saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa
da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film
Georgian State University
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa
Ziebani
#3 (48), 2011
ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (48), 2011
gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi _ 2011
UDC(uak) 7(051.2)
s-364
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti
saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (48), 2011
saredaqcio sabWo
lela oCiaurimaia kiknaZenino sanadiraZe
literaturuli
redaqtori
mariam iaSvili
garekanis dizaini
levan dadiani
dakabadoneba
ekaterineoqropiriZe
gamomcemlobis
xelmZRvaneli
maka vasaZe
krebulisaTvis mowodebuli
masala uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos Sesabamisi samecniero
aparatiT. Tan unda axldes
monacemebi avtoris samecniero
kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul
da inglisur enebze, agreTve
naSromis inglisurenovani
reziume.
krebulis stamburi gamocema
egzavneba sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.
naSromebi mogvawodeT da
cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:
0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti,
II korpusi.
tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408
mob: +995 (95) 305 060
+995 (77) 288 750
E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University
Art Science Studies #3 (48), 2011
Editorial GroupLELA OCHIAURIMAIA KIKNADZENINO SANADIRADZE
Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILI
Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI
Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE
Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE
Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.
Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.
Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State UniversitySecond Block
Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge
4
sarCeviT e a t r m c o d n e o b aTamar bokuCavaXIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis zogierTi
tendencia Teatri da rituali ................................................9
mixeil kalandariSvilivis sWirdeba Teoria? ...............................................................28
k i n o m c o d n e o b alia kalandariSvili`es ar aris vaSli~... anu ekranuli
saxis orazrovneba ...................................................................50
manana lekboraSviliswrafva dokumentalurobisken da
dokumentalizmis `ganleva~ ....................................................62
a n i m a c i avladimer sulaqveliZegermanuli modernizmi .............................................................73
u n i v e r s it et i s s a do qtoro p ro gr a m a
dramis reJisuranino lipartiani
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis
zogierTi sakiTxebi ...........................................................81
msoflio kinos istorianaTia mefariSviliholivudi kulisebs miRma .......................................................89
saTeatro Jurnalistikis istoriamariam CubiniZe
saqarTveloSi Jurnalisturi azrovnebis
Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................................94
avtorTa Sesaxeb ......................................................................106
5
CONTENTS
THEATRE STUDIESTAMAR BOKUCHAVASome Trends of Theatre Studies in XIX-XX Centuries Theatre and Ritual ................................109MIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILIThe complete professor in the direction of criticism and theory The doctor of art study ..............................................111FILM STUDIESLIA KALANDARISHVILI“This is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film image” ....................112MANANA LEKBORASHVILIStriving for documentalism and its exhaustion ....................113
ANIMATIONLADO SULAQVELIDZEGerman modernism .............................................................114
U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M
DRAMA DIRECTIONNINO LIPARTIANISome Postmodernist Theatrical Art Issues ...........................116HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRENATIA MEFARISHVILIHollywood: Beyond the Coulisses .......................................117
THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYMARIAM CHUBINIDZESome issues of journalistic thinking in Georgia ...................118
9
Tamar bokuCava
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevis zogierTi tendenciaTeatri da rituali
Teatrisa da Teatris istoriis samecniero Seswavlis
erT-erTi mTavari niSani Teatris `filologiuri~
istoriidan Teatralur warmodgenaze yuradRebis
gadatana iyo. germanelma Teatrmcodnem maqs hermanma
1914 wels gamocemul wignSi `Sua saukuneebisa da
aRorZinebis epoqis germanuli Teatris istoriis
kvlevebi~, Teatraluri speqtaklis rekonstruqciuli
meTodi Seqmna. Teatraluri warmodgenisa da msaxiobis
Semoqmedebis bunebis kvlevam yuradReba dramaturgiidan
speqtaklis struqturul, esTetikur da saSemsruleblo
aspeqtebze gadaitana. Teatris gageba dramaturgiuli
safuZvlidan mis performatiul (warmodgeniT) bunebaze
gadaerTo. aman ganapiroba Teatralur xelovnebaSi
saSemsruleblo da vizualur-gamomsaxvelobiTi mxaris
avtonomiurobis gacnobiereba.
