- -l-2 - -r- - -o l-
-k- -- -c(ch)- -p- -- -(/ch)- - - - -a - -k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a -/s-
-g(gh)- -(h)- -d(dh)- -b(bh)- -- -n- - -r- - -o h-
-g- -- -d- -b- -/-3 -n/nn-3 -m- -r- - -a4 vowels
-k - -t -p - -n -m - - -a zero
1. or r disappears, and if a/ i/ u precedes, this lengthens to / / 2. e.g. tn + labhasva = tl labhasva
3. Doubling occurs when the preceding vowel is short. 4. Except that a + a = o / (avagraha)