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Cultivating Community:
A
Santo Domingo
Revitalization Project
Al
ec
John
son
&
Jour
dann
Utk
e
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Table of Contents.........................1
Introduction..........................2
Community within a community.............3
Social justice............................5
Economic justice..........................6
Environmental justice....................7
Case Studies..............................8
Batey Relief Alliance...............9
Global Water.......................10
Education for All..................11
Creating a community
City...............................12
Site...............................13
Culture............................15
History of Dominican Republic......17
Economic...........................18
Informal settlements.........19
Defining viable..............20Site specific......................21
Climate............................23
Circulation and movement...........24
Appropriate technology.............25
Water and waste....................26
Sense of place.....................27
Community design plan...................28
Community design details................29
Individual project design and details
Alec Johnson.......................39
Jourdann Utke......................52
Bibliography............................59
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION
We see much conflict and struggle for freedom when looking into thepast of the Dominican Republic. The people there have been severely taken
advantage of for centuries. On that note, it is not at all surprising that
there are trust issues with any outsiders. Even outsiders to the slums are
watched cautiously. We, in our design, need to break past that trust barrier
by showing the people that we understand their situation and we truly are
there to try and provide them with a better standard of living. We are trying
to begin to think outside of the American box so that we can understand what
these people need most.
Here are the characteristics that make a slum:
Lack of basic services
Substandard housing
Overcrowding and high density
Unhealthy/hazardous conditions
Insecure tenure
Poverty and social exclusion
These characteristics, are the main issues that we will be addressing in
our design solution. Health is the number one concern and the biggest problem.
It becomes apparent when looking at the different slum characteristics that
not one, but all of these characteristics infringe upon the opportunity for
good health. Environmentally, methods for clean water and effective waste
removal need to be thoroughly thought out within our design process.
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COMMUNITY WITHIN A COMMUNITY
While physiological needs and confirmation of safety are the immediate goals
of the project, we see a strong need for these people to be an essential part of the
community located both inside and outside the slum. As we now know, there are veryclose ties with family and extended family, because within family there lies security
and reliability. But what about the rest of the shantytown community? What sort of
family to family relationships are being sought? From what we can find, apart from
the occasional close family friend, families within the slum still find it difficult
to truly interact (issues of trust and pride) with the other members of the shantytown
community. This is where our design comes in.
By setting up programs (waste management, recycling, water purification, education,
community cash crop gardens, etc.) within the shantytown community, people will need
to learn how to follow, lead, trust, respect, and love the people surrounding them.
These community programs are not just a way to meet physiological needs, they are a
way to help strengthen the bond, the relationships, the esteem and the pride of the
community and its members. Within these programs, the true character, aspirations,
and talents of the different members will begin to become apparent. Within this
community body there are cooks, cleaners, construction workers, craftsmen, counselors,
artists, and everything in-between. These people are in no way useless; they simply
lack the opportunity to truly shine. Once the shantytown has learned to trust andrely on itself, the next step is to re-connect with the surrounding community.
The people living within these slums are often shunned or forgotten by the
surrounding community, leaving these individuals with few or no ties to the outside
world. This does nothing but promote slum living for the shantytown members; and
this is unacceptable. The same programs that worked to evolve the shantytown into
an actual community within a community will now continue to act as a channel to the
outside world.
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These programs are intended to work with the already developed city programs.
Waste management, education, healthcare, public transportation, and farming; theseare already programs currently run and made available by the city for the city.
Our design solution intends to bridge the gap between shantytown and city by first
plugging into these various programs. By including the new-formed community in
with the surrounding community, opportunities for jobs and social acceptance begin
to reveal themselves. Once these opportunities arise, the people of this slum will
once again become valued members of society. Paired with these programs, there
will be a new public market and educational center designed to draw the surrounding
public to the area. This center will aid as an economic stronghold for the new-found
community, once again utilizing individual and community talents and work ethic as a
tool for botheconomic, self, and community growth. Once these people are shown even
the slightest window of opportunity (from what we know of their mind set, attitude,
and overall way of life), they will squeeze tight and never let go.
