Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology...

Satellite Communication System

Topics

bull Introductionbull Orbit characteristicsbull Earth station technologybull Satellite sub-systemsbull Launching and positioning

Introduction to Satellite Communication

History and Overview

A satellite is any object that orbits or revolves around another object For example the Moon is a satellite of Earth and Earth is a satellite of the Sun

Satellite

Artificial Satellite

Artificial Satellites are man-made machines that orbit Earth and the Sun These are highly specialized and complex machines and perform thousands of tasks These satellites have many sub-systems There are hundreds of satellites currently in operation

Earthrsquos atmosphere

Source All about GPS [wwwkowomade]

Elements of a Satellite

bull Payload bull Bus

Payloadbull Antennas and electronics bull The payload is different for every satellite bull The payload for a weather satellite includes

cameras to take pictures of cloud formations while the payload for a communications satellite includes large antennas to transmit TV or telephone signals to Earth

bull The payload is the part of the satellite that performs the required mission

bull mission describes the purpose for which a satellite is put in space

bull The mission of a communications satellite is to receive process amplify and retransmit signals or effectively just repeaters They receive the signals that are transmitted to them and then retransmit them at a different frequency back to earth

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

ProcessorTransmitter

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

bull Carries the payload and all its equipment into space

bull The bus also contains equipment that allows the satellite to communicate with Earth

bull Holds all the satellites parts together and provides electrical powercomputers and propulsion to the spacecraft

Spectrum

Why Satellite Communication

bull The Earth is a sphere amp The microwave frequencies travel in straight line but to connect two regions very far away on the two side of the sphere the link requires lot of repeaters because of Earthrsquos curvature

bull A single satellite can do the magic linking the continents with one repeater

Satellite

bull It is a repeater which receives signal from Earth at one frequency amplify it amp transmit it back to Earth at other frequency

bull Active Satellite Power amplification on boardbull Passive Satellite Only a reflector

EARTH STATION

bull There are two earth station in a simple Satellite communication link

bull One transmits the signal to satellite called transmitting Earth station

bull The other receives the signal from satellite called receiving Earth Station

UPLINK amp DOWN LINK

bull The communication link from Transmitting earth station to satellite is called Up-link

bull The communication link from satellite To receiving earth station is called Down-link

bull In the 1950s and early 1960s ndash attempts for communication systems by bouncing signals off metalized weather balloons

bull received signals - too weak to be of any practical use

bull Communication satellites can be regarded as big microwave repeaters in the sky

ldquoAll these problems can be solved by the use of a chain of space-stations with an orbital period of 24 hours which would require them to be at a distance of 42000 Km from the center of the Earth There are a number of possible arrangements for such a chain The stations would lie in the Earthrsquos equatorial plane and would thus always remain fixed in the same spots in the sky from the point of view of terrestrial observers Unlike all other heavenly bodies they would never rise nor set This would greatly simplify the use of directive receivers installed on the Earthrdquo

science fiction author Arthur C Clarke

Wireless World British Magazine May 1945

Communications Satellites

Following longitudes were suggested for the stations to provide the best service to the inhabited portions of the globe 30deg E - Africa and Europe

150deg E - China and Oceania90deg W - The Americas

Each station would broadcast programs over about a third of the planet

Arthur Clarkrsquos View of a Global Communications System

bull 1945 Arthur C Clarke publishes an essay about bdquoExtra Terrestrial Relaysldquo

bull 1957 first satellite SPUTNIKbull 1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHObull 1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOMbull 1965 first commercial geostationary satellite Satellit bdquoEarly Birdldquo

(INTELSAT I) 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV channel 15 years lifetime

bull 1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communicationbull 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-Abull 1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data

communication INMARSAT-Cbull 1993 first digital satellite telephone system bull 1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones

History ofSatellite Communication

Applications Traditionally

ndash weather satellitesndash radio and TV broadcast satellites ndash military satellitesndash satellites for navigation and localization (eg GPS)

Telecommunicationndash global telephone connectionsndash backbone for global networksndash connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areasndash global mobile communication

bull satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (eg GSM or AMPS)

replaced by fiber optics

base stationor gateway

Classical satellite systemInter Satellite Link (ISL)

Mobile User Link (MUL) Gateway Link

(GWL)

footprint

small cells (spotbeams)