ganaTlebis epoqaSi (XVII_XVIII ss.) safuZveli
Caeyara samecniero codnisa da informaciis
enciklopediuri klasifikaciisa da diferenciaciis
tendenciebs. aman biZgi misca mecnierebaTa ganviTarebas,
maT Soris arqeologiursa da eTnografiul kvleva-
Ziebebs. indoeTis, amerikisa da afrikis qveynebis
kolonizaciam, samecniero eqspediciebma xeli Seuwyo
sxvadasxva tipis codnis dagrovebas, maT Soris
geografiis, arqeologiis, eTnologiis, eTnografiis,
primitiuli kulturebis Seswavlis sferoSi.
kembrijis anTropologiur skolaSi eduard
teilorisa (1832-1917) da jeims freizeris (1854-
1941) mier eTnografiis, SedarebiTi religiisa da
socialuri da kulturuli anTropologiis kvlevis
10
sferoSi warmoebulma samecniero kvleva-Ziebebma
gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina rogorc sakacobrio
kulturis, ise adamianis anTropologiuri warsulisa
da sawyisebis xedvaze. aman dasabami misca primitiuli
sazogadoebebis xelovnebisa da kulturisadmi
Seunelebel interess, maT Tanmimdevrul kvlevas.
primitiuli adamianis cxovrebaSi civilizaciis
samyaros idiliuri alternativa dainaxes.
miT ufro, rom XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, didi
popularobiT sargeblobda frangi filosofosis Jan
Jak rusos Tvalsazrisi. ruso skeptikurad uyurebda
civilizaciisa da kulturis saeWvo sikeTeebs da bunebrivi
adamianisa da Tavisufali aRzrdis ideas aviTarebda. misi
bunebrivi adamiani erTgvari harmoniuli `veluria~,
romelic tyeebsa da mTa-velebSi bednier cxovrebas eweva.
rusosave gavleniT, evropul azrovnebaSi damkvidrda
erTgvari `anticivilizaciuri~ saxelmwifos, rogorc
Zalmomreobis institutis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
ganwyobebi, romlebic sxvadasxva socialur TeoriaSi
gamoixata, maT Soris marqsizmSic, romlis ideali
_ komunisturi sazogadoeba _ saxelmwifos auqmebs.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi gansakuTrebiT moduri iyo
saxelmwifos ideis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli radikaluri
revoluciuri Teoriebi, maT Soris anarqizmi.
swored rusi anarqistis _ mixeil bakuninis mier
daarsebulma anarqistulma Jurnalma `avangardi~,
romlis saTauri samxedro terminisagan warmosdga
(avangardi mowinave razms niSnavs, romelic pirveli utevs
mters), misca SemdgomSi saxelwodeba XIX-XX saukuneebis
meamboxe xelovnebis mTel mimdinareobas, romelic dResac
aqtualuria da arsebobs.
avangardis warmomadgenlebis reformistuli
ganwyobebi xelovnebis reformirebis tendenciaSi
gamoixata. bevri maTgani, avangarduli revoluciuri
xelovnebis gziT, rogorc zeamocanas, sazogadoebisa
Tamar bokuCava
11
da adamianis gardaqmnas isaxavda miznad.
saTeatro avangardis warmomadgenlebs surdaT
tradiciuli dramaturgiisa da saTeatro
gamomsaxvelobis reformireba. isini cvlidnen piesisa
da warmodgenis tradiciul struqturasa da esTetikas,
mxatvruli modelirebis meTodebs, mayurebelTan
urTierTobis xerxebs, warmodgenis gasamarTavad
iyenebdnen alternatiul sivrceebs, mimarTavdnen
epataJs (fr. epatage – ganzrax skandaluri saqcieli,
romelic yuradRebis miqcevas isaxavs miznad) –
mayurebelze zemoqmedebis moulodnelsa da Sokis
momgvrel formebs. simbolistebi, eqspresionistebi,
dadaistebi, siurealistebi, futuristebi da sxvebi
xelovnebis enobrivi da funqcionaluri arsisa da
sawyisebis gaazrebas cdilobdnen.
