Dr. Hari Shanker Srivastava

Agriculture & Soils Department (ERSS)

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

Dehradun - 248001

SAR APPLICATIONS IN

SOIL MOISTURE

RETRIEVAL

NISAR SCIENCE WORKSHOP

(17-18, NOV 2014)

scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=BBIgSOkAAAAJ&hl=en

IIRS / ISRO

''*2'*

IIRS / ISRO

C

L X

0 4km 0 4km 0 4km

L-Band

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Dry Moist Deeper

Layer

Wet

SA

R B

AC

KS

CA

TT

ER

(s

o)

Lvv

Cvv

Xvv

C-Band X-Band

C

L X

0 4km 0 4km 0 4km

L-Band

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Dry Moist Deeper

Layer

Wet

SA

R B

AC

KS

CA

TT

ER

(s

o)

Lvv

Cvv

Xvv

C-Band X-Band

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R.R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6410

641001-1, pp. 01-12. [available online at: http://repository.ias.ac.in/89367/1/46P.pdf]

IIRS / ISRO

Frequency 5.0GHz

Polarization HH

______ 0.21 gm/cm3

--------- 0.4 gm/cm3

Frequency 5.0GHz

Polarization HH

______ 0.21 gm/cm3

--------- 0.4 gm/cm3

Frequency 5.0GHz

Polarization HH

Incidence angle 20

Frequency 5.0GHz

Polarization HH

Incidence angle 20

Frequency 5.0GHz

Polarization HH

Incidence angle 20

ISRO’s ground based scatterometer

IIRS / ISRO

ERS-1 SAR derived spatial soil moisture information

IIRS / ISRO

Soil moisture estimation using ERS-1 SAR data (1994), European Space Agency- Publications-ESA-SP-361

IIRS / ISRO

Relative contribution of Coherent and Diffuse scattering components for different surface roughness conditions

Specular (B) Slightly rough (C) Very rough (after Ulaby, et. al., 1990)

Srivastava, H.S. (2010), Monitoring of soil moisture using multi-parametric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data,

Ph.D. Thesis, CSJM University, Kanpur (available online at http://www.openthesis.com)

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R. R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval,

Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6410, 641001, (2006) · 0277-786X/06/$15 · doi: 10.1117/12.693946

IIRS / ISRO IIRS / ISRO

Cut-off limits for a smooth surface at 450 for C, S, L and P bands

S. No. Wavelength Incidence angle Smoothness criterion

(h < )

1. 5.6 cm 450 0.25

2. 12 cm 450 0.53

3. 23.5 cm 450 1.04

4. 85 cm 450 3.76

IIRS / ISRO

Srivastava, H.S. (2010), Monitoring of soil moisture using multi-parametric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, Ph.D. Thesis, CSJM University, Kanpur (available online at http://www.openthesis.com)

IIRS / ISRO

IIRS / ISRO

IIRS / ISRO

Exploiting multi-parametric SAR for soil moisture estimation

(Use of multi-incidence angle SAR to incorporate effect of soil surface roughness

in soil moisture estimation)

[Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P., Manchanda, M.L. and Adiga, S. (2003), Use of multi-incidence angle RADARSAT-1 SAR data to incorporate the effect of

surface roughness in soil moisture estimation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 07, pp. 1638-1640 ]

Retrieval of Surface Roughness using Depolarization Ratio

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R.R. (2008), Retrieval of surface roughness using multi-polarized Envisat-1 ASAR data, Geocarto

International, Vol. 23, No. 01, pp. 67-77. [available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10106040701538157#.UiW8k39LNI0]

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R. R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval,

Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6410, 641001, (2006) · 0277-786X/06/$15 · doi: 10.1117/12.693946

Interaction of Radar signal with vegetation (after Ulaby, et. al., 1990)

Srivastava, H.S. (2010), Monitoring of soil moisture using multi-parametric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data,

Ph.D. Thesis, CSJM University, Kanpur (available online at http://www.openthesis.com)

In order to resolve the SAR backscatter of vegetation-covered soil into its constituents, it is assumed that the SAR backscatter contributions from soil add incoherently with the backscattering contributions from vegetation. Therefore, the canopy backscattering coefficient or total backscattering coefficient from a crop covered field (σ°total), may be expressed in terms of σ°crop, σ°soil and the two-way attenuation (1/L2) with the help of following relation:

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P., Sharma, K.P., Krishnamurthy, Y.V.N. and Dadhwal, V.K. (2011), A semi-empirical modeling approach to calculate two-

way attenuation in radar backscatter from soil due to crop cover, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 12, pp. 1871-1874.