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

Critical Elements of the Satellite Link

Satellite Network Configurations

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

Why do satellites stay moving and in orbit

F2

(Inertial-Centrifugal Force)

Herersquos the Mathhellipbull Gravity depends on the mass of the earth the mass of the

satellite and the distance between the center of the earth and the satellite

bull For a satellite traveling in a circle the speed of the satellite and the radius of the circle determine the force (of gravity) needed to maintain the orbit

bull The radius of the orbit is also the distance from the center of the earth

bull For each orbit the amount of gravity available is therefore fixed

bull That in turn means that the speed at which the satellite travels is determined by the orbit

Letrsquos look in a Physics Bookhellip

bull From what we have deduced so far there has to be an equation that relates the orbit and the speed of the satellite

T 2r3

4 1014

T is the time for one full revolution around the orbit in seconds

r is the radius of the orbit in meters including the radius of the earth (638x106m)

The Most Common Example

bull ldquoHeightrdquo of the orbit = 22300 milebull That is 36000km = 36x107mbull The radius of the orbit is

36x107m + 638x106m = 42x107mbull Put that into the formula and hellip

The Geosynchronous Orbit

bull The answer is T = 86000 sec (rounded)bull 86000 sec = 1433 min = 24hours (rounded)bull The satellite needs 1 day to complete an orbitbull Since the earth turns once per day the

satellite moves with the surface of the earth

Basics

bull Satellites in circular orbitsndash attractive force Fg = m g (Rr)sup2

ndash centrifugal force Fc = m r sup2ndash m mass of the satellitendash R radius of the earth (R = 6370 km)ndash r distance to the center of the earthndash g acceleration of gravity (g = 981 mssup2)ndash angular velocity ( = 2 f f rotation frequency)

bull Stable orbitndash Fg = Fc 3

2

)2( f

gRr

Ways to CategorizeCommunications Satellites

bull Coverage areandash Global regional national

bull Service typendash Fixed service satellite (FSS)ndash Broadcast service satellite (BSS)ndash Mobile service satellite (MSS)

bull General usagendash Commercial military amateur experimental

Classification of Satellite Orbits

bull Circular or elliptical orbitndash Circular with center at earthrsquos center ndash Elliptical with one foci at earthrsquos center

bull Orbit around earth in different planesndash Equatorial orbit above earthrsquos equatorndash Polar orbit passes over both polesndash Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits

bull Altitude of satellitesndash Geostationary orbit (GEO)ndash Medium earth orbit (MEO)ndash Low earth orbit (LEO)

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

elliptical or circular orbits complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth inclination angle between orbit and equator elevation angle between satellite and horizon LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection

high elevation needed less absorption due to eg buildings Uplink connection base station - satellite Downlink connection satellite - base station typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink

ndash transponder used for sendingreceiving and shifting of frequenciesbull Transponder ndash electronics in the satellite that convert uplink signals to downlink signals

ndash transparent transponder only shift of frequenciesndash regenerative transponder additionally signal regeneration

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

plane of satellite orbit

equatorial plane

Elevation

Elevationangle e between center of satellite beam and surface

eminimal elevationelevation needed at leastto communicate with the satellite

footprint

Minimum Elevation Angle

bull Reasons affecting minimum elevation angle of earth stationrsquos antenna (gt0o)ndash Buildings trees and other terrestrial objects block

the line of sightndash Atmospheric attenuation is greater at low elevation

anglesndash Electrical noise generated by the earths heat near

its surface adversely affects reception

e

Communication Satellitesbull Contain several transponders ndash device

which listens to some portion of the spectrum amplifies the incoming signal and then rebroadcasts it at another frequency to avoid interference with the incoming signal

bull The downward beams can be ndash broad covering a substantial fraction of the

earths surface or ndash narrow covering an area only hundreds of

kilometers in diameter - bent pipe mode

Communication Satellites

bull Another issue is the presence of the Van Allen belts - layers of highly charged particles trapped by the earths magnetic field

bull Any satellite flying within them would be destroyed fairly quickly by the highly-energetic charged particles trapped there by the earths magnetic field

bull Hence there are three regions in which satellites can be placed safely - illustrated in the following figure

Orbits

bull Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending on the shape and diameter of the orbit

GEO geostationary orbit ca 36000 km above earth surface

LEO (Low Earth Orbit) ca 500 - 1500 kmMEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate

Circular Orbit) ca 6000 - 20000 kmHEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