am tendenciaTa gaZlierebas kulturologiisa
da istoriis filosofiis sferoSi Seqmnili
Teoriebi uwyobda xels. istoriis Seuqcevadi
formaciuli evoluciis rwmena Seirya, es ganwyoba
gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera msoflio omebisa da XX
saukunis avtoritarizmis gamocdilebam, romelmac
Tanamedrove dasavluri modelebis mimarT skeptikuri
damokidebuleba warmoSva. primitiul kulturebs,
romlebic dResac arsebobs okeaniis, amazoniisa
da afrikis zogierT regionSi, Sexedes ara rogorc
sazogadoebis formaciuli evoluciis erT-erT
stadias, aramed rogorc dasavluri civilizaciis
alternativas.
aranakleb interess iwvevda aRmosavluri kulturebis
specifika da maTi tipologiuri niSnebi. maqs veberma
(germaneli sociologi, 1864-1920) kulturaTa
tipologias safuZvlad subieqtis aqtivobis xasiaTi
daudo. amis safuZvelze man kulturis sami tipi
gamohyo:
1. indobudisturi, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
12
cxovrebisagan gandgoma;
2. Cinur-konfuciuri, romelic emyareba adamianis
Seguebas samyarosTan, garemomcvel bunebriv da
socialur garemosTan;
3. qristianuli, romelsac axasiaTebs adamianis
mier samyaros Secvla-gardaqmnaze orientacia.
kulturaTa tipologiis es, Tu sxva Teoriebi
adamianis fsiqo-socialuri arsebobis alternatiuli
formebisadmi aRviZebdnen interess, bevri (iseve,
rogorc Tavad veberi) am gansxvavebas religiuri
msoflgancdis gansxvavebaSi eZebda.
Sesabamisad, primitiuli kulturebis mimarT
interesis paralelurad, gamoikveTa swrafva aRmosavluri
kulturebis `saidumlos Seswavlisaken~. XX saukunis
mravali cnobili reJisori da Teatris moRvawe gaitaca
primitiuli sazogadoebebisa da aRmosavluri kulturebis
Temam, isini swavlobdnen miTebsa da ritualebs, tradiciul
aRmosavlur Teatrs – iaponur kabukisa da nos, indur
katakalisa da sxv. da Tavis saTeatro Sexedulebebsa
da msaxiobTan muSaobis meTodebs ayalibebdnen. 1931
wels antonen arto – XX saukunis Teatris erT-erTi
yvelaze epataJuri warmomadgeneli, sisastikis Teatris
Teoriis Semqmneli, kunZul balidan Camosuli dasis
(eTnografiuli ritualuri cekvebis Semsruleblebis)
warmodgenas daeswro. am movlenam udidesi gavlena
moaxdina artos saTeatro SexedulebaTa Tvisobriv
ganviTarebaze.D`dResdReobiT, rodesac kritikosebi
Tanamedrove dramaturgias Tu Tanamedrove avangardisti
reJisorebis mier primitiuli ritualis Teatraluri
funqciis xelaxali aRmoCenis cdebze msjeloben, artos
saxeli pirvelia, romelsac axseneben~, _ wers avangardis
Teatris Tanamedrove mkvlevari kristofer inesi.
iqmneboda Teatraluri laboratoriebi, sadac
Teatris miTo-ritualuri bunebis spontanurobis
miRweva surdaT da amisaTvis aRmosavluri Teatris
Tamar bokuCava
13
fsiqo-fizikur da sulier `teqnikebsac~ iyenebdnen.
