Saving African Rhinos: A Market Success Story

7/30/2019 Saving African Rhinos: A Market Success Story

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Cse SesP E R C

A Markt Succss Stor

By Michael 't Sas-Rolfes

Edited by Laura Huggins

Saving African

Rhinos:



PERC CaSE StudiES SERiES2

in 1900, he sohern whe rhnoceros ws he os

ennere o he worl's e rhnoceros speces.

Less hn 20 rhnos rene n snle resere

n Soh arc. B 2010, whe rhno nbers h

clbe o ore hn 20,000, kn he os

coon rhno speces on he plne.

B he erl weneh cenr,

onl sll poplon sre

n wh s now he Hlhlwe-

uoloz Prk n Soh arc.

inll rol hnn re orhe Zl Kno, he prk ws

ocll proece n 1895. is

poplon o whe rhnos slowl

recoere n b he -wen-

eh cenr h reche he prk’s

ll ecolocl crrn cpc.

a h e, he Nl PrksBor ece o ke bol con

o expn he whe rhno popl-

on b cprn n relocn

nls o new res. Breen

rops o whe rhnos were oe

o oher se-owne prks, sch

s Krer Nonl Prk, n lso

o pre e rnches n zoos.

ths pror, known s Operon

Rhno, sccessll re-esblshe

n new breen rops hroh-

o sohern arc.

B 1960, he whe rhno popl-

on h rown o 840. the nex

ece sw ncrese neres n

pre e rnchn, n n 1968

he rs lel whe rhno roph

hn ook plce. the Nl Prks

Bor conne o sppl le

whe rhnos o pre lnowners

or nonl ee on rs-coe,rs-sere bss. B he -

1980s, bece cler h here

ws proble wh hs sse. a

lon wn ls o pre owners

ws eer o cqre rhnos or

roph hnn, b he showe

lle neres n breen he. thsle conseronss o qeson

wheher he pre secor col

cll be enrse wh rhno

conseron. On closer exn-

on, howeer, ppere he

proble ws er o xn he

ncene srcre.

Whle sohern whe rhno

nbers rose, poplons o he

oher rhno speces eclne. ths

ncle he arcn blck rhno

n hree asn speces. Wh he whe rhno hre wheres

he ohers no? in shor, Soh

arc n ew oher arcn

conres ope polces h

cree he rh ncenes or

rhno conseron.

BACKGROUND

the whe rhno, once plenl n

sohern arc, ws ll b hne

o exncon n he nneeenh

cenr. as dch n Enlsh

selers colonze he reon, he

klle rhnos or e n spor.



SaviNg aRiCaN RHiNOS: a maRKEt SuCCESS StORy 3

PRIVATIZING RHINOS

Beore 1991, ll wlle n Soh

arc ws ree b lw s res nulliu s or n-owne proper. to

rep he benes o ownershp ro

wl nl, h o be klle,

cpre, or oesce. ths

cree n ncene o hres, no

proec, lble wl speces—

enn h een erncher p or rhno, he rncher

col no cl copenson he

rhno le hs proper or ws klle

b pocher.

the Nl Prks Bor hoh

h pron rhnos or low

ee—n eece sbs— wol

encore pre owners o be

oo sewrs o rhnos. Howeer,

closer look rhno prces—boh or bn n or hnn—

sess h hs ew ws sk-

en. in 1982, he Nl Prks Bor

ls prce or le whe rhno ws

1,000 Soh arcn rns (R). th

se er, he ere roph prce

ws R6,000. an pre lnownerrecen le rhno h er

sron ncene o sell s roph

s qckl s possble o pocke

600 percen pro. the lern-

e ws llown o ro on hs

proper where here ws rsk o

losn o pocher or nehbor.

THINKING C REATIVELY

Rhino poaching is driven

y economic orces.

i we rell wn o se he

rhno, we s nersn

how hose orces work n

look exples o sccess

sores o see wh we cn

lern ro he.