Communication satellites and some of their properties including altitude above the earth round-trip delay time

and number of satellites needed for global coverage

Satellite Orbits ndash 2A

bull Orbit ranges (altitudes)ndash LEO 250 to 1500 kmndash MEO 2500 to 15000 kmndash GEO 3578603 kmndash HEO examples

bull 500 to 39152 km Molniya (ldquoFlash of lightningrdquo)bull 16000 to 133000 km Chandra

Mean earth radius is 6378137 km

Period of one-half sidereal day

Period of 64 hours and 18 minutes

53

Orbits

bull Defining the altitude where the satellite will operate

bull Determining the right orbit depends on proposed service characteristics such as coverage applications delay

Orbits

inner and outer VanAllen belts

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

Van-Allen-Beltsionized particles2000 - 6000 km and15000 - 30000 kmabove earth surface

55

Orbits (cont)

Outer Van Allen Belt (13000-20000 km)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

Inner Van Allen Belt (1500-5000 km)

GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

MEO Medium Earth Orbit

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Low Earth Orbit Medium Earth Orbit Geostationary Earth Orbit

Height 100-300 miles 6000-12000 miles 22300 miles

Time in LOS

15 min 2-4 hrs 24 hrs

Merits

1Lower launch costs 2Very short round trip delays 3Small path loss

1Moderate launch cost 2Small roundtrip delays

1Covers 422 of the earths surface 2Constant view 3No problems due to Doppler

Demerits

1Short life2Encounters radiation belts3Short LOS

1Round trip delays 2Greater path loss

1Larger round trip delays 2Expensive equipment due to weak signal

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

MEO 5000 ndash 15000 km

Altitudes of orbits above the earth

bull There are 3 common types of satellite based on altitude ie GEO MEO amp LEO

Orbit Altitude Missions possibles

Low-Earth orbit LEO 250 to 1500 km Earth observation

meteorology telecommunications

(constellations)

Medium-Earth orbit MEO 10000 to 30000 km Telecommunications

(constellations) positioning science

Geostationary Earth orbit GEO 35786 km Telecommunications

positioning science

Elliptical orbit Between 800 and 27000 km Telecommunications

Hyperbolic orbit Up to several million km Interplanetary missions

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

bull The time taken by a satellite to complete one rotation in its orbit is called its period

bull The GEO satellite takes 23 hrs amp 56 minutes amp 41 Seconds to complete its rotation which is approximately equal to the period of rotation of earth around its axis This is why it appears to be stationary by the observer on Earth moving with the same speed as that of satellite So one GEO stationary satellite can serve a ground user round the clock

Orbital Period

Satellite System Orbital Height (Km) Orbital Velocity (KmSec)

Orbital Period(H M S)

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Notice as altitude decreases the velocity must be increased to minimize the gravitational effect

Satellite Orbits

bull Somespecialorbitsndash Molniya

(contd)

Apogee moving slowly

Perigee moving quickly

Satellite Orbits ndash 2E

bull Some special orbitsndash Molniya (contd)

Fall 2010TCOM 707 Advanced Link Design Lecture

No 1 copy Jeremy Allnutt August 2010

67

httpwwwstkcomcorporatepartnerseduAstroPrimerprimer96htm

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

Satellite Orbits ndash 2F

bull Some special orbitsndash Chandra

httpchandraharvardeduabouttrackinghtml

Satellite Orbits ndash 3

bull Orbit period T (seconds)

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

is Keplerrsquos constant

bull Orbit period T ndash examples

Orbital height Orbital period 500 km 1 h 346 min 1000 km 1 h 451 min 5000 km 3 h 213 min 10000 km 5 h 476 min 35786 km 23 h 5604 min 402000 km 28 days 148800000 km 36525 days