aseT Ziebebs eweoda artos mimdevari, XX saukunis
saTeatro avangardis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgeneli
poloneli reJisori eJi grotovski Tavis Teatralur
laboratoriaSi, sadac msaxiobTa jgufTan erTad,
TiTqmis gandegiliviT cxovrobda. Tanamedroveobis
erT-erTma udidesma reJisorma piter brukma afrikaSi
imogzaura, raTa saTeatro elementebis `tabula~
Seedgina. rihard vagneris mier inicirebuli sinTezuri
Teatris ideis sapirispirod (Gesamtkunstwerk –
xelovnebis krebiTi nawarmoebi), grotovskim Raribi
Teatris Teoria Camoayaliba, romlis mTavar figuras
msaxiobi da misi Semoqmedeba warmoadgens. grotovskis
laboratoriul TeatrSi gaurbodnen speqtaklis
gaformebisas Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebis
gamoyenebas, minimalurad mimarTavdnen rekvizitsa da
dekoracias. TiTqmis yvelanairi gamomsaxveloba da
xmovaneba mis speqtaklebSi ̀ msaxiobismieri~ iyo. piter
bruki grotovskis Teatrs, Teatris mis mier Seqmnili
tipologiis mixedviT, `wminda~ Teatrs uwodebda.
miTo-simboluri modelebiT kulturisa da fsiqikis
fenomenTa axsna filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSi
damkvidrda. 1872 wels fridrix nicSem dawera
naSromi `tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan~, sadac
filosofosi berZnuli miTologiuri panTeonis ori
RmerTis, xelovnebis mfarvelebis – apolonisa da
dionises Tvisobrivi Sepirispirebis gziT cdilobs
axsnas Teatris, berZnuli da zogadad sakacobrio
kulturis safuZvelSi mdebare farul ZalaTa moqmedebis
kanonzomierebani. adamian-xelovanSi is or sawyiss
ganasxvavebs – apolonursa da dionisurs, romlebic
mudmiv WidilSi arian, dionisuri sawyisi, nicSesTvis
bunebas, yofierebis safuZvelSi arsebul sasicocxlo
Zalas ukavSirdeba, romelic borotebisa da sikeTis
kategoriebs miRmaa, apolonuri _ mSvenierebas, wesrigs,
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
14
harmonias, eTikas ganasaxierebs. erTis stiqia Trobaa,
meoresi _ mSvenieri iluzia. nicSes azriT, es ori
sawyisi erTmaneTs berZnul tragediaSi daukavSirda.
XX saukunis Teatrisa da dramis ganviTarebaze
udidesi zegavlena moaxdina zigmund froidis
fsiqoanalizma da karl gustav iungis analitikam
(analitikurma fsiqologiam), romlebic adamianis
fsiqikur da socialur qcevas miTis, arqetipisa da
simbolos fenomenTa meSveobiT xsnidnen.
alternatiuli saTeatro formebis Seqmna dRemde
grZeldeba. XX saukunis 50-an wlebSi Camoyalibda
Teatraluri sanaxaobis iseTi formebi, romlebic
hefeningisa da performansis saxeliTaa cnobili.
isini radikalurad gansxvavdeba dramatuli Teatris
warmodgenisagan rogorc Catarebis adgiliT, ise
sanaxaobis formiTa da xangrZlivobiT. hefeningi da
performansi uars ambobs piesaze, rogorc sanaxaobis
literaturul safuZvelze, maTi ganxorcieleba,
tradiciulad, avtoris TanamonawileobiT xdeba
da mxatvruli aqciis saxes atarebs. performanss
Teatraluri da saxviTi xelovnebis mijnaze ganixilaven
da e. w. konceptualur xelovnebas miakuTvneben. Teatris
Tanamedrove mkvlevari Carlz Tis lemani avtoria
wignisa `postdramatuli Teatri~ (1999 weli). lemanis
azriT, XX saukunis II naxevarSi gamoikveTa iseTi
saTeatro fenomeni, romelsac postdramatuli Teatri
SegviZlia vuwodoT da romlis elementebi mravali
reJisorisa da Teatraluri moRvawis SemoqmedebaSi
gvxvdeba. postdramatuli Teatris kategoriaSi lemani
aerTianebs iseT saTeatro movlenebs, romlebSic
literaturuli safuZveli dominantur funqcias
kargavs da warmodgenis erT-erT, xSirad, meorad
komponentad iqceva.
Tanamedrove Teatraluri xelovnebis avangarduli
Stos genezisis gzebis gasagebad, aucilebelia
Tamar bokuCava
15
mivmarToT primitiuli da arqauli kulturebis
saTeatro praqtikasa da gamocdilebas, raTa davinaxoT,
Tu rogor xedavs Tanamedrove Teatraluri kultura
Tavis warsulsa da fesvebs.
