Satoshi Konishi and Yasushi Yamamoto, Institute for Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Jan.25, 2006
Fusion energy introduction: Impacts on grid and hydrogen production
Contents
1.Introduction of fusion electricity and its impact on grids 2.Hydrogen production by fusion update
US-Japan Workshop on Power Plant Studies and RelatedAdvanced Technologies with EU Participation
Photo by K. Okano
Introduction
In order to maximize the market chance of fusion, we study 0. Socio-economic aspects of fusion 1. Improvement in adoptability to electricity grid 2. Development of hydrogen production process
3. High temperature blanket with SiC-LiPb system.
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1. Study on the impacts on grids1. Study on the impacts on grids
Startup powerStartup power
Grid capacity and sourcesGrid capacity and sources Future trendsFuture trends
Energy flows in fusion reactorEnergy flows in fusion reactor
Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%
Pc = Pi+P
PlasmaQ
BlanketM
Generatore
Driving Systemd
Auxiliary System
anc
P= Pf / 5
Pi = d Pd
Pf + Pi
Pn
MPn
Pnet=(1-)Pe
Pe=ePth
Pth=Pc+MPn
Pd
Paux
Pcir=Pee
60MW0.5
1.13
120MW
3060MW
3372MW
0.41450MW
~5% 80MW
200MW
1250MW
Grid
Grid
Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.Fusion needs power to start and continue to run.
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Auxiliary power in power plantsAuxiliary power in power plants
Coal Oil Nuclear Fusion
Control system
Condensate water pump
Cooling water pump
Coal feeder Oil feeding pump
Coal crusher
Exhaust gas treatment system
Current drive / Auxiliary heating
Recirculation pumpMagnet cooling
Tritium handing
Others
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Auxiliary power ratio of various systemAuxiliary power ratio of various system
SystemSystem Capacity Capacity [MW][MW]
utilization utilization of facilities of facilities
[%][%]
Auxiliary Auxiliary power ratio power ratio
[%][%]
FusionFusion 1,0001,000 7575 ~13.0~13.0
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission 1,0001,000 7575 3.43.4
Oil thermalOil thermal 1,0001,000 7575 6.16.1
LNG thermalLNG thermal 1,0001,000 7575 3.53.5
Coal thermalCoal thermal 1,0001,000 7575 7.47.4
HydroHydro 1010 4545 0.250.25
geothermalgeothermal 5555 6060 7.07.0
wind powerwind power 0.10.1 2020 1010
PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic
utilityutility
homehome
1.01.0
0.0030.003
1515
1515
55
00
Source : 内山洋司;発電システムのライフサイクル分析,研究報告,(財)電力中央研究所 (1995)
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Electric GridsElectric Grids
Electricity can not be stored.Electricity can not be stored.Generation must respond to the demand.Generation must respond to the demand.Grid capacity is different for each regionsGrid capacity is different for each regions
United StatesUnited StatesJapanJapanEuropeEuropeAsia Asia
Grid capacity changes time-to-time.Grid capacity changes time-to-time.Response time of the grid is limited.Response time of the grid is limited.
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Electric grid capacitiesElectric grid capacities
Physics Today, vol.55, No.4 (2002)
Eastern Grid~500GW
Texas Grid~53GW
Western Grid~140GW
East Japan~80GW
West Japan~100GW
UTPTE~270GW
Thailand~20GW
Vietnam~8GW
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Electric Grid in Japan –Structure –Electric Grid in Japan –Structure –
Hokkaido5,345MW
579MW
Tokyo64,300MW
1,356MW
Chubu27,500MW
1,380MW
Hokuriku5,508MW
540MW
Kansai33,060MW
1,180MW
Chugoku12,002MW
820MW
Shikoku5,925MW
890MW
Kyushu17,061MW
1,180MW
Tohoku14,489MW
825MW
600MW
600MW
300MW
West Japan Grid60Hz, ~100GW
Utility NameUtility NameMax. demand (~2003)Max. demand (~2003)Largest Unit (Nuclear)Largest Unit (Nuclear)
DC connectionDC connection
East Japan Grid50Hz, ~80GW
Comb structure due to geographical reasonComb structure due to geographical reason
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De
ma
nd
(GW
)
HourHour
Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning.
Requirements different in each country.Requirements different in each country.