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

Moonrsquos orbitEarthrsquos orbit

One-Way Delay Times ndash 1

GEO satellite 35786 kmOne-way

delay 1193 msMEO satellite 10355 km

One-way delay 345

msLEO satellite 800 kmOne-way

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

BewarePropagation delay does not tell the

whole story

Path Loss IssuesLEO = MEO ndash 22dBLEO = GEO ndash 33dB

Satellite Orbits ndash 5bull Orbit velocities (ms)

ndash LEO 7 kmsndash MEO 5 kmsndash GEO = 30747 kms

v = (r)12 where r = radius

from center of earth

GEO Orbital radius = 3578603 + 6378137 kmOrbital circumference = 2 42164167 km

Orbital period = (2 42164167)30747 seconds = 8616296699 seconds

= 23 hours 5604 minutes

FREQUENCIES For Uplink amp Down link

bull Uplink uses higher frequency than the down link

bull Frequency of satellite is always specified as UPLINK frequency Down link Frequency eg C band 64 GHz Ku band1411 GHz Ka band3020 GHz

presentation by SANIA GUL

Effect of rain on signal

bull Rain heavily effects the wireless communication above 10 GHz

bull So Ku band amp Ka band will be effected by rain amp specially above 20 GHz the Ka Band link can fail during heavy rain fall

Why fup is always Higher than fdown

1 The beam of higher frequency is narrow amp that of lower is broad As the earth station has to target the signal to a small point (satellite) in space so it does it by using narrow beam produced by higher frequency While the Satellite has to cover a large area on earth to provide services to many Earth station so it does it by using broad beam produced by lower frequency

2 As the rain effects higher frequencies more than lower one so they need to be boosted up more to overcome the propagation losses The Energy can be given to signal much more easily on earth than on satellite because the satellite has limited power resources like solar cells amp batteries so we use higher frequencies on Earth amp amplify them with enough power supply resources we have on Earth

Signal Propagation DELAY

bull Using c= 310 ^ 8 ms amp time= distance(altitude) speed

bull Uplink delay from earth station to Satellitebull Round trip delay 4 uplink delayAll other delays in signal coding compression amp processing on Satellite amp

earth Station are neglected

orbit Average altitude of Orbit

Uplink Delay Round trip delay

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

GEO 35786 Km 1193 ms 480 ms = frac12 Second

Round trip delay of GEO signal

Coverage Area of Satellite

bull The Earth surface covered by satellite radiations is called FOOT PRINT The coverage area is inversely proportional to frequency The foot print will be large if the frequency of down link is low

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

bull The geographical representation of a satellite antenna radiating pattern is called the footprint

bull The footprint of a communications satellite is the ground area that its transponders offer coverage and determines the satellite dish diameter required to receive each transponders signal

Satellite Beams

GEO satellite Coverage

bull One GEO can cover 13 of earth surface so the earth is divided in 3 regions

1 AOR (Atlantic Ocean Region)2 POR (Pacific Ocean region)3 IOR (Indian Ocean region)

Satellite Orbits ndash Coverages ndash 1

Orbital path of satellite

Movement of the coverage area

under the satellite

The Earth

Track of the sub-satellite point

along the surface of the Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Spectrum BSpectrum C

Instantaneous Coverage

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

bull Satellite coverages ndash 1ndash Determined by two principal factors

bull Height of satellite above the Earthbull Beamwidth of satellite antenna

Same beamwidth different altitudes

Same altitude different beamwidths

bull Satellite coverages ndash 2ndash Orbital plane usually optimized

bull Equatorial orbits ndash simplest equal N-S coveragebull Inclined orbits ndash cover most of populated Earthbull Polar orbits ndash cover all of the Earth at some pointbull Retrograde orbits ndash gives sun synchronized orbit

ndash LEO chosen for two reasons usuallybull Low link power neededbull good optical resolution

bull Satellite coverages ndash 3ndash MEO chosen for a variety of reasons

bull GPS half sidereal orbit covers same tracks alternatelybull Compromise between LEO and GEO delaybull Compromise between LEO and GEO total number

ndash GEO chosen for two reasons mainlybull Optimizes broadcast capabilitiesbull Simplest earth terminal implementation

95

Parameters Determining Orbit Size and Shape

Parameter Definition

Semimajor Axis

Half the distance between the two points in the orbit that are farthest apart

ApogeePerigee Radius

Measured from the center of the Earth to the points of maximum and minimum radius in the orbit

ApogeePerigee Altitude

Measured from the surface of the Earth (a theoretical sphere with a radius equal to the equatorial radius of the Earth) to the points of maximum and minimum radius in the orbit

Period The duration of one orbit based on assumed two-body motion

Mean Motion

The number of orbits per solar day (86400 sec24 hour) based on assumed two-body motion

Eccentricity The shape of the ellipse comprising the orbit ranging between a perfect circle (eccentricity = 0) and a parabola (eccentricity = 1)