Teatri da rituali
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teatraluri xelovneba,
rogorc mxatvruli, socialuri da anTropologiuri
fenomeni, Tavisi universalurobiTa da formaluri
niSnebiT, pirvelyofili ritualis sinkretul
(Serwymul) mxatvrul bunebasa da mis mravalfunqciur
daniSnulebas mogvagonebs, rodesac xelovnebis
dargebi adamianis erTiani mxatvruli saqmianobis jer
kidev aradiferencirebul aspeqtebs warmoadgendnen
da organulad iyvnen CarTulni pirvelyofili
kulturebis yofiTi, socialuri Tu religiuri
cxovrebis mTlianobaSi. bunebrivia, Teatri gamoeyo
kults, magram man SeinarCuna adamianis sulieri da
socialuri cxovrebis maorganizebeli fenomenis niSan-
Tvisebebi. Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom Teatraluri
xelovnebis arsi da funqcia gavigoT, SeZlebisdagvarad,
unda CavwvdeT mis fesvebs, gavacnobieroT samyaros
mxatvruli aRqmisa da modelirebis uadresi formebi da
maTi daniSnuleba,UuZvelesi adamianis damokidebuleba
samyarosTan, misi yofisa da qcevis modelebi.
Teatraluri kulturis sawyisebis, ritualis
warmoSobisa da moqmedebis mizezTaAda formaTa
Zieba damwerlobamdeli primitiuli pirvelyofili
kulturebis wiaRis SeswavliT iwyeba, romelTa
Sesaxebac mxolod materialuri kulturis ZeglebiTa
da artefaqtebiT (xelTqmnili sagnebi) SeiZleba
msjeloba.
anTropologebisa da kulturologebis azriT,
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
16
uZvelesi ritualebis formireba jer kidev zeda
paleoliTis epoqaSi daiwyo. am droidan mecnierebs
mxolod arqeologiuri masala moepovebaT – Sromis
primitiuli iaraRebi, kldeze Sesrulebuli
gamosaxulebebi da reliefebi, Zvlisa da qvis figurebi
da sxv. mxolod am arqeologiur masalaze dayrdnobiT,
Znelia raime utyuari daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor cxovrobda, ras grZnobda da rogor
acnobierebda gare samyarosa da sakuTar Tavs zemo
paleoliTis adamiani. am problemis gadasaWrelad
anTropologebma e. w. SedarebiT meTods mimarTes da
arqeologiuri monacemebi Tanamedrove primitiuli
kulturebis cxovrebis wesTan (amazoniis, avstraliis,
okeaniisa da sxv. tomebis), ritualebTan, Semoqmedebisa
da urTierTobis formebTan mimarTebaSi ganixiles. isini
im daSvebidan amodiodnen, rom pirvelyofili adamianis
kulturasa da xelovnebas, ase vTqvaT, sayovelTao
universaluri xasiaTi aqvs.
arqeologiuri nimuSebisa da Tanamedrove
primitiuli erebis yofisa da kulturis, ganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebis saritualo da ceremoniuli kulturis
formebis Seswavlis safuZvelze Seiqmna winaistoriuli
adamianis cxovrebisa da rwmena-warmodgenebis savaraudo
suraTi da gamokveTa ritualis adgili da funqcia maT
cxovrebaSi.