Electric Grid in JapanElectric Grid in JapanInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Demands in the southasian countriesDemands in the southasian countries
ThailandThailand
Pea
k P
ow
er (
MW
)
VietnamVietnam* Source JBIC report 18
CambodiaCambodia LaosLaos
Pea
k P
ow
er (
MW
)
Pea
k P
ow
er (
MW
)P
eak
Po
wer
(M
W)
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Fusion startup powerFusion startup power
Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario
Active power
P = ~300MW
dP/dt = ~230MW/s
Reactive power
Q > 600MVA
by on-site compensation
Qgrid = ~ 400MVA
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Power generation controlPower generation control
In Japan, usual value of spinning In Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is ~3% of total generationreserve is ~3% of total generationSpectrum of Demand changeSpectrum of Demand change
TimeTime
Dem
and
Dem
and
Demand curve
Sustained Element
Fringe element
Cyclic element
> ~10min > ~10min ELD or manual ELD or manual
3min< t < 10min 3min< t < 10min AFCAFC
< ~3min < ~3min governorgovernor of each UNIT of each UNIT (spinning reserve)(spinning reserve)
< ~0.1min< ~0.1min
Self-regulatingSelf-regulating
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Calculation modelCalculation modelThermal Generator
Demand
100km Transmission Line
Fusion Reactor
Hydroelectric Generator
10km
10km
Reference Capacity : 1000MVATransmission Voltage : 115kVSystem capacity : 7-15GWeImpedance per 100km : 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]Capacitance : jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]
Calculation modelCalculation modelInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30time(sec)
activ
e po
wer(M
W)
Demand of active power
200MW/s
- 0.16- 0.14- 0.12- 0.10- 0.08- 0.06- 0.04- 0.020.00
0 20 40 60 80time(sec)
frequ
ency
(Hz)
12GWe系統
56GWe系統
Frequency deviation
Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor Frequency deviation by Fusion reactor startupstartup
12GWe Grid12GWe Grid
56GWe Grid56GWe Grid
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- 0.5
- 0.4
- 0.3
- 0.2
- 0.1
0.0
0 20 40 60time(sec)
frequ
ency
(Hz) 5MW/ sec
23MW/ sec
77MW/ sec230MW/ sec
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60time(sec)
activ
e po
wer(M
W) 5MW/ sec
23MW/ sec
77MW/ sec
230MW/ sec
Grid Capacity : 8.3GWe
Deviation becomes small with decrease of load variation rateThere exists large difference between 23MW/s and 77MW/sAt 5MW/s, generators response to the load increase.
Load variation pattern
Effects of load variation time Effects of load variation time
Frequency deviation
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Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]
2323 7777 230230
Pe
ak Loa
d P
eak Lo
ad
[MW
][M
W]
130130 0.050.05 0.070.07 0.080.08
230230 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.160.16
330330 0.110.11 0.300.30 0.330.33
Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid
Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]
2323 7777 230230
330330 0.030.03 0.050.05 0.060.06
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- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.20.0
0 20 40 60 80time(sec)
freq
uenc
y(H
z)
5MW/ sec23MW/ sec77MW/ sec230MW/ sec
- 1.2- 1.0- 0.8- 0.6- 0.4- 0.20.0
0 20 40 60 80time(sec)
freq
uenc
y(H
z)
5MW/ sec
23MW/ sec
77MW/ sec230MW/ sec
Maximum load : 230MW
・ When maximum load exceeds some value, large frequency deviation is observed. ( Setting of spinning reserve configuration largely affects )・ If variation rate is small, 330MW demand which is almost same as spinning reserve capacity, does not cause large frequency deviation.
Effects of maximum load value Effects of maximum load value
Grid Capacity : 8.3GWe
Maximum load : 330MW
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The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required required
The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time of each power unit is different.response time of each power unit is different.
Response speedResponse speed
HydroHydro fast 10~50%/minfast 10~50%/min
OilOil 5%/min 5%/min
CoalCoal slow 1%/min slow 1%/min
NuclearNuclear not allowed now in Japannot allowed now in Japan
Solar/WindSolar/Wind No responseNo response
Effects of grid configurationEffects of grid configurationInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Fusion role in the gridFusion role in the grid
Thailand Thailand Japan Japan
Solar/WindSolar/Wind
CoalCoal
OilOil
GasGas
HydroHydro
Solar/WindSolar/Wind
FusionFusion
CoalCoal
OilOil
GasGas
HydroHydro
Solar/WindSolar/Wind
FissionFission
CoalCoal
OilOil
GasGas
HydroHydro
Solar/WindSolar/Wind
FissionFission
FusionFusion
CoalCoal
OilOil
GasGas
HydroHydro
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Difference in Grid CompositionDifference in Grid Composition
Kansai, night : 14GWeKansai, daytime : 30GWeThai : 15GWe
Composition of grid
Frequency change
Grid Capacity
・ Grid in Thailand is smaller than Kansai, but has more capacity to accept fusion load.
