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Qakur sad vmaRStut

srSvtI >s_yta twa ndI

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pUvR invedn Aaj kI ccaR arM- krne se pUvR @k invedn krnacahta hU~ jae #se QIk se smHne ke ilye AavZyk hE,

srSvtI ndI twa %skI s_yta kI ivvecna ke ilyehmne paErai[k kalm kae Aaxar bnaya hE ijske

Anusar manv ka #ithas mnu se arM- haeta hE jae Abse lg-g barh kraef v;R pUvR huye we,At> #se smHne ke ilye AavZyk hE ik > hm waefIder ke ilye #ithas kI %s paZcaTy Avxar[a kaeAlg ro ivcar kre< ijske Anusar s_ytaAae< ka#ithas ds hjar v;R phle se zu haeta hE AaEr #skephle ke laoae< v;R mnu:y ne j

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sarSvt s_yta ka -aEgaeilk ivStar

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g

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sarSvt s_yta ^pr idye gye dae manic -art ke kraefae< v;R ke

#ithas ke dae kalo{fae< ka itinixTv krte hE

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ga

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sUoI srSvtI aaqI dUsre manic kae @kbar i)r Xyan se deioye ijsme

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paErai[k kalm jb hm #n tWyae< kae Xyan me< rokr ivcar krte hE< taeyUraepIy #ithas kI vh Avxar[a qUqtI idoa$ pftI hE

ijsme< s

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sarSvt s_ytahfPpa Awva isNxu-sarSvt s_yta kae kevl sarSvts_yta khne se taTpyR pUra hae jata hE, Kyae

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puratTv twa prMpra ka imln Swl

3, yh ]e \Gved, pura[ae< se lekr mha-artkal tk kI Anek rajnIitk AaEr sa

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puratTv twa prMpra

6, \Gved ke ndIsU me< tIn sPtisNxuAae< kI batkhI g$ hE ijnme se srSvtI aaqI @k hE AaEr vhhI sENxv-sarSvt ya hfPpa s_yta kI jnnI

@v< pae;k rhI hE, srSvtI ndI ke saw hI yhs_yta -I luPt hae g$,yh StutI-kr[ ivgt Anek v;ae< se saihTy(\Gved, mhakaVyae< @v< pura[ae

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ccaR ke dae o{f Aaj kI ccaR kae muOy p se tIn o{fae< me< iv- ikya gya hE,

wm o{f

sarSvt s_yta ka g

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wm o{f

srSvtI s_yta ka g

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gaey s_yta kI -aEgaeilk VyaiPt puratTvzaS kI d&i:q dae Sp:q s_yta@< idoa$ pftI hE

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sarSvt s_yta kI -aEgaeilk VyaiPt dUsrI Aaer srSvtI s_yta kI Vyapkta kevlpiZcmaer mhaIp tk sIimt hE, #sme< g

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%r smu AaEr -UpqlivvtRn #skI VyaOya ke ilye hme< -Ugi-Rk kal kIghra$ me< jakr smHna haega, #ska kar[ yh

hE ik %s smy smSt %r-art @k smu waAwva nidyae< ara laye gye mlbe se -rta huAadldl wa AaEr bsne layk nhI< wa,

paZcaTy #ithaskar yh manne kae tEyar nhI< hEik #s kal ka kae$ sMbNx manv ke #ithas sehae skta hE,

leikn yh #ithas -Ug-RzaS ke -UpqlivvtRnPlate Tectonics se sMb hE AaEr #skI ccaRAage kI jayegI,

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srSvtI s_yta ka SwlaNtr[

Ab Aage hm yh deoe

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srSvtI Aaj -I pavn ndI hE 2, dUsrI ivze;ta yh hE ik jae srSvtI ndI\Gved kal me< ihmaly se smu tk inrNtr

vaiht haenevalI ivzaltm ndI rhI hE vhpaErai[k kal me< @kdm sUo jane ke bavjUd satpavn nidyae< ke p me< itidn Smar[ kI jatI hEmanae< vh Aaj -I jIivt hae,

Ab hm sarSvt s_yta ke kuD Avze;ae< kIAaEr Aap ka Xyan Aaki;Rt krna cahe

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ilone kI imI kI paqI>> maeheNjaedarae

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ilone kI tOtI ymunangr 300 $0pU0

I e

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vhI Aakar tap kaecEnpur guPtkal

I $ R e I

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vhI Aakar>> $zanvmaR ka devklItap

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vhI Aakar>> SkUl ke bCce

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ilona sIone ke ilye lkfI kI paqI ^pr idoaye gye pa~c ic bCcae< kae ilona isoane keilye lkfI kI paqI ke nmUne hE< ijnme< phla

maehenjaedarae se pkI imI ka iolaEna hE ijse mazRl nebhut phle kaizt kr idya wa, dUsra 300 $0pU0 kaimI ka olaEna hE ijsme< @k balk kae ilote idoayagya hE, ze; dae ivi-Nn kalae< me< rajaAae< ara ilovayegye tap Ai-leo hE

