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10 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS V01.m 102, No. 2658

SCIENCEVOL. 102 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1945 No. 2658

The Basic Mechanisms of Static Electrification: PRO- Discussion:FESSOR LEONARD B. LOEB ..... .............. 573 The Small Mounds of the Gulf Coastal Plain:

The Biochemistry of Muscle Training: PROFESSOR ROBERT S. DIETZ. An Unusual Action of Amphe-ALEXANDE VPALLADIN ~576 tamine: DR. JOSEPH SEIFTER. Aln Appeal for AidA E A D R V,.L A I ..................................................................57 . An p e lfoALEXuaNDE V. PALLADIN~to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries: DR- ALBERT

Obtuary: W.C. HERRE .......................................... 596George David Birkhof: PROFESSOR EDWIN B. WIL-WC.HRESON. Recent Deaths ................... 578 Scientific Books:................. Event...

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Societies and Meetings: addressed to the Permanent Secretary, A.A.A.8., SmithsonisaThe American Philosophical Society: DR. L. P. Institution Bull(ldng. Washington 25, D. C.EisEl HART.595 Annual subscription, $6.00 Single copies, 15 cents

THE BASIC MECHANISMS OF STATIC ELECTRIFICATIONBy Professor LEONARD B. LOEB

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

THE term "static electrification," as here used, cov-

ers all processes for producing segregation of positiveand negative electrical charges by mechanical actionswhich operate by contact or impact between solid sur-

faces, between solid and liquid surfaces, or in therupture of solid or liquid surfaces by gases. Theseinvolve such phenomena as frictional electrification,spray electrification, electrification in dust storms,etc. A review of these phenomena in general showsa most, unsatisfactory array of discordant, often non-

reproducible and confusing results, whose theoreticalinterpretation in some cases is quite hopeless." 2-3'4'5

'H. F. Richards, Phys. Rev., 22: 122, 1923; and 16:290, 1920.

2 Cardani, N. Cimento, 23: 199, 1922; Jones, Phil. Mag.,29: 272, 1915; Owen, Phil. Mag., 17: 457, 1909; E.Perucca, N. Cimento, 22: 56, 1921.

3Coehn, Ann. de Phys., 30: 777, 1909, and 43: 1048,1914.

4 Ulrey, Phys. Rev., 12: 47, 1918.5 P. E. Shaw and C. S. Jex, Proc. Boy. Soc. London,

It is believed that in a considerable measure thissituation results from the fact that many investiga-tors are not alert to the possibility that in any oneaspect of their studies not one but perhaps two ormore of the various basic mechanisms may have beenactive. Such complications make theoretical inter-pretation in terms of any single proposed mechanismmost difficult. In order to clarify the situation it isproposed to list the known mechanisms and briefly todiscuss them. The basic mechanisms active are:

(1) Electrolytic effects, caused by distribution of elec-trolytic ions in solutions of liquids of high dielectric con-stants between the solutions and metals or solids, on con-tact, followed by mechanical separation. Since diffusionof ions across interfaces build up considerable potentials,

A118: 97, 1928; A. Fleming, Proc. Boy. Soc. London, 53:51, 1941; R. Schuurman, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 53:547, 1941; F. Boning, Zeits. f. Tech. Physik, 8: 385,1927; H. Israel, Zeits. f. Tech. Physik, 9: 289, 1928.