[available online at: http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/12/1871.pdf ]

SAR response at different incidence

angles (bare and crop covered area)

Ext lw, 16o S1, 23o S7, 47o

FCC-IRS-1D

IIRS / ISRO

Low incidence angle □ High incidence angle

Exploiting multi-

parametric SAR for

soil moisture

estimation

(Use of multi-incidence

angle SAR to

incorporate effect of

crop cover in soil

moisture estimation)

[Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P., Manchanda, M.L. and Adiga, S. (2002), An attempt to incorporate the effect of crop cover in soil moisture estimation using multi-

incidence angle RADARSAT-1 SAR data, Asian Journal of Geoinformatics (SAR Special issue), Vol. 02, No. 03, pp. 33-40]

Srivastava, H.S, Patel, P. and Navalgund, R. R. (2006), An attempt to incorporate effect of soil texture in soil moisture retrieval using Extended Low-1 beam mode Radarsat-1 SAR data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 2587-2598)

Srivastava, H.S, Patel, P. and Navalgund, R. R. (2006), An attempt to incorporate effect of soil texture in soil moisture retrieval using Extended Low-1 beam mode Radarsat-1 SAR data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 2587-2598)

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R. R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval,

Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6410, 641001, (2006) · 0277-786X/06/$15 · doi: 10.1117/12.693946

Indian Space Research Organisation

Surface roughness, and moisture status at upper, middle and deeper layers of soil profile

S. No. Field-ID Surface Roughness Soil Moisture

C-band L-band P-band Top layer Middle layer Deeper Layer

1. A S S S MM MM MM

2. B S S S M M M

3. C R MR S MM MM MM

4. D R MR S D MM MM

5. E VR R MR MM MM MM

S: Smooth; MR: Medium Rough; VR: Very Rough; MM: Medium moist; M: moist; D: Dry

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

mm

mm

mm

m

m

m

mm

mm

mm

d

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

Chh Chv Cvv Cvh

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

mm

mm

mm

m

m

m

mm

mm

mm

d

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

Lhh Lhv Lvv Lvh

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

mm

mm

mm

m

m

m

mm

mm

mm

d

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

Phh Phv Pvv Pvh

A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R.R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6410

641001-1, pp. 01-12. [available online at: http://repository.ias.ac.in/89367/1/46P.pdf]

Soil moisture status at top, middle and deeper layers of Bajra and Pumpkin fields

S. No.

Crop Type

Field-ID

Soil Moisture

Top Layer Middle Layer Deeper Layer

1. Bajra B1 Dry Dry Dry

2. Bajra B2 Moist Moist Moist

3. Pumpkin P1 Moist Moist Dry

4. Pumpkin P2 Moist Moist Moist

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

B1

d

d

d

B2

m

m

m

P1

m

m

d

P2

m

m

m

Phh Phv Pvv Pvh

-15

-10

-5

0

B1

d

d

d

B2

m

m

m

P1

m

m

d

P2

m

m

m

Chh Chv Cvv Cvh

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

B1

d

d

d

B2

m

m

m

P1

m

m

d

P2

m

m

m

Lhh Lhv Lvv Lvh

Srivastava, H.S., Patel, P. and Navalgund, R.R. (2006), How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6410 641001-1, pp. 01-12.

Radar return signal

Vegetation Volume

Soil moisture

Surface roughness

Vegetation Biomass

SAR Polarimetry

Importance of SAR Polarimetry for Target Study

Vegetation

moisture Vegetation

biomass

Soil moisture

Vegetation moisture

Vegetation

biomass

Vegetation

volume

Surface roughness

i

irjk

r

r

E

E

SS

SS

r

e

E

E

////////

//

//

Importance of SAR Polarimetry for Target Study

//,,4

2 qp

qp

qpS

s

10

014 ][][ DihedralTrihedral ss

10

01 [s]Trihedral

10

01 [s]Dihedral

Importance of SAR Polarimetry for Target Study

Full Polarimetric Mode Linear: Transmit in H and V. Receive H and V

[HH, HV, VV and VH]

Circular: Transmit in R and L. Receive RC and LC [RR,RL,LL,LR]