South Africa and a fw othr African countris adoptd policis that cratd th right incntivs for rhino consrvation.




or he nex hree ers, s he

wn ls or whe rhnos rew,

he Nl Prks Bor rple s lsprces, b en conne o

osrp he re o sppl. in 1985,

pre rncher oere ew rhnos

p or con, propn he Nl

Prks Bor o o he se. in

1986, he bor cone sx rhnos,

whch sol or n ere prce ojs boe R10,000—ore hn

oble he ls prce. Encore b

hs sccess, he bor ncresnl

ebrce he con sse oer

he nex hree ers, rn whch

e he rke prce sore o n

ere o los R49,000 b 1989.

drn hs se pero, he

ere prce or rhno roph

lso rose, b peke n 1989 js ner R92,000 beore pll-

n bck o R80,000 n 1990.

re 1 llsres he relonshp

beween ls prces, con prces,

n roph prces beween 1982

n 1990. ro 1990 onwr,

ls prces were bnone nrhnos were osl cone, s

he Nl Prks Bor relze he

benes o rke prcn. B hs

e he p beween he prce

o le rhno n roph h

nrrowe sch h he roph

prce ws onl bo 60 percen

hher hn he le prce— ore

relsc rk-p.

also rn hs pero, heSoh arcn Lw Cosson

resse he sse o ownershp

o lble e nls. Reco-

nzn he probles ssoce

wh he res nullius x, he

cosson re new pece

o leslon: he the o geac o 1991. ths polc llowe

or pre ownershp o n wl

nl h col be ene

ccorn o cern crer sch s

brn or er .

the cobne eec o rke

prcn hroh cons n he

FIGURe 1: RHINO PRICeS

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

R h i n o

P r i c e

( t h o u s a n

d

r a n d s )

List price Auction price Trophy price Source: Natal Parks Board.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

*Auction price data unavailable. List price data unavailable.




creon o sroner proper

rhs oer rhnos chne he

ncenes o pre rnchers. inow e sense o bree rhnos

rher hn shoo he s soon s

he were recee. ineresnl,

he pre rke lso benee

se ences sch s he Nl

Prks Bor, whch ne ro

he ncrese ncoe ro rhnosles. ro ere ew ho-

sn rns n he erl 1980s

(he rn/uS ollr re ws one

o one hs e), he nnl

rke le o le rhno sles

rew o R64.5 llon (uS$7.8

llon) b 2008.

BLACK AND WHITe

No onl he whe rhno rke

row n le, b whe rhno popl-ons lso forshe. re 2 shows

rens n whe rhno nbers ro

1960 nl 2007. Conrs hose

nbers wh he blck rhno, whch

osl le n arcn conres wh

wek or bsen wlle rke ns-

ons sch s Ken, tnzn, nZb. in 1960, bo 100,000 blck

rhnos roe cross arc, b b

he erl 1990s pochers h rece

her nbers o less hn 2,500.

Rhno pochn s ren b he

en or rhno horn o boh

speces, whch s se or orn-

FIGURe 2: RHINO POPULATIONS

RHINO HORN USES

There are two majormarkets or rhino horn.

throho as, rhno horn

hs been se or hosns o

ers or boh ornenl n

ecnl prposes. alens

h rhno bo prs spposel

cre ncle skn sese,

bone sorers, n eer. the

secon rke or rhno horn s

he er re n he mle

Esern non o yeen where

cre rhno horns re se s

hnles or cereonl ers

clle jbs.

1960 1970 1980 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

R h i n o

P o p u l a t i o n

( t h o u

s a n d s )

White Rhino Black Rhino Source: IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0




enl n ecnl prposes n

as. Snce he -1970s, ner-

nonl re n rhno horn hsbeen sbjec o bn ner CitES,

he une Nons Conenon on

inernonl tre n Ennere

Speces. aer he CitES bn ce

no eec, prces or rhno horn

sore on blck rkes n he

conne rsn eer snce.B he -1990s, rhno poch-

n h eclne o ssnble

leels n n conseronss

sse h he CitES bn h

sole he proble. Rhno poch-

n, howeer, hs re-eere s

seros proble snce 2008.

a ore plsble reson or he

eporr respe n pochn pres-

sre s h ll he “es pckns”were one. unproece wl rhno

poplons re rre o non-exsen

n oern arc. the onl sr-

n arcn rhnos ren eher

n conres wh sron wlle

rke nsons (sch s Soh

arc n Nb) or n nenselproece zones.