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leon kI prMpra yh say hme< sIxe taEr pr hfPpa s_yta sejaefta hE twa #s bat ka sa]I hE ik sarSvts_yta g

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pzupit izv @v< magRbNxu

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pzupit mhadev magRbNxu -I pzupit izv ke isr pr izUljEsa izrae-U;[ hEjae izv ka tIk bn gya, jha~ khI< yh imle

%se izv hI smHna caihye, izv kae magRbNxu -I kha jata hE jae %nkae

Vyapairyae< ka devta bnata hE, hfPpa s_yta kelaeg kuzl VyaparI twa tTkalIn ivZv ke Vyaparpr %nka vcRSv wa,

%LleonIy hE ik hfPpa kI muhre smSt s_ys

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izvpUja twa sPt matr>

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izvpUja @v< sPtmatr> izv @k suNdr mtRban jEse aere me< hE< ijskebahrI dIval pr pIpl ke pe idoa$ pf rhe

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imI ke izvil hfPpa twamaeheNjaedarae se

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km{flu> maeheNjaedarae se

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izv ke nNdI

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@k&> #N tae nhI

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hfPpa se aPt z

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ma n%zarae se

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mih;asur-midRin

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mih;asurmidRnI yh mhi;asurmidRnI kI muhr hE ijsme< daihne -ag

me< izv idoaye gye hE

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ntRkI kI cUifya~

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-rIba~h cUifya~ phne mihla

E

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izvpUja AaEr hrya[vI xaetI

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hirya[vI xaetI #s imI ke Qikre pr ^pr izv ka A

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y}-veidya~> kalIb

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rwc>> bnavlI

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d

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hl

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SviStk

e

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nmSte

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yaegasn>> hfPpa twa maehenjaedarae se

e E I I

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klz pr Pyase kaE@ kI khanI

i e I

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Ai-;ek pu:kr[I

e i I

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veZm pir:k&t pu:kr[I

e i I $ I

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-vn se iarI hu$ pu:kr[I #se Great Bath kha kha gya hE leikn yhiksI ivze; vEidk Anu:Qan se sMbiNxt haenacaih@ ijsme< Ai-;ek kI AavZykta pftI

hae, At> #se Ai-;ek pu:kr[I khna Aixk%ict haega, \Gved (10,107,10) me

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veZm pir:k&t devpu:kr[I

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itIy o{fsarSvtI aaqI ka -Ug-R

Geology of Sarasvati

Valley

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arM- -art ka -Ugi-Rk #ithas @izya mhaIp kI s

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Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics: The Indian craton was oncepart of the supercontinent of Pangaea. At thattime, it was attached to Madagascar and southernAfrica on the south west coast, and Australia

along the east coast. 160 Ma during the JurassicPeriod, rifting caused Pangaea to break apart intotwo supercontinents namely, Gondwana (to thesouth) and Laurasia (to the north). The Indian

craton remained attached to Gondwana, until thesupercontinent began to rift apart about in theearly Cretaceous, about 125 Ma.

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Plate Tectonics

The Indian Plate then drifted northward towardthe Eurasian Plate, at a pace that is the fastestmovement of any known plate. It is generally

believed that the Indian plate separated fromMadagascar about 90 Ma, however somebiogeographical and geological; evidencesuggests that the connection between

Madagascar and Africa was retained at thetime when the Indian plate collided with theEurasian Plate about 50 Ma.

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Plate Tectonics

This orogeny, which is continuing today, is related toclosure of the Tethys Ocean. The closure of this oceanwhich created Alps in Europe, and Caucasus range inwestern Asia, created Himalaya Mountains and TibetanPlateau in South Asia. The current orogenic event is causing

parts of the Asian continent to deform westward andeastward on either side of the orogeny. Concurrently withthis collision, the Indian Plate sutured on to the adjacentAustralian Plate, forming a new larger plate, the Indo-Australian Plate.

Souece: Wikipedia, the Free encyclopedia Geology of India.

I I e

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mhaIp kI %r yaa ke pfav

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^pr ke ic me< -artIy mhaIp ke %r kI Aaers

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gaeNfvanalE

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-artIy mhaIp ka Aakar %s smy -artIy mhaIp ka kevl ayIp -ag hIsmu ke ^pr idoa$ pf rha wa ze; sb fUba huAa wa,

%r -art twa @izya qIiws sagr wa, phlepiZcmaer -ag qkraya twa me ya pamIr AiSttv me

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-Ugi-Rk #ithas ke dae pfav pqlivvtRn isaNt kae -artIy #ithas kI d&i:qse deone pr -Ugi-Rk pirvtRnae< ke dae Sp:q Str

idoa$ pfte hE

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srSvtI s_yta ka -Ugael ihmaly ke %Twan ke bad -I %ske di][ me

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srSvtI s_yta ka -Ugael

I

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srSvtI-aGgr twa war

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sarSvt smu hmare puratTv--UvE}aink war mSwl me< sehaete hu@ srSvtI ndI kae oM-at kI oafI me