Hybrid Polarimetric Mode Transmit in 45o linear Receive H and V

[45oH, 45oV]

Transmit in circular polarisation Receive H and V (RISAT-1 SAR) [CH, CV]

ao

Scattering mechanism

MULTI FREQUENCY OBSERVATION OF SCATTERING MECHANISM

L band

D

istr

ibu

ted

ta

rge

t P

ure

Ta

rge

t

DR

DR

DR

Vol

Vol

Vol

SR

SR

P Band

Scattering mechanism

Patel P., H. S. Srivastava and R. R. Navalgund, 2009, ‘Use of SAR polarimetry to study wetland targets of Keoladeo National Park’, Current Science, Vol. 97, No.4, pp 529-537

Patel and Srivastava et al. (2013), CCRS Radarsat-2 Announcement of Opportunity (A.O.) Final Project Report

SAR hybrid polarimetry derived Soil moisture

Patel and Srivastava et al. (2013), CCRS Radarsat-2 Announcement of Opportunity (A.O.) Final Project Report

Summary of Select Advances In Soil Moisture Retrieval (Review Paper)

Advances in soil moisture retrieval from synthetic aperture radar and hydrological applications

By: Kurt C. Kornelsen & Paulin Coulibaly Journal of Hydrology, 476 (2013) 460–489

[Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.044]

Summary of Select Advances In Soil Moisture Retrieval (Review Paper)

Advances in soil moisture retrieval from synthetic aperture radar and hydrological applications

By: Kurt C. Kornelsen & Paulin Coulibaly Journal of Hydrology, 476 (2013) 460–489

[Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.044]

Summary of Select Advances In Soil Moisture Retrieval (Review Paper)

Advances in soil moisture retrieval from synthetic aperture radar and hydrological applications

By: Kurt C. Kornelsen & Paulin Coulibaly Journal of Hydrology, 476 (2013) 460–489

[Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.044]

1. Patel, P. and Srivastava, H. S. (2013), Ground truth planning for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): Addressing various challenges using statistical approach, International Journal of Advances in Remote Sensing, GIS and Geography, Vol. 1, No. 02, pp. 01-17.

2. Patel P., H. S. Srivastava and R. R. Navalgund, 2009, ‘Use of SAR polarimetry to study wetland targets of Keoladeo National Park’, Current Science, Vol. 97, No.4, pp 529-537.

3. Patel P. and R. R. Navalgund, 2008, ‘Target vector decomposition for Hybrid polarimetry’, Proceedings of National Symposium on ‘Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and Applications with Special Emphasis on Microwave Remote Sensing’, organised by Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Ahmedabad, Dec 18-20, 2008.

4. Patel P., H. S. Srivastava and R. R. Navalgund, 2008, ‘Use of SAR polarimetry to characterise wetland targets of Keoladeo National Park ( A World Heritage and Ramsar Site’, Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference; edited by Sengupta, M and Dalwani, R., pp 1983-1987.

5. Patel P, 2007, Polarimetric SAR classification using physical based scattering mechanism: comparative evaluation of L and P bands”, 2007, Conference of Joint Experiment Project Towards Microwave Remote Sensing Data Utilisation (JEP-MW), Conference Papers, 15-16 May 2007, SAC, Ahmedabad, pp. 2:42-2:57.

6. Srivastava H. S., P Patel, Y. Sharma and R. R. Navalgund, 2009, “Large-Area Soil Moisture Estimation Using Multi-Incidence-Angle RADARSAT-1 SAR Data”, IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 47, No. 08, pp. 2528-2535.

7. Srivastava H. S., P. Patel, M. L. Manchanda and S. Adiga, 2003, Use of Multi-incidence angle RADARSAT-1 SAR data to incorporate the effect of surface roughness in soil moisture estimation, IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41(07), 1638-1640.

8. Srivastava H. S., P Patel, Y. Sharma and R. R. Navalgund, 2009, “Multi-frequency and multi-polarized SAR response to thin vegetation and scattered trees”, Current Science, Vol. 97, No. 03, pp. 425-429.

9. Srivastava, H. S., Patel, P., Sharma, K. P., Krishnamurthy, Y.V.N. and Dadhwal, V. K., 2011, “A semi-empirical modelling approach to calculate two-way attenuation in SAR backscatter from soil due to crop cover”, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 12, pp. 1871-1874.

