Satellite Sensing of Greenhouse Gases

By Cael Sutherland

(http://www.moline.il.us/departments/parks/NewGreenhouse.jpg)

Greenhouse GasesCarbon dioxide HydrofluorocarbonsOzone Sulphur HexafluorideMethane Nitrogen TrifluorideNitrous oxide Fluorinated EthersCFCs PerfluoropolyethersHCFCs DimethyletherCarbon Tetrachloride Methylene ChlorideMethyl Chloride

(Manning, Qin, and Solomon, 2008)

Water Vapor

ERS-2European Remote Sensing

Altitude: 780 kmInclination: 98.5 degreesRepeat Cycle: 35 daysPeriod: 100 minSwath Width: 120-960km

(http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/ersQL.html)(http://www.ga.gov.au/remote-sensing/satellites-sensors/satellite-facts.jsp)

(http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4004)

ERS-2

(http://www.grdl.noaa.gov/SAT/pubs/papers/ers2_esm/fig1.jpg)

RA Radio Altimeter

ATSR Sea and Cloud Temperature

MWR Water Vapor Column

SAR Ocean Surface Waves

WS Wind Speed at Sea Surface

PRARE Tracking

And…(http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=3978)

GOMEGlobal Ozone Monitoring Experiment

An instrument primarily created to measure ozone levels. It operates in the visual and ultraviolet wavelengths from 240 to 790 nm. Below 290 nm, GOME measures more that we know it should, so a calibration for the instrument is mandatory. Albedo, temperature, and Rayleigh scattering are also taken into account in the algorithm.

(http://wdc.dlr.de/data_products/SERVICES/GOMENRT/ROSE/images/current/r_o3p_ppm_HP.gif)

(Burrows, Rozanov, Tellmann, & Weber, 2003)

GOME

(http://wdc.dlr.de/data_products/SERVICES/GOMENRT/ROSE/images/current/r_o3gmt56_SH.gif)

GOME uses the spectral band 240 to 790 nm because it contains two important ozone absorption bands, called the Hartley and Huggins bands.

Using the Neural Networks Retrieval Algorithms, the combination of the two bands produces images such as the one to the right.

(Casadio et al, 2007)

ENVISATAltitude: 799.8 kmInclination: 98.55 degreesRepeat Cycle: 35 daysPeriod: 100.59 minVelocity: 7.45 km/sSwath Width: 1000km max

(http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=61)

ENVISAT

(http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/images/recherche/images/ENVISAT-01_hr.jpg)

ASARMERISAATSRRA-2MWRGOMOSMIPASDORISLRRAnd…

Laser Reflecter

Radar Altimetry

Solar Reflectivity

Sea Surface Temperature

High Precision Altimeter

Water Vapor Column

Atmospheric Constituents

Limb Gaseous Emmisions

Microwave Tracking

(http://envisat.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=3762)

SCIAMACHYSCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY

Is able to measure in three different observational geometries:

Nadir

StraightDown

Limb Scanning

All The WayTo The

Side

Solar and LunarOccultation

RefractedLight Waves

(Bovensmann et al, 2002)

SCIAMACHY

Sample limb scanning data for ozone

(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~sciaproc/STROZONE/O3_2008.html)

(http://www.sciamachy.de/images/molscia.jpg)

Ozone

(http://greenation.in/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/ozone_formation.269181155.jpg)

290-335nm(Casadio et al, 2007)

(http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/ml/air/gome.html)

SCIAMACHY(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/6jahresciamachy/eng/ueberwachungderozonschicht/index.html)

Carbon Dioxide

(http://benjyben.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/792px-camp_fire.jpg)

Wavelengths:1610 nm2060 nm(http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/39959/1/06-2084.pdf)

(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/sciamachy/NIR_NADIR_WFM_DOAS/)

(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/sciamachy/NIR_NADIR_WFM_DOAS/)

Methane

(http://lilithsapothecary.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/seaweed.jpg)

2265-2380nm(Buchwitz, Dobber, Goede, & Schrijver, 1998)

(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/sciamachy/NIR_NADIR_WFM_DOAS/scia_ch4_nh_english.png)

http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/sciamachy/NIR_NADIR_WFM_DOAS/xch4_v1_2003-2005.png)

Nitrogen Dioxide

(http://powermin.nic.in/ministry_of_power/generation_plants/thermal/images/A%20View%20of%20Badarpur%20Thermal%20Power%20Station.jpg)

425-450 nm(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/doas/no2_tropos_from_scia.htm)

(http://www.temis.nl/airpollution/no2col/no2colgome2.php?Year=2009&Month=11&Day=12)

(http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~sciaproc/CDI/SSWF/NO2_2009.html)

Manning, M, Qin, D, & Solomon, S. (2008). Technical summary. IPCC Report, 19-91.

References

Bovensmann, H, Burrows, J, Goede, A, Gotwald, M, Krieg, E, Muller, C, Noel, S, & Wuttke, M. (2002). Nadir, limb, and occultationmeasurements with sciamachy. Adv. Space Res., 29(11), 1819-1924.

Burrows, J, Rozanov, V, Tellmann, S, & Weber, M. (2003). Improvements in the tropical ozone profile retrieval from gome-uv/vis nadir spectra.Advances in Space Research, 34, 739-743.

Casadio, S, Del Frate, F, Godin-Beekmann, S, Hansen, G, Iapaolo, M, Leblanc, T, McDermid, I, Meijer, Y, Petitdidier, M, Stebel, K, & Swart, D.(2007). Gome ozone profiles retrieved by neural network techniques: a global validation with lidar measurements. Journal ofQuantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 107, 105-119.

Buchwitz, M, Dobber, M, Goede, A, & Schrijver, H. (1998). Retrieval of carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from sciamachymeasurements. Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds, 3501, 215-224.

(2009). Esa earthnet online: gome in depth. Retrieved from http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=4004

(2009). Mission and spacecraft library: quick look ers 1,2. Retrieved from http://msl.jpl.nasa.gov/QuickLooks/ersQL.html)

(2009, June 26). Australian government, geoscience australia: satellite facts. Retrieved from http://www.ga.gov.au/remote-sensing/satellitessensors/satellite-facts.jsp

(2009). Esa earthnet online: envisat in depth overview. Retrieved from http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=61

(2009). Esa earthnet online: envisat instruments. Retrieved from http://envisat.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=3762

Crisp, D, Li, Q, Miller, C, Salawitch, R, Sen, B, & Toon, G. (n.d.). Using Sciamachy and ground based fts measurements to test the oco xco2retrieval and validation approach. Retrieved from http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/39959/1/06-2084.pdf

Richter, A. (2008, August 8). University of bremen iup doas: tropospheric no2 from sciamachy measurements. Retrieved from http://www.iup.unibremen.de/doas/no2_tropos_from_scia.htm

(2009). Esa earthnet online: ers intruments. Retrieved from http://earth.esa.int/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=3978