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love/belonging
Safety
Physiological Unit/Community Gardens, Water Collection/Purifcation,Secure Shelter, Spatial Organization, Community Hygiene Station
Neighborhood Design, Waste Collection/Removal,
Drainage Solution, Health Care, Structured Circulation
Family Unit, Neighborhood Design, Religion,
Public Space Pockets, Community Outreach
Public Market, Education,
Construction, Community Gardens
Education,
Celebration,Public Market,
Future Growth,
Specialized Goods,
Public Space Pockets
Pro
blem
Solution
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SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social justice is based on the concept of human rights and
equality. Not only are these concepts just inside the courtroom,
but throughout society as a whole. It involves opportunities and
develops ways to find the balance of the rich and the povertystricken equality. This could entail equal opportunities or
anti-discrimination programs. Social justice provides access to
what is best for people individually as well as other group
associations.
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ECONOMIC JUSTICE
Economic justice is based on moral guidelines which design our
economic institutions. The institutions determine how individuals
earn an income, earn a living, enters contracts with others, and
trade goods and services. It still is involved on the human-scaledlevel dealing with individuals, communities, or other groups. The
opportunities created through economic justice are endless. There
is a balance found within economic justice. It involves input,
output, and feedback. These three elements are needed in order to
restore balance between input and output.
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ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
Environmental justice is based on peoples response to
environmental racism found in society. This could entail
discrimination and limited access to goods and services, benefits,
and opportunities. Environmental justice acknowledges all people
the right to economic, cultural, political, and environmental
self-determination. It also acknowledges the right to be free from
ecological destruction, the right to have equal partners in all
levels of decision making, the right to have a safe and healthy
work environment, and the right to oppose destructive operations
of corporations.
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CASE STUDIES
Batey Relief Alliance
Global Water
Project ABC
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is a non-profit, non-political, humanitarian aid entity uniting grassroots
groups, faith-based organizations, government agencies, and the international
community in a strategic partnership to help create a safe, productive andself-sufficient environment, through health care, education and development
programs, for children and their families severely affected by extreme poverty,
disease, and hunger in the United States and the Caribbean.
BRA DOMINICANA is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in the
Dominican Republic. BRA delivers services to improve impoverished communities
through the country. BRA was invited to the National Palace in the Dominican
Republic to discuss the plans for the overall humanitarian health care planfor the countrys most impoverished. They accept financial donations from
individuals, corporations, and foundations.
BRA runs projects in the U.S. office in New York to:
Raise public awareness
o International conferences
o Education
o Humanitarian effort Issues of inequity
o Racial intolerance o Human rightso HIV/AIDS
Batey Relief Alliance(BRA)
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...is an international, non-profit, humanitarian organization founded in 1982.
Their main focus is creating safe sanitation facilities, water supplies, and
hygiene-related facilities in rural villages in developing countries. We believethe lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are the root causes of
hunger, disease and poverty throughout the developing world. By providing clean
water to a community, the impacts of education, personal growth, and business
opportunities become astoundingly increased.
Assorted projects include:
Surface water supply Distribution systems
Rain harvesting supply systems
Water-well drilling
Hand pump installations and repairs
Water treatment equipment
Latrines
School hand-washing stations
Community laundry and bathing facilities Watershed reforestation
Health and hygiene education
Global Water works directly with other small non-profit organizations in
developing countries. The developing countries need safe water and sanitation
facilities. Global Water plans to continue to fund these projects.
Global Water
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In spring of 2002, College students who were studying abroad in the DominicanRepublic from the United States, volunteered as literacy instructors. Education
for All was born from this experience. Education for All: Project ABC created
a network of classes around Santo Domingo to teach self-sustainable literacy
classes. It teaches communities about opportunities for development social,
economic, and political.
Project ABC is trying to do and improve on the following items in Santo Domingo:
Reading skills Writing skills
Mathematics
Provide opportunities
Connect communities
People in the Dominican Republic can be denied access to public schools or
educational programs if they do not have a Dominican birth certificate. Children
who are believed to be Haitian or who are born and suspected to be of Haitiandescent are denied birth certificates. This dramatically decreases the amount of
educated children as well as adults. Thanks to Project ABC, Proliteracy Worldwide
contributed 600 books to 600 children over two years. The academic school year of
2006-2007 was still being supported by Proliteracy Worldwide. They helped over
130 people directly, engaged with community members through workshops or learning
activities related to health, civil rights, and educational opportunities.
