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SAWS Workshop IISAWS Workshop II
October 2008October 2008Jamie GudmestadJamie Gudmestad
- Meteorologist Intern- Meteorologist InternWFO Midland, TXWFO Midland, TX
- Air Force Reserve- Air Force ReserveWeather ForecasterWeather Forecaster
Shaw AFB, SCShaw AFB, SC
AIRCRAFT ICINGAIRCRAFT ICING
Aviation Safety Foundation
My employment
Full time – Meteorologist WFO Midland
Part time – Forecaster for various areas in the Middle EastWikipedia
Content of this presentation
- Why icing is SO important to aviation- Where and when icing commonly occurs- The types of icing- Type of aircraft most susceptible to icing- TAFs and other products- Future icing detection- Where more information can be found
The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property.
www.airport-technology.com
"An estimated 819 people died in accidents related to in-flight icing between 1982 and 2000."
Study by the National Transportation Safety Board
Over 40 people/year
American Eagle 4184 October 31, 1994
Roselawn, Indiana
Crashed after circling in icy weather
killed all 68 on board
Airlines.net
Air Florida Flight 90 January 13, 1992
Washington DC
Aircraft was De-iced, then sat on the runway
killed all 78 on board
Airdisaster.com
A Cessna 208B CaravanNovember 8, 2002
Parks, Arizona
Aircraft was in route from Las Vegas, NV on its way to Midland, TX
Moderate mixed icing
aironline.com/wikipedia
NormalNormal
IcedIced
Hanley Innovations: Airfoil Icing & Microtab Study
Airfoil
Icing of other aircraft parts
AOPA Aviation Safety Foundation
Icy Runways
Webshots.com
Near Saturated environment
Favorable Atmospheric Conditions for Icing:
Temperature Dew point Depression Approx. RH 0° to -7°C (32 to 18°F) less than 2°C (<3.6°F) 85% -8 to -15°C (17 to 5°F) less than 3°C (<5.4°F) 80% -16 to -22°C (4 to -8°F) less than 4°C (<7.2°F) 75%
Key Ingredient
AFWA TN 98-002
Winter
Map from the Air Safety Foundation (AOPA)
- Icing is more likely & more severe in clouds located near moisture sources & over mountainous regions
Mountains
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)
Fronts
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)
Fronts
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)
Clouds
HIGHHIGH 0° to -20°C 0° to -15°C 0 °C & below 0° to -20°C 0° to -15°C 0 °C & below (32° to -4°F) (32° to 5°F) (32°F & below) (32° to -4°F) (32° to 5°F) (32°F & below) MED -20° to -40°C -15° to -30°C MED -20° to -40°C -15° to -30°C (-4° to -40°F) (-5° to -22°F)(-4° to -40°F) (-5° to -22°F)LOW < -40°C < -30°CLOW < -40°C < -30°C (< -40°F) (< -22°F)(< -40°F) (< -22°F)
Icing Risk/Type of CloudsCumulus Stratiform Rain & Drizzle
AOPA Aviation Safety Foundation
Vertical Displacement increases Icing
AFWA TN 98-002
Icing Severity definitionsTrace – “when the rate of ice accumulation is just slightly greater than the rate of loss due to sublimation”
Light – “the rate of ice accumulation may create a problem if the aircraft remains in this environment for one hour or more”
Moderate – “when the rate of ice accumulation is so great that even a short encounter can become hazardous”
Severe – “whenever the rate of ice accumulation is such that deicing or anti-icing equipment cannot control or reduce the hazard”
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)
Droplet Size
- Cloud droplets – usually 40 microns or less- Supercooled liquid droplets (SLD) are 40 – 200 microns; MOST SIGNIFICANT to Aircraft Icing - SLD most often includes freezing rain & drizzle
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET) Fotosearch.com
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Type of aircraft
US Army Corps of Engineers; Wikipedia
Temperature Type
32° to 18°F Clear
18°F to 15°F Mixed
Less than 15°F Rime
Type of Icing
AFWA TN 98-002
TAFSNWS TAF:CCCC TAF 011818 18020G28KT P6SM SCT030 BKN120 TEMPO 1822 BKN020FM0400 16015KT P6SM BKN030 PROB30 0308 TSRA BKN030CBUSAF TAF:CCCC TAF 011616 03008KT 0800 PRFG FEW000 BKN005 BKN012 WS015/12035KT QNH3001INS FG FEW002 TEMPO 1820 14012G18KT 3200 -SN BLSN FEW002 OVC006 620065 SN FEW000BECMG 2324 15012G20KT 3200 -SN BLSN FEW002 OVC004 620046 QNH2983INS TM01/19Z TM04/11Z
NWS Instruction 10-813 / AFMAN 15-124
Reading the icing group
620065
6 The first digit – icing group2 The second digit – type of icing006 The third, fourth & fifth digits – height of icing5 The last digit – thickness of icing
AFMAN 15-124
http://adds.aviationweahter.noaa.gov/icing
http://adds.aviationweahter.noaa.gov/icing
Pirepshttp://adds.aviationweahter.noaa.gov/icing
Altitude
Schultz-Politovich PIREP study - University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (COMET)
Research
- Supercooled large droplet- Heat transfer- Anti-icing protection
http://www.niar.wichita.edu/researchlabs/
www.ucar.edu/communications
Technology improvements
More advancedRADARs are being tested byNational Center for Atmospheric Research
Where you can learn more
http://www.meted.ucar.edu/
The Comet program
http://www.aopa.org/asf/
AOPA Air Safety Foundation
Aircraft Icing
Thank you for your time!
Sources were cited on each slide
Questions???