Change of the Load200MW, 200MW/sec
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0
5
10
1520
25
30
35
Kansai,night Kansai,day Thai
outp
ut(G
W) Nuclear
HydroFossil fire
-0.16-0.14-0.12-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.020.00
0 10 20 30time(sec)
frequ
ency
(Hz)
Kansai, NightKansai, daytime
Thai
・ Large and fast load affects grid. Small capacity cannot respond.
Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on Starting fusion plant can be a major impact on some small grids.some small grids.
- fusion must minimize startup demand.- fusion must minimize startup demand.
Response and reserve of the grid are different.Response and reserve of the grid are different.
- grids in developing countries could be suitable - grids in developing countries could be suitable for fusion introduction.for fusion introduction.
Fusion must study the characteristics of futureFusion must study the characteristics of future
customers.customers.
study “best mix” for each country.study “best mix” for each country.
Conclusion and suggestionsConclusion and suggestionsInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
・ Carbon-free fuels required- Exhausting fossil resources- Global warming and CO2 emission
・ Future fuel use - Fuel cells for automobile - aircrafts
・ Dispersed electricity system - Cogeneration - Fuel cell, - micro gas turbine
(could be other synthetic fuels)
Hydrogen market
Aircraft
Automobile
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
21000
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080Year
ElectricitySolid FuelLiquid FuelGaseous Fuel
Ener
gy d
eman
d(G
TOE)
Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a
Market 3 times larger than electricity
Substitute fewer than electricity source
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◯Processing capacity ・ 4240t / h waste 280t of H2◯endothermic reaction converts both biomass and fusion into fuel. ・ 2.5GWt 5.1GWe equivalent with FC(@70%)
Fusion can produce Hydrogen
2120 t/h
H2 280 t/h
600℃
FusionReactor2.5 GWth
biomassCO 2.0E+06 kg/hH2 1.4E+05 kg/h
CO2 3.1E+06 kg/h
ChemicalReactor
Heat exchange,Shift reaction
cooler
Turbine
Steam(640 t/h)He
1.16E+07 kg/h
H2O
Proposed reaction : (C6H10O5 )+H2O+814kJ = 6CO+6H2
6CO+6H2O = 6H2+6CO218.6Mt/y waste←60Mt/inJapanFeeds 1.1M FCV /day or 17M FCV/year*
(*assuming 6kg/day
or 460g/year, MITI,Japan)
From 3GW heat efficiency electricity Energyconsumption
Hydrogenproduction
300C-electrolysis 1GW 28 6kJ/ mol 25 t / h900C-SPE electrolysis 1 .5GW 23 1kJ/ mol 44t /h900C-vapor electrolysis 1 .5GW 18 1kJ/ mol 56t /h
33 %50 %50 %
900C-biomass ー ー 60 kJ/ mol 34 0t / h
Energy Eficiency
◯amount of produced hydrogen from unit heat ・ low temperature (300℃) generation → conventional electrolysis ・ high temperature (900℃) generation → vapor electrolysis ・ high temperature (900℃) → thermochemical production
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Conversion of Cellulose by HeatInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
n(C6H10O5) + mH2O H2 + CO + HCs
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
700 800 900 1000 1100Temperature [℃]
Gas
pro
duct
ion [
×10
-3m
ol]
H2
CO
CH4CO2
Gas flow rate 85ml/sCellulose0.15gVapor concentration 4%
Convers
ion r
ati
o
50%
Current result is 37% conversion efficiency, w/o catalyst.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000time[s]
Th
e ga
s ge
ner
atio
n r
ates
[vol
.%]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
COCO2CH4H2Tempareture
Heat BalanceInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Absorbed heat was measured with endothermic reaction.
Estimated heat efficiency was ca. 50%. (not limited by Carnot efficiency)
Measure heat transfer was19 kw/m2.