Increase awareness of human rights
Increase awareness of civil rights
Greater integration to society
Express ideas and concerns of community
Education for All:Project ABC
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CITY
country's capital,
largest city,
leading port,
primary commercial center.
Santo Domingo
Capital -Santo Domingo
Population - 8.9 million (2005), 3 million in
Santo Domingo
Currency - Dominican Peso
Language - Spanish
Religion - Catholic
Government - Representative Democracy
Independence - February 27, 1844 (from Haiti)
Ethnic Groups - European, African, Mixed
Climate - Maritime Semitropical
Social Stratification:
Upper Class- European Ancestry
Middle Class- European and Haitian mix(mulattoe); majority of the population
Lower Class- Descendents of Haitiansor African slaves
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SITE
Map Key
Prevailing Winds
Medium High
Trafc Area
Medium Trafc
Area
Low Trafc Area
High Trafc Area
Sun Path
N
Circulation PatternsGetting a sense for the traffic
patterns of the area sheds lightwhen addressing issues of safety,
noise control, and accessibility to
and from the site.
Sun & Wind PatternsWith the site located relatively close to
the equator, there is no doubt that we will
be addressing issues of hot weather, notcold. The site receives much sun throughout
the entirety of the day. The prevailing
winds generate from the north, the east,
and most dominantly the northeast. These
insights help immensely when using building
orientation to determine lighting, and
heating and cooling issues.
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The site is located in the Dominican Republicon the island of Hispaniola. Hispaniola is
bordered by theAtlantic Oceanto the north and
theCaribbean Seato the south. The Dominicanshares the island with the country of Haiti; with
Haiti occupying the west and the Dominican Republic
to the east.
The site is located on the south side of the
city ofSanto Domingo. The capital city has a
population of over 3 millionpeople (2006).
The site is a2.5 acre piece of unusable land.There is a power plant to the northeast and an
electrical hub to the south. The Ozama River runs
just east of the site.
Regional Scale
Local Scale
Site Scale
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CULTURE
Familyis definitely the most important value of the Dominican people. Withsuch a troubled history, children are taught at a very young age that there is
safety and reliability within family. Trust(Confanze) is highly valued by thepeople, but it is not quickly or easily gained by outsiders. It is normal for
immediate and extended family to live together under one roof.
Foodis a big part of the Dominican culture. There is usually one main mealserved at midday. This meal can and usually does turn into a social event thatmay last up to two hours. Again, time is less of a concern, while building
strong bonds between people is vitally important.
The people of the Dominican Republic are very proud and have an aggressive
attitude towards everything they do. Relationships between people are more
important than the busyness of everyday life. They are a very curious people
and because of that it is not uncommon for people to be forward or ask personal
questions. Personal space is limited, eye contact is expected, and it is
considered rude to stand back from another person during a conversation. Humor
and laughter play a big role in communicating, and Dominicans are generally a
very happy people.
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Common Foods: Plantains, rice, beans, sweet potatoes,
yams, cassava, potatoes, chicken, beef, pork, goat
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Along with the numerous Catholic holidays celebrated in the Dominican
Republic, there are many secular holidays and different festivals scattered
throughout the different months of the year. Dominicans jump at the opportunity
to celebrate, as it is a great time to socialize and come to together as a
community.
Dominicans are known for their love of music and dance. There is music
playing throughout the entirety of the day and well into the night. When there
is music, there will usually be people dancing. The dress is usually very
colorful and vibrant. Marengue and Bachata music in particular are favored
by the people inhabiting the shantytowns. Bachata evolved from a pan-American
style called bolero said to have originated in Cuba.
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HISTORY
Christopher Columbus discovered the Dominican Republic on December 5,
1492. Columbus re-named it Hispaniola. The Island was already inhabited byaround 600,000 of the native Taino Indians. The Taino people were very family
focused, with multiple families living under one roof. This is still the
primary focus of the people today. Within one year of Columbus landing on the
island, the Taino people were thrown into slavery. African slaves were also
brought over within this time to serve as laborers on the plantations. Two-
thirds of the island was under Spanish control, while the western one-third was
under French control. In 1794 slavery was abolished by the French out of fear
of revolt. The next one hundred and sixty years in Hispaniola was basically abattle for control. Attempts at putting a democratic government into motion
were shattered in 1924 when Raphael Leonidas Trujilo turned Hispaniola into a
complete totalitarian state. This was one of the greatest dictatorships ever
created. He was assassinated thirty-seven years later. Since then the country
has struggled with status stratification, human rights issues, debt and economic
downfalls. This back and forth struggle for independence has greatly influenced
the culture, and the overall mind set of the people.