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\Gved me sarSvt smu \Gved kal me< yh smu AiStTv me< wa ijsme< (VII.95.2) yh kha gya hE ik srSvtI ihmaly se

inklkr smu me< jatI hE, #sI ((III. 33. 1) me

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dvk&t yainm! sarSvt smu ke ilyedevk&t

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sUoI srSvtI

srSvtI twa %skI shayk nidya~ -UpqlivvtRnke kar[ sUone lgI< twa sarSvt smu kaejla-r[ bNd hae gya tb yh kalaNtr me< war-

mSwl me< pirvitRt hae gya, war ka AwR walAwva iDDlI walI haeta hE jae #s yaein

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jl-[alI ivhIn hirya[a -art ka manic Xyan se deoe< tae ymuna sepiZcm twa stluj se piZcm kI -Uim iksI -I

jl-[alI se ivhIn idoa$ pftI hE jae pg-pg

pr nidyae< se -rI -art-Uim ke ilye @k AaZcyRka iv;y hE, \Gved #s bat ka sa]I hE ik k-I yh -Uim @k

ATyNt smuNnt s_yta ka aef huAa krtI wI, Ab %n -Ug-IRy karkae< kI ccaR kre

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jl-[alI ivhIn srSvtI kI aaqI

srSvtI ndI ke dae prSpr-ivraexI ic

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srSvtI ndI k da prSpr-ivraxI ic

\Gved me< jha~ srSvtI ndI kae @k jlzailnIndI ke p me< idoaya gya hE tae mha-art twapura[ae< me< %se oi{ft ndI hI btaya gya hE jaek-I xrtI ke ^pr tae k-I xrtI ke ANdr bhtI

khI g$ hE, #s pr ivcar kre< ik srSvtI kI piZcmI shaykstluj twa Byas piZcm kI Aaer mufkr isNxukI shayk bn jatI hE< tae ymuna pUrb kI Aaer

mufkr g

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AravlI ka yagdan @ese me< hmara Xyan AravlI pvRt kI Aaer janaSva-aivk hE jae piZcm-di][ me< gujrat selekr %r-pUrb me< idLlI kI raysIna phaifyae

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sarSvt smu war bn gya #ska pir[am yh huAa ik sarSvt smu kIjl-s

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#ithas ka Aar ghr kal kIAavZykta

sM-v hE ik Aaj kI piZcmI #ithas smH ke kar[ Aap#sse shmt n hae ske< Kyae

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v}aink kalm twa -Ug-zaS hmare ara Staivt #s #ithas-m ke pIDe -artIy #ithas kalm ka Aaxar hE jae h-

n]ae< kI git kI Jyaeit;Iy g[na kae Aaxarmankr clta hE,

#ske Aitir #se Aaxuink -Ug-RzaS ka -IsmwRn aPt hE, hme< yh btane me< s

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fa0 rajIv isnha @v sawI #ske bad sarSvt smu ke iv;y me< @k nvIntmzaex ka %Lleo krke %r smu ke kr[ kI

ccaR kre

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rajIv isnha ka )lk

sm kI %piSwit ke ma[

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smu kI %piSwit k ma[ yh )lk kalIb

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Imperial Gaetteer of India

%LLeonIy hE ik sarSvt smu ka AiStTv pajIRqr ne-I SvIkar ikya hE (p&0 260) ijse mha-art me

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t&tIy o{f

ga smu AaErgaey s_yta

Gangetic Sea andGanga Civilization

ga sm ka -g-R

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ga smu ka -Ug- -Ug-RzaSI #se Tythes Sea ka di][I Daer khe

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slon jIvaZmpak

ga sm kI tlhqI

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ga smu kI tlhqI %r smu kI Fal Asm haene ke bavjUd it 100 ikmIpr 100 mI kI dr se ghrI haetI hu$ ihmaly kI tlhqI

tk phu~cte 15000 mI tk ghrI (pvRt caeqI se) haejatI hE,

#ska inmaR[ ihmaly kI %Tpi se jufa huAa hE, dae mhaIpae< kI qkrahq ke bad -artIy mhaIp kIgitk ^jaR me< Vyvxan %TpNn huAa AaEr #ska di][I

-ag daihnI Aaer aUmne lga ijsse ivNXy ka fUba huAa-ag @izya kI -Uim ke ANdr ausne lga twa ihmaly

^pr %Qne lga, ihmalyke di][ ka -ag smu hI bna rha ijse gasmu kh skte hE

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ga smu metIn irjyh ga smu katl -ag hE ijsme

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AgSTy k da pram ivNXy pvRt AaEr gasmu kI -Ugi-Rk aqnaAae< sejufI dae purakwa@< mha-art me< imltI hE

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ivda mawv kI kwa sM-vt> ivde a mawv ve AiNtm raja weijNhae

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ga s_yta ka %dy kalaNtr me< yh gasagr ihmaly twa ivNXyse bhnevalI nidyae< ara laye g@ mlbe sepqta gya AaEr ivZv ke sm&tm mEdanae< @k

hae gya, ihmaly twa ivNXy Swl-ag se juf gye twakaesl-ivdeh kae keN bnakr @k @esI s_yta

ka p samne Aaya jae sare %pmhaIp me

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