-80
-30
20
70
120
170
220
270
320
0 50 100 150 200
[Time]
[Tem
pera
ture d
iffe
ren
ce d
ue t
o e
nd
oth
erm
ic r
ea
cti
on
]
8/10-0.05g
8/10-0.15g
8/10-0.3g
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(C6H10O5)[g]
Hea
t q
ua
nti
ty o
f en
do
therm
ic
rea
cti
on
[kJ
] (8/10mm) (17/19mm)
100% H2 Generated H2
Hydrogen Production by Fusion
Fusion can provide both high temperature heat and electricity - Applicable for most of hydrogen production processes
There may be competitors…As Electricity -water electrolysis, SPE electrolysis : renewables, LWR -Vapor electrolysis : HTGR
As heat -Steam reforming:HTGR(800C), -membrane reactor:FBR(600C) -IS process :HTGR(950C) -biomass decomposition: HTGR
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Reactor DesignInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Reference reactor design Heat transfer pipes : 20mm diameter Heat exchange surface : 12.5m2/m3 Per unit volume. Height : 20m (reaction section : 10m) Diameter : 10m Heat flux : 19kw/m2 Total heat consumption : 170MW Processing rate :80t/hr (at 100% conversion) of cellulose (dry weight): 210t/hr (at 40% conversion)H2 production rate : 11 t/hr(at 100% efficiency) 4 t/hr(at 30% efficiency)
He (high temperature)
Waste Feed(×4)
High temperature steam
Product (CO+H2) gas
HeChar
With fusion reactor generating 2.5GW heat,
25 of above reactor can be operated.
Energy Source Options
renewables LWR fusion(HTGR) FBR Conv.electrolysis ○ ○ ○ ○Vapor electrolysis × × ○ ×IS process × × ○ ×Steam reforming × × ○ ?Biomass hydrogen × × ○ ?
For hydrogen production, some energy sources provide limited options.
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Renewables (PV, wind, hydro) cannot provide heat.LWR temperature not suitable for chemical process.
Fusion (with high temperature blanket) has stronger advantage in hydrogen production applications.
Advantage of fusion over other energy
○Possible high temperature ・ impossible for PV, wind or LWRs. ・ higher than FBR. ・ Equivalent to HTGR.
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○Site and location, deployment in developing country ・ less limitation of nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear proliferation. ・ while nuclear policies differ by the governments, fusion is internationally pursued. ・ possible location near industrial area. ・ independent from natural circumstance.
Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityUse of Fusion Heat
Blanket option temperature technology efficiency challenge
WCPB 300 ℃ Rankine 33% proven
HCPB/HCLL ~500℃ Rankine ~40% proven
Supercritical 500 ℃ SCW >40% available
DCLL ~700 SC-CO2 ~50% GEN-IV℃
LL-SiC 900 ℃ SC-CO2 50% IHX?
900 ℃ Brayton ~60% GEN-IV
900℃ H2 ?? ??
Blanket and generation technology combinationrequires more consideration.
Development of SiC-based intermediate heat exchanger started.
mill
/kW
h
65
92
109125
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
year
Poss
ible
Intr
oduc
tion
pric
e
145
Fusion is introduced into the market at this crossover probably with fossil.
When fusion will be used?Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Possible introduction price of Fusion : increases with time as fossil price increases.
Current target of the development
year
pric
e
technology
resource
renewable
Investment and contribution factor
・ various sponsors provide funding・ fusion must look for sponsors from future market. is it electricity?
1960
transfer
6.2%For R&D
industry
utilityResearchinstitute
Basic research
Fission reactor casesales
Further competitivenessimprovements
commercialization
Researchinstitutes
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basic
5.4%
2.4%
1.9%
1.4%
4.0%
5.9%
5.7%
6.8%
8.4%
14.7%
8.1%
6.3%
4.0%
5.4%
5.8%
2.7%
4.0%
0.7%
59.3%
68.4%
78.0%
85.0%
71.6%
66.7%
83.8%
73.5%
95.1%
40.7%
31.6%
22.0%
15.0%
28.4%
33.2%
16.3%
26.6%
5.0%
26.0%
23.5%
15.7%
11.0%
23.0%
27.4%
13.6%
22.6%
4.3%
R&D/total sales
Basicresearch
appliedresearch
commercial
developmentIndustry
Chemical
ceramics
steel
Metal
machinery
electricalElectronic/instruments
Fine machinery
softwares
Research contribution
R&D budget to total sales
ConclusionInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University
Socio-economic study suggests more advantages andTechnical challenges for fusion. For electricity generation, characteristics of fusion shouldbe improved in terms of grid operation.
Hydrogen production has advantage, but needs significant development. -market study -components and processes -material, tritium contamination
High temperature blanket and energy application may bekey issues.
What will happen in Reactor Design Studies
International activities toward DEMO - Updated plasma data from physics - Concepts on timetable (within 25 years?) - “Broader Approach” activity
Needs to respond to Socio-Economic requirements - safety - electricity cost and quality - hydrogen production Correlated technology developments - high temperature blankets - power conversion - high temperature divertor - tritium compatible power train
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