Satellite Communications Lecture 3

Look Angle

Look Angle Determination

Azimuth and elevation Angles

Elevation refers to the angle between the beam pointing direction directly towards the satellite and the local horizontal plane It is the up-down angle

Azimuth refers to the rotation of the whole antenna around a vertical axis It is the side to side angle By definition North is 0 deg East is 90 deg South is 180 deg and west is 270 deg

Look Angle Definition

Coordinate System

Satellite Coordinates

Review of Geometry

Geometry of Elevation Angle

Central Angle

Elevation Angle Calculation

Example Elevation Angle for GEO Satellite

Using rs = 42164 km and re = 637814 km gives

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Which finally gives the elevation angle

Azimuth Angle Calculation

More complex approach for non-geo satellites

Different formulas and corrections apply depending on the combination of positions of the earth station and subsatellite point with relation to each of the four quadrants (NW NE SW SE)

Its calculation is simple for GEO satellites

Azimuth Angle Calculation for GEO Satellites

SUB-SATELLITE POINT Equatorial plane Latitude Ls = 0o Longitude ls

EARTH STATION LOCATION Latitude Le Longitude le

Azimuth Angle for GEO sat

Example for Look Angle Calculation of a GEO satellite

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

bull GeostationaryGeosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites (GSOs) (Propagation Delay 250-280 ms)

bull Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs) (Propagation Delay 110-130 ms)

bull Highly Elliptical Satellites (HEOs) (Propagation Delay Variable)

bull Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEOs) (Propagation Delay 20-25 ms)

120

HEO var (Molniya Ellipso)

LEO lt 2K km

MEO lt 13K km (Odyssey Inmarsat-P)

GEO 35786 km

(Globalstar Iridium Teledesic)

GeostationaryGeosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites (GSOs)

bull 35786 km equatorial orbit

bull Rotation speed equals Earth rotation speed (Satellite seems fixed above the Earth)

bull Wide coverage areabull Applications

(BroadcastFixed Satellites Direct Broadcast Mobile Services) 121

Advantages of GSOs

bull Wide coveragebull Fixed and continuous servicebull High quality and Wideband

communicationsbull Economic Efficiencybull Tracking process is easier because of its

synchronization to Earthbull Doppler effect is minimum for GSO

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

Disadvantages of GSOs

bull Long propagation delays (250-280 ms)(eg Typical Intern Tel Call 540 ms round-trip delay Echo cancelers needed Expensive)(eg Delay may cause errors in data Error correction detection techniques are needed)

bull Large propagation loss Requirement for high power level(eg Future hand-held mobile terminals have limited power supply)Currently smallest terminal for a GSO is as large as an A4 paper and as heavy as 25 Kg

124

Disadvantages of GSOs (cont)

bull Lack of coverage at Northern and Southern latitudes

bull High cost of launching a satellitebull Enough spacing between the satellites to avoid

collisionsbull Existence of hundreds of GSOs belonging to

different countriesbull Available frequency spectrum assigned to GSOs is

limitedbull Requires heavy propulsion devices on board to

keep the satellite on the orbit

125

Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (MEOs)

bull Positioned in 10-13K km rangebull Delay is 110-130 msbull Will orbit the Earth at less than 1 kmsbull Applications

bull Mobile ServicesVoice (Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO) Project)

bull Fixed Multimedia (Expressway)

126

Highly Elliptical Orbit Satellites (HEOs)

bull From a few hundreds of km to 10s of thousands allows to maximize the coverage of specific Earth regions

bull Variable field of view and delaybull Examples MOLNIYA ARCHIMEDES (Direct

Audio Broadcast) ELLIPSO

127

Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs)

bull Usually less than 2000 km (780-1400 km are favored)

bull Few ms of delay (20-25 ms)

bull They must move quickly to avoid falling into Earth LEOs circle Earth in 100 minutes at 24K kmhour (5-10 km per second)

bull Examples bull Earth resource management (Landsat Spot

Radarsat)bull Paging (Orbcomm)bull Mobile (Iridium)bull Fixed broadband (Teledesic Celestri Skybridge)

128

Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs) (cont)

bull Little LEOs 800 MHz rangebull Big LEOs gt 2 GHzbull Mega LEOs 20-30 GHz

129

Comparison of Different Satellite Systems

LEO MEO GEO

Satellite Life 3-7 10-15 10-15

Hand-held Terminal Possible Possible Difficult

Propagation Delay Short Medium Long

Propagation Loss Low Medium High

Network Complexity Complex Medium Simple

Hand-off Very Medium None

Visibility of a Satellite

Short Medium Mostly Always

130

Comparison of Satellite Systems According to their Altitudes (cont)