Urban Migration: During the 1900s there was a strong desire from thelocal people to migrate from their rural dwellings into the urban cities. Santa
Domingos population doubled steadily around every ten years between 1920 and
1970.
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ECONOMIC POVERTY
70%ofDominican peoplelive inpoverty.
65%of the people living in Santo Domingo live in slums. Slums
make up20%of the citys mass. So,65%of the people in Santo
Domingo live in20%of the citys mass...
In a slum there is no guarantee:of a steady or fixed income,
that the people wont be kicked off their land,
of protection,
of decent health,
No true way to express opinions, aspirations, or needs within the present
socio-political context.
Educational Issues:
The children in these slums have limited access to schooling. Although
schooling is free through high school, very few children in the slum complete
their schooling. Most of these children simply learn from their families and
the shantytown community. With no formal education, children grow up living
in the manner that their parents did; thus forming a full circle of taught
poverty.
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INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS(Slum, barrio, favela, chawls, katras, etc)
A Heavily Populated Urban Area Characterized by Substandard
Housing and Squalor
-UN
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DEFINING VIABLE
These are the characteristics that define a slum:
Lack of basic services
Substandard housing
Overcrowding and high density
Unhealthy/hazardous conditions
Insecure tenure
Poverty and social exclusion
By providing design solutions to help resolve these
issues, theSanto Domingo Revitalization Project
successfully allows for the growth, expansion, and development
of the physical, mental, and spiritual realms of the
individual and the community.
viable
having the ability to grow, expand, and develop.
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SITE SPECIFIC
It is very important to design and build according to the site. We beganour design with the land. The land is very diverse; it ranges from a very low
slope to a very high slope. Next, we had to ask ourselves some questions.
Where does it make sense to build? What is the most desirable place to live?
How do we acknowledge the problem of drainage? With these questions in mind,
problems exposed and we needed to work around them all; the questions, the
landscape, as well as the needs and wants of the people.
We chose to utilize the low slope for the primary area of building and
living. We designed a public market area (orange) which is accessible to the
surrounding community. This has a minimally-designed plaza where it can have
multiple community functions. A bus stop and bicycle racks will be available
to bring this community and the surrounding communities together. Also, there
is the community Outreach Center. This center also has multiple functions:
education, health care, religion, arts (crafts, dance, etc.), community
meetings, and a community hygiene station. The Outreach Center is to be builtfirst - the residents will be able to receive the necessary education to
successfully build their own homes. This market area will have a garbage and
recycling center to promote a clean and non-wasteful community.
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Once the buildings begin to sprout, small neighborhoods and
public space pockets will be formed. Where the landscape begins
to drastically change (drainage area), there is different uses and
methods of building. The drainage area is an undesirable location
for construction. The slope is very steep; all water and waste drain
right down the center. We propose public gardens to be used where
the slope is un-buildable. This creates many opportunities such as a
food source, jobs, and profit. We did propose some housing in this
public garden area (green). These housing units are built for those
who choose to grow, maintain, harvest, and sell produce as their
primary job.
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CIRCULATION AND MOVEMENT
24
The circulation pattern is designed withfluidity; providing
multiplepaths,nodes, and public space pocketsthatmake the entire revitalization project easily accessible. The
exterior neighborhood walls help define public circulation space,
while the interior neighborhood walls create a more private,
neighborhood space.
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APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
o Water treatment water needs to be clean to drink or cook. Wehave found multiple organizations that would
possibly donate (or very cheaply sell) their
products that will filter and clean the water.
This would help promote their name and product
as well as help those who are in need.
o Water collection cisterns will collect rainwater which can beused to drink, cook, and wash.
o Education the more they can learn, the better they can become. Wewant to push their limits.
o Recycling/trash collection this will clean the area andhelp the environment.
o Healthcare a clinic will be located in our community OutreachCenter to help with illnesses or injuries.
o Solar energy solar collectors for electricity to use in homes aswell as in the group kitchenette for cooking or
baking.
o Solar water heater heats water for cooking and/or bathing andwashing
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WATER AND WASTE
Water is a necessity of life.