Soh arc n Nb he

replce he sccessl pproch

o whe rhno conseron wh

blck rhnos, crrenl proecn 75

percen o he worl’s blck rhno

poplon n 96 percen o he

AbOUT CITES

CITES was ormed in the

mid-1970s as an international

treaty to protect wild species

threatened y trade. all

eber conres (ore hn 175)

ree o rele he re n speces

cross her borers n one o wo

ws. Speces re eher lse on

appenx 1, ner whch no re s

llowe, or appenx 2, ner whch

re s llowe ner per

sse onl. abo 800 speces re

lse on appenx 1 n 32,500 on

appenx 2. CitES eplos onl

snle ocer o oersee lobl

enorceen o he re.

Unprotctd wild rhino populations ar rar to non-xistnt in modrn Africa. Th onl surviving African rhinosrmain in countris with strong wildlif markt institutions.




whe rhno poplon. aer rece-

n CitES pprol n 2004, boh

conres he een nroce

le blck rhno roph hnn.

CROSSROADS

despe cler eence h sron

proper rhs n rke ncen-

es conse he os sensble

oel or rhno conseron n

arc, n nernonl conser-

onss n polckers o no

reconze hs. throh nsons

sch s CitES, he conne o

prse con-n-conrol

pproch h epens on rel-

ons or bns o resrc wlle se.

ths pproch now hreens o

nerne he sccess chee

hs r, s he exrornrl hh

blck rke prce or rhno horn

hs elle new pochn re.

Beore he recen psre n

pochn, asn nonls epe

o n lee ccess o rhno

horn b posn s roph hners.

in response, Soh arc’s oern-

en hene conrols oer he

hnn nsr s well s he sle

n se o le rhnos n rhno

horn. unornel, hese resrc-

ons onl seee o precpe

he crren pochn crss. the

South Africa currntl protcts 75% of th world’s black rhino population and 96% of th whit rhino population.



SaviNg aRiCaN RHiNOS: a maRKEt SuCCESS StORy8

PERC 2048 ANALySIS DRIVe, SUITe A – BOZeMAN, MT 59718 – WWW.PeRC.ORG

en or rhno horn s sncn

n perssen enoh o be er

rewrn o crnls who re wll-

n o sppl .

Soh arc’s e rnchers re

lso wlln o sppl he rke,

n soe he lre experen-

e wh ws o ncrese breen

n horn rowh res n ree-

rne rn enronen. Rhno

horn s e o kern (slr o

nernls n hr) n cn be

perocll n hnel hrese

ro le rhnos nl cos (s

lle s $20 ollrs o see nnl n c o s horns). i he

CitES bn ws le, lel coer-

cl rhno horn procon ro

rnchers col ocopee os

llel hresn b pochers.

unornel, hs prc

rke solon oes no ppel o

ke nernonl conseronss,

who nss h beer enorceen

n ore polcl wll re neee o

sole he pochn crss. trcll,

hs no be enoh. there re

n oher exples o le bns,

sch s lcohol prohbon n

he wr on rs, chrcerze b

nscen ncenes o pleen

he sccessll. the rke-

ncene sccess sor o arcn

rhno conseron e be

nerne b lre o reconze

n lern ro .

For mor information visit:

rhno-econocs.co

MICHAeL 'T SAS-ROLFeS s n

enronenl econos bse n

Soh arc n 2011 PERC Lone

monn ellow.

THREE RHINO MYTHS

Rhino horn is used as an

aphrodisiac in Asia.

Rhno horn s se s n

nreen n ronl Chnese

ecne o re seros

llnesses noln hh eers

n oxc. in ven, s

soh s cncer ree.

Rhino poaching is driven y

greed and evil people.

Rhno pochn s ren b he

hh prce or rhno horn, whch

s cse b n rcl spplresrcon ro he bn n he

ce o perssen en,

cren pererse ncenes.

The medicinal demand or

rhino horn is unscientifc and

thereore not legitimate.

use o rhno horns n Chneseecne hs clrl roos

on bck hosns o ers

n n o s herens re

nlkel o p ch enon o

scenc rens.

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Saving African Rhinos: A Market Success Story

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