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BBBB

SAURABH SINGHEC-B(7 th Sem)

10153 31091

Summer Training Report on Indian railway

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Contents

IntroductionPrinciples of Train Working & Need of SignalingMultiple Aspect Colour LighteningSolid State InterlockingComputerized Passenger Reservation SystemInteractive Voice Response SystemMicrowave CommunicationGeneral Microwave Setup

Applications of Microwave in Railways CommunicationConclusion

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Introduction

Indian Railways is the 4 th largest railway network in the world.

Indian Railway has four zones, which are further divided into divisions. Gorakhpur is the zonal headquarter of North-Eastern Railways zone.

The formal inauguration ceremony of IR was performed on 16 th April 1853 with the first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station

destined for Hooghly, a distance of 36 km .

It runs 12,000 trains every day.

It is fuel efficient system.

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Practical Training under NER We've studied about the following operational technologies in the

IR

Module 1:Railway signaling & Signal workshop Module 2 : Data Logging Module 3 : Computerized Passenger Reservation System

Module 4:Microwave Communication

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Principles of Train Working & Need Of Signaling

All over the world Railway transportation is increasingly used, asthis mode of transport is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than road transportation.

Trains move on specific tracks called rails, their path is to be fully guided and there is no arrangement of steering.

To safely receive & dispatch trains at station.

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Railway Signaling & Signal Workshop

Signal: Signal is a medium to convey a particular predetermined meaning in non-verbal form.

Trains uses signaling to control movement of trains on tracks and divides

tracks into several sections which are protected by the signals.

In case of a failure like a broken wire, power supply failure & failure of the source, the detector will lose the signal and conclude the section is occupied bya train.

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SIGNAL WORKSHOP

In the signal workshop of Northern Railway, New Delhi following machineare manufactured which are used as a part of signaling system: 1.Electric point machine 2.Relays

Points are provided to divert the running trains from one track to another.The points have movable switches which can be operated electrically by a point machine.

Relay is also an electrical switch.

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Data Logging

Data logging is a technique to continuously monitoring of tracks &trains.

Data loggers can operate independently of computer, unlike other typeof data acqisition devices.

Data logger is a device that can read the electrical signals & store tha

data in computers.

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Data loggers range includes single channel fixed function loggers to programmable loggers handling hundred of inputs.

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Computerized Passenger ReservationSystem

It facilitates booking & cancelling of tickets from all over the country.

There are mainly 5 servers in india for PRS. These are New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai,Mumbai & Sikandrabad.

Equipments used in PRS Modem Multiplexing Equipments

End Terminal

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Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) Interaction between telephone & computer is called IVRS.

Informations available in Computer is retrived by user in form of voice.

IVRS system consist of

Data Entry Terminal Modem IVRS Terminal

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Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS)

Printed card tickets havebeen in vogue since the

beginning.

Railways had also introducedelectro-mechanical printing

devices and also SPTM machines.But these methods had limitations

Indian railways introduced UTSto improve customer satisfaction, revenuegeneration, accounting, andreporting capabilities andreduce fraud

The work load involved in printing ,accounting and issuing tickets to thismega segment has been a difficult task

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Microwave Communication

The international telecommunications system relies on microwaveand satellite links for long-distance international calls.

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range from 1 GHz to 1000 GHz.

Before the advent of fiber optics, these microwaves formed the heart of the long distance telephone transmission system.

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F fig :- Microowave Communication

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Microwave Transmitter & Receiver :-

The voice, video, or data channels are combined by a technique

known as multiplexing to produce a BB signal.

This signal is frequency modulated to an IF and then up converted(heterodyned) to the RF for transmission through the atmosphere.

The reverse process occurs at the receiver. The microwavetransmission frequencies are within the approximate range2 to 24 GHz.

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Application of Microwave in IndianRailways:-

controlling of trains.

to give correct running and stopping information of the trains.

Stations on average of 40 km can communicate with each other bymicrowave.

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Conclusion

The project mainly revolves around PRS, Data Logging &

Microwave Communication.

The project deals with modern technologies attributes & scope

of implementation in INDIAN RAILWAYS.

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