We take clean water for granted; here
in Santo Domingo clean water is a
luxury. Using unsanitary water for
cooking, drinking, or bathing is
unhealthy. Water is absolutely the
best way to impact rural villagers in
the developing world in a positive
way.
Waste is currently dispersed
throughout the site. This is also
unhealthy. We have provided two trash
and recycling stations for the people
to use. These are located along the
street allowing easy access for removal
by Santo Domingo Waste Management;making this process as easy for both
the residents and waste management. We
want the people to know the benefits
of recycling and throwing trash into
proper receptacles. This small task
can better their community as well as
to the Earth.
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SENSE OF PLACE
In our society, growing up we had many things that - now looking back - wetake for granted. We have a home, family, toys, love, means for transportation,
friends, clean water, community, food - the list could go on and on. All
of these things are just ordinary; common. In the slums of Santo Domingo
things are different. All the families residing here have are family, love,
community, friends, and a few meager possessions. Homes are constructed of
found materials, no sense of order. It is chaotic. Conditions are unsanitary
and unsafe. We would like to aid these residents. We would like to create a
cleaner, more safe environment to grow, live, work, and play.
We have provided the skill set required to create the basic necessities
of living. We designed a community that creates neighborhoods, a sense of
closeness, a feeling of more security, more open space for children and adults
to play, tighter community bonds, skills, job opportunities, responsibility,
motivation, work ethic, ownership, and much more.
We designed gardens for the residents to tend. We designed homes forthese residents in which they can take pride in constructing. We have provided
shelter for everyone, recycling and garbage centers, community bath and hygiene
stations, community outreach center, public market, public space pockets, and
more.
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COMMUNITY DESIGN PLAN
Outreach Center Housing Circulation Public Space Pocket Public Gardens Waste & Recycling Drop Community Bath & Hygiene Center
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PHASING
The market and Outreach Center will be constructed first.
This will allow the residents to receive the education
necessary to successfully build their own homes.
Phase One
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The construction of each unit, neighborhood, public
space pocket, and community bath & hygiene stations are
the next step in the phasing process. This phase will
take the longest amount of time.
Phase Two
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In order to
create our design
solution, people will
need to be relocated
while their new home
is being built. We have
utilized the more spacious
areas of the site in order
to build temporary housing
for those who are displaced.
Our proposed housing plan is
constructed in a unit by unit fashion;
keeping the number of people relocated
to a minimum and thus resolving any
displacement issue.
DISPLACEMENT
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NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSING
Unit by Unit Construction
Family Unit
Unit Garden
Group Kitchenette
Second Story Addition
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KITCHENETTE DETAIL
Solar Collection Panel Water Collection
Solar Water Heater Cookware Storage
Electric Kitchenette
34
Group kitchenettes have been placed within theneighborhoods to provide clean water, a food preparation
area, and solar energy to the families.
Distinguished Features:
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COMMUNITY OUTREACH
Outreach Center
Market Area / Multi-Use Space
Community Bath
Garbage / Recycling Center
Bus Stop
Bicycle Racks
Placed Post Holes
Features
Post Hole Detail
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Community Outreach Market36
The rendering below shows how both the residents and surrounding
locals utilize the market / multi-use space. Resident artisans are seen
bartering with the surrounding community. Another tie to the surrounding
community is the use of public transportation. This provides the area
with the opportunity to commute throughout the city much easier.
PUBLICSPACEPOCKET
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PUBLIC SPACE POCKET
37 The neighborhoods are designed to compliment each other. Publicspace pockets are surrounded by built neighborhoods; the buildings define
these pockets. These areas allow for multiple uses - social interaction,family events, baseball games, building crafts, celebrations, etc. These
minimally designed spaces will be continuously occupied by residents
of the community throughout the duration of the day, preventing
unwanted building in the area.
37
DRAINAGESOLUTION
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DRAINAGE SOLUTION
38
Drainage is also a big issue. We have addressed and designed a
solution. A decking expansion will be built between the homes of the
neighborhood located within the drainage ditch area. This will allow the
neighborhood to have group space between the houses and the drainage is
able to run underneath the decking this is more sanitary than walking
through it to get to the other houses.