131

Why Hybrids

bull GSO + LEObull GSO for broadcast and management

informationbull LEO for real-time interactive

bull LEO or GSO + Terrestrial Infrastructurebull Take advantage of the ground infrastructure

132

Frequency Bands

NarrowBand Systemsbull L-Band 1535-156 GHz DL

1635-166 GHz ULbull S-Band 25-254 GHz DL

265-269 GHz ULbull C-Band 37-42 GHz DL

59-64 GHz ULbull X-Band 725-775 GHz DL

79-84 GHz UL

133

Frequency Bands (cont)

WideBandBroadband Systemsbull Ku-Band 10-13 GHz DL

14-17 GHz UL(36 MHz of channel bandwidth enough for typical 50-60 Mbps applications)

bull Ka-Band 18-20 GHz DL 27-31 GHz UL(500 MHz of channel bandwidth enough for Gigabit applications)

134

Next Generation Systems Mostly Ka-band

bull Ka band usage driven bybull Higher bit rates - 2Mbps to 155 Mbpsbull Lack of existing slots in the Ku band

bull Featuresbull Spot beams and smaller terminalsbull Switching capabilities on certain systemsbull Bandwidth-on-demand

bull Drawbacksbull Higher fadingbull Manufacturing and availability of Ka band devicesbull Little heritage from existing systems (except ACTS and Italsat)

135

New Open Bands (not licensed yet)bull GHz of bandwidthbull Q-Band in the 40 GHzbull V-Band 60 GHz DL

50 GHz UL

136

FREQUENCIES for Satellite CommunicationLetter Designation Frequency range USE

L band 1 to 2 GHz Satellite phone GPS

S band 2 to 4 GHz Satellite phone

C band 4 to 8 GHz TV transmission

X band 8 to 12 GHz

Ku band 12 to 18 GHz TV transmission Communication

K band 18 to 265 GHz

Ka band 265 to 40 GHz Satellite Internet

Q band 30 to 50 GHz Experimental

U band 40 to 60 GHz Experimentalpresentation by SANIA GUL

Frequency Bands Available for Satellite Communications

Space Environment Issues

bull Harsh hard on materials and electronics (faster aging)

bull Radiation is high (Solar flares and other solar events Van Allen Belts)

bull Reduction of lifes of space systems (12-15 years maximum)

139

Space Environment Issues (cont)

bull Debris (specially for LEO systems) (At 7 Kms impact damage can be important Debris is going to be regulated)

bull Atomic oxygen can be a threat to materials and electronics at LEO orbits

bull Gravitation pulls the satellite towards earthbull Limited propulsion to maintain orbit (Limits

the life of satellites Drags an issue for LEOs)

bull Thermal Environment again limits material and electronics life

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Introduction to Satellite Communication (2)
Communications Satellites (2)
History of Satellite Communication
Applications
Classical satellite system
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Herersquos the Mathhellip
Basics
Ways to Categorize Communications Satellites
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Communication Satellites (2)
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
Satellite Orbits (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Coordinate System (2)
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Azimuth Angle for GEO sat (2)
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Comparison of Satellite Systems According to their Altitudes (c
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Frequency Bands (cont) (2)
FREQUENCIES for Satellite Communication
Slide 141

Topics

bull Introductionbull Orbit characteristicsbull Earth station technologybull Satellite sub-systemsbull Launching and positioning

Satellite

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Satellite

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Satellite

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 5: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 6: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 7: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 8: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 9: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

The Payload

ReceiverSignal

TransmittingAntenna

ReceivingAntenna

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 10: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Bus

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Spectrum

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Satellite

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

EARTH STATION

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 15: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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(GWL)

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28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 18: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

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PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 19: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 20: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 21: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 22: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(GWL)

footprint

User data

PSTNISDN GSM

GWL

MUL

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 23: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 24: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 25: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

28

F1

(Gravitational

Force)

v (velocity)

F2

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 26: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 27: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

T 2r3

4 1014

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 28: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 29: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 30: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Basics

2

)2( f

gRr

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 31: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 32: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 33: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Orbits

bull Equatorial

bull Inclined

bull Polar

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 34: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Basics