Selected Publications

9. Navalgund R. R. and Patel P. (Editors), A compendium of lecture notes for the ISRS Pre-symposium tutorials on, “Microwave Signatures”, edited by Ranganathan R Navalgund and P Patel, Ahmedabad, December 2008.

10. Patel P., 2008, “Application potential of SAR for characterizing land targets” in ‘A compendium of lecture notes for the ISRS Pre-symposium tutorials on “Microwave Signatures”, edited by R R Navalgund and P Patel, December 2008, pp. 57-73.

11. Patel P., H. S. Srivastava, S. Panigrahy and J. S. Parihar, 2006, Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of multi-polarized multi-frequency SAR backscatter to plant density, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(2), 293-305.

12. Srivastava H. S., P. Patel, and R. R. Navalgund, 2006, “Application potentials of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) for land cover mapping and crop height estimation”, Current Science, 91(6), 783-788.

13. Srivastava H. S., P. Patel, Y. Sharma and R. R. Navalgund, 2006, “Comparative Evaluation of Potential of Optical and SAR Data for the Detection of Human Settlements Using Digital Classification”, International Journal of Geoinformatics, 02(03), 21-28.

14. Srivastava H. S., P Patel, Y. Sharma and R. R. Navalgund, 2008, “Retrieval of surface roughness using multi-polarized Envisat-1 ASAR data” Geocarto International , Vol. 23, No. 1, February 2008, 67–77.

15. Srivastava H. S., P. Patel and R. R. Navalgund, 2006, “How far SAR has fulfilled its expectation for soil moisture retrieval?” Proc. SPIE Vol. 6410, Paper Number 641001.

16. Patel P., S Panigrahy and M Chakraborty, 2002, Performance of RADARSAT Extended Low Beam SAR data for Soil moisture retrieval, Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 85-91.

17. Patel P., S., Mohan, S., Sharma, A. K., Sutrodhar, B. K. Khawas, and D. K., Das, 2001, Evaluation of multi-incidence angle RADARSAT SAR data for soil moisture estimation, Physical Methods of Soil characterization, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp.133-140.

18. Srivastava, H. S., P Patel, K. P. Sharma, and Y. V. N., Krishnamurthy, 2009, Explored and demonstrated potential applications of multi-parametric SAR in wetland studies in context of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India, 2nd Annual Research Seminar on Keoladeo National Park (2ndARS-KNP), Jointly organized by KNP, Forest Department of State of Rajasthan (India) & WWF, 15th March 2009, Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India, pp. 01-30, www.ramsar.org/pdf/features/features_ remote_ keoladeo.pdf

19. Srivastava H. S., P. Patel, Y. Sharma, and R. R. Navalgund, 2007, “Detection and Density Mapping of Forested Areas using SAR Interferometric Technique, International Journal of Geoinformatics, 032), 1-10.

20. Patel P. and S. Panigrahy, 2002, Monitoring soil moisture condition of rice fields using steep and shallow incidence angle Radarsat synthetic aperture radar data – a case study from India., Proceedings of ISPRS technical commission VII symposium on Resource and Environmental Monitoring held at Hyderabad December 3-6,2002

21. Patel P. and S. Panigrahy, 2004, “Methodology to estimate flood damage to rice production using temporal synthetic Aperture Radar data.” International Symposium on Natural Hazards- INTROMET-2004, 24th to 27th February 2004.

22. Patel P., H S Srivastava, S. Panigrahy and M. Chakraborty, 2003, “Effect of Crop Cover and Surface Roughness on sensitivity of SAR backscatter to soil moisture” Presented at the 1st International conference on Microwaves, antenna, Propagation and Remote Sensing- ICMARS-2003 organized by International Center for Radio Science at Jodhpur during 17th to 19th December, 2003.

23. Patel P., M Chakraborty, P N Jogleker, B G Prusty, S Dash, T S Rawat, K Mukherjee, M P Singh, H Srivastava, M Kala, P Chaturvedi, Hemant Pandey, A Arunchalam, S Sejwal, R Singh, MD. Akbar, P Upadhyaya, K Malik, N Sharma, S Bandopadhyay, M Mustafa, 2007, ‘Soil Moisture Estimation Using SAR: Impact of Large Agricultural Heterogeneity’, Conference of Joint Experiment Project Towards Microwave Remote Sensing Data Utilisation, JEP-MW Conference Papers, May 15-16, 2007, SAC, Ahmedabad, pp. 2:58-2:69.