Al Jh
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Alec Johnson
39
By providing the impoverished community within
the Santo Domingo area the necessary knowledge
and tools to succeed, the people will prosper
physically, mentally and socially. During the first
phase of development, the residents will be taught
how to construct their new community so that their
individual needs are met. General design solutions that
are easily customized are presented to the community;
educating the people as a whole while allowing for
creativity and flexibility within each family unit.
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40
First Floor
Kitchen /
Dining Room
Common Room /
Sleeping Area
Garden
Second Floor
Kitchen /
Dining Room
Common Room /
Sleeping Area
EXAMPLE PLAN #1
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First Floor
Common Room
Kitchen
Dining Room
Sleeping Area
Garden
Second Floor
Sleeping Area
Common Room
Dining RoomKitchen
EXAMPLE PLAN #241
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FAMILY HOUSING SECTION42
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During the first
phase of the community
design, all trash will
be either thrown orsalvaged. Glass bottles
will be salvaged and
utilized during the
construction process
as additional housing
ventilation. The bottles
are cast directly into
the wall without their
base, regulating cool
and warm air throughout
the unit as needed.
VENTILATION43 Tech Solutions
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Clean water is a necessity in everyday
life. In order to make sure this need is met,
water collection systems have been implemented
in each unit. Rain water is gathered at the
roof and is stored in a collection tank on
ground level. The water can than be boiled
or ran through portable filters to use for
drinking, cooking, and cleaning.
Tech Solutions
WATER COLLECTION
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In addition to the
structural walls constructed
throughout the units, movable walls can be used for make
shift privacy. The wall can be stretched to divide a
room or coiled to allow for a more open floor plan.
Constructed from salvaged wood and chain link fence,
the movable wall is a minimal cost solution that allows
for customization and flexibility within the home.
Tech Solutions
PORTABLE PRIVACY
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46
Lighting and ventilation play an essential role in every housing
solution. Operable windows are set within the walls to satisfy this
condition. With excessive heat being a problem, various directional opening
options have been designed to block direct UV rays while allowing for the
infiltration of indirect light. Corresponding with each side of the house,
windows may open upward, downward, or side to side to block direct light.
Tech Solutions
OPERABLE WINDOWS
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47
Tech SolutionsGROUP KITCHENETTEIn order to strengthen neighborhood relationships and
uphold cultural traditions, a group kitchenette will be placed
within each neighborhood. The kitchenette is equipped with a
solar collection panel, a solar water heater, a series of
solar kitchenettes, water collection, and cookware storage.
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BIRDS EYE NEIGBORHOOD PERSPECTIVE 48
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49 NEIGHBORHOOD INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
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50MODEL PHOTOS
NorthWest Corner
SouthEast Corner
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South Perspective
Jourdann Utke
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What do you think when you
hear the word slum? Garbage?
Chaos? Both are evident in
Santo Domingo. Organization
is not evident and pollution
negatively affects those who
live in this area. As a design
team we have created a more
organized and environmentally
friendly community design
plan.
This area is densely polluted with glass and
plastic bottles. As a way to help clean the area,
I have incorporated these bottles into my wall
design. These bottles have both ends open creating
air flow through the walls. It also allows for
more natural day lighting to enter the interior
of the structure. Another benefit of using glass
and plastic bottles is that it is a found material
in other words it is free of charge.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Batey relief alliance. (1997). Retrieved from
http://www.bateyrelief.org/
Colonial zone - dominician republic: transportation. (2005). Retrieved
from http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/transportation.html
Center for economic and social justice. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.cesj.org/thirdway/economicjustice-defined.htm
Dominican republic. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.godominicanrepublic.com/
Ellis-Christensen, T. (2003). What is Social justice?. Retrieved from
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-social-justice.htm
Global water: changing the world - one village at a time. (2003).
Retrieved from http://www.globalwater.org/
Project abc: community literacy in the bateyes. (2006). Retrieved fromhttp://www.proyectoabc.org/
Santo domingo. (1996). Retrieved from http://dr1.com/travel/santodomingo/
Schweizer, E. (1999, July). Environmental justice: an interview with
robert bullard. Retrieved from http://www.ejnet.org/ej/bullard.html
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