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 35: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Inclination

inclination d

d

satellite orbit

perigee

equatorial plane

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 36: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Elevation

footprint

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 37: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 38: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

e

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 39: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 40: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 41: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Orbits

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 42: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Equatorial LEO

Polar LEO

GEO

HEO

Orbits

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 43: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 44: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 45: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

53

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Orbits

earth

km

35768

10000

1000

LEO (Globalstar

Irdium)

HEO MEO (ICO)

GEO (Inmarsat)

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 47: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

55

Orbits (cont)

MEO ( lt 13K km)

GEO (33786 km)

LEO ( lt 2K km)

LEO Low Earth Orbit

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 48: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Type LEO MEO GEO

Description

Time in LOS

Merits

Demerits

Satellite Orbits

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 49: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 50: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

MCCS - Satellites

GEOMEO

LEO

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 51: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

60

Main orbit types

LEO 500 -1000 km

GEO 36000 km

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 52: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

(constellations)

positioning science

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 53: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

GEO MEO LEO

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 54: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 55: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Orbital Period

Intelsat (GEO) 35786 30747 23 56 41

New ICO (MEO) 10255 48954 5 55 484

Iridium (LEO) 1469 71272 1 55 178

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 56: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Orbits

(contd)

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 57: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

67

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 58: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW

68

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 59: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 60: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

2a

T2 = (42a3) = 3986004418 105 km3s2

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 61: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Typical LEO

Typical MEO GEO

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 62: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 63: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

One-way delay 345

delay 27 ms

whole story

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 64: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 65: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 66: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 67: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 68: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO 800 Km 27 ms 108 ms

MEO 10355 Km 345 ms 138 ms

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 69: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 70: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 71: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

SATELLITE FOOTPRINT

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 72: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 73: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Satellite Beams

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 74: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 75: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

under the satellite

The Earth

Fig 1014Pratt et

al

LEO

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 76: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Spectrum A

Fig 1015Pratt et

al

Multiple beams

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 77: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Fig 1016(a)

Pratt et al

Iridium

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 78: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Fig 1016(b)

Pratt et al

New ICO

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 79: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 80: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 81: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 82: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

95

Semimajor Axis

Mean Motion

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 83: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Look Angle

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 84: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 85: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 86: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 87: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 88: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Coordinate System

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 89: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 90: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Review of Geometry

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 91: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 92: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Central Angle

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 93: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 94: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

d = 42164 [10228826 -03025396 cos(γ)]12 km

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 95: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 96: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 97: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 98: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 99: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 100: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 101: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

El=585o

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 102: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 103: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Example (Contd)

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 104: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Definitions (Contd)

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 105: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Types of Satellites

120

LEO lt 2K km

GEO 35786 km

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Advantages of GSOs

satellites

122

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 108: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Doppler Effect

>

124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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124

125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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125

126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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126

127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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127

128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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128

129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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129

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 115: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

LEO MEO GEO

130

131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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131

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 117: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Why Hybrids

132

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 118: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Frequency Bands

79-84 GHz UL

133

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 119: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

134

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 120: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

135

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 121: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

50 GHz UL

136

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 122: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

X band 8 to 12 GHz

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 123: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 124: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

139

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 125: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

140

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

Page 126: Satellite Communication System Topics Introduction Orbit characteristics Earth station technology Satellite sub-systems Launching and positioning.

Done By-

Zakie Mohamed

Topics
Slide 5
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Spectrum
Satellite
EARTH STATION
Applications
Slide 25
Slide 28
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Basics
Satellite Orbits
Slide 40
Slide 41
Basics (2)
Inclination
Elevation
Slide 46
Orbits
Slide 50
Orbits (2)
Orbits (3)
Orbits (cont)
Slide 56
Slide 58
MCCS - Satellites
Slide 60
Slide 61
GEO MEO LEO
Orbital Period
Orbital Period (2)
MOLNIYA APOGEE VIEW
Slide 75
Slide 76
SATELLITE FOOTPRINT
Slide 84
Satellite Beams
Satellite Beams (2)
Slide 95
Slide 96
Coordinate System
Review of Geometry
Central Angle
Example (Contd)
Example (Contd) (2)
Example (Contd) (3)
Definitions (Contd)
Types of Satellites
Advantages of GSOs
Doppler Effect
Why Hybrids
Frequency Bands
Slide 141

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