rituali (laTinuri ritualis _ sakulto, ritus – sazeimo ceremonia, sakulto qmedeba) eTnologiisa
da kulturuli anTropologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
cnebaa. sityvebi kulti da zeimi ritualis
mniSvnelobasa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis msvlelobaSi
gamorCeul daniSnulebaze migvaniSneben. Tanamedrove
civilizaciaTagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aseve icnoben
da iyeneben ritualis ceremoniul formebs, magram
maT mxolod gansakuTrebul viTarebebSi mimarTaven,
rituali primitiuli kulturebis yoveldRiuri
Tamar bokuCava
17
cxovrebis Tanmxlebi fenomenia. `kulturis yvelaze
arqaul safexurebze adamianis cxovreba Tavad aris
religiuri qmedeba, radganac sakvebis miRebas,
sqesobriv urTierTobebsa da Sromas sakramentuli
Rirebuleba gaaCnia~, wers religiisa da miTologiis
mkvlevari da anTroplogi mirCa eliade1 primitiuli
kulturebis Camoyalibeba zeda paleoliTis (paleoliTi
– qvis xana, iyofa qveda, Sua da zeda periodebad) epoqaSi
moxda. uZvelesi adamianis mxatvruli saqmianobis
nimuSebi aTeul da aseul aTas wels iTvlis. espaneTSi,
altamiras gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili gamosaxulebebi,
sxvadasxva SexedulebiT, 200 000-mde wlisaa. am bunebriv
`taZars~ erT erTma mkvlevarma paleoliTis `siqstis
kapela~ uwoda. Tumca, sxvadasxva anTropologiur
gamokvlevaTa Tanaxmad, adamianis biologiuri evolucia
Homo sapiens-is (gonieri adamianis) formirebiT,
daaxloebiT 40 000 _ 35 000 wlis winaT dasrulda.
Tavisi winaprebisagan mas, anatomiur maxasiaTebelTa
garda, materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis xarisxi
(Sromis iaraRebi, mxatvrul-mamodelirebeli
saqmianobis elementebi), danawevrebuli metyvelebisa
da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari ganasxvavebda.
mirCa eliade fiqrobs, rom winaistoriuli adamianis
`gaadamianureba~ Semgroveblobidan monadireobaze
gadasvlam gamoiwvia. gaiyo qalisa da mamakacis Sroma,
nadiris sistematurma devnam da xocvam msxverplsa da
monadires Soris urTierTobis unikaluri sistemis
formireba, mistikuri solidarobis gancdis Camoyalibeba
gamoiwvia. mkvlevrebis erT nawils miaCnia, rom zeda
paleoliTis adamians ukve hqonda religiuri cnobiereba
da rwmena-warmodgenebi, romlebic garemomcveli
samyaros bunebisa da adamianTa urTierTmimarTebis wesis
1 “La Nostalgie des Origines”, 1969, gv. 7.
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
18
warmosaxuli suraTis elementebs Seicavda. adamiani
samyaros sakralur ZalebTan mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi,
mudmiv dialogSi imyofeboda da misi sasicocxlo
aqtivoba – nadiroba, Sromis iaraRebis damzadeba Tu
sxva, yofieris erTian arsebobasTan Tanamonawileobis
gancdiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. uZvelesi adamianebis
nadirobasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi aqtiurad iyo
CarTuli SemoqmedebiTi mxatvruli elementi, razec
kldeze gamosaxuli naxatebis, Zvlisa da qvisagan nakveTi
gamosaxulebebis forma da Sinaarsi mowmobs.
primitiuli ritualis religiuri, praqtikuli,
socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri funqciebi xilul
da uxilav samyarosTan sagangebo komunikaciis
formebiT xorcieldeboda, rituali komunikaciis
mravalveqtorian formas warmoadgenda, xolo misi
praqtikuli daniSnuleba da qmediTi buneba ritualuri
magiis saxeliTac aris cnobili. religiis pirvelyofil
formebs – animizms, fetiSizms, totemizms da magias
protoreligiebsac uwodeben. magiis mistikuri Zala
adamianisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTebis ZalaSi
mdgomareobs, fiqrobs bronislav malinovski2, xolo
freizeris azriT, pirvelyofil adamianebs miaCndaT, rom `mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebis
saSualebebi, Tavad maT xelSi iyo da rom magiuri
ritualis meSveobiT maT SeeZloT weliwadis droebis
cvlilebis daCqareba Tu Seneleba~3 primitiuli
kulturebis ritualebze Tavisi dakvirvebebidan da
jeims frezeris kvlevebidan gamomdinare, malinovski
daaskvnis, rom magiuri rituali garemoze verbaluri
Tu fizikuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad
da Tavis emociur damokidebulebas dramatuli formiT
avlens. es forma ritualis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare
icvleba. Tu jadoqars vinmesTvis an raimesTvis zianis
2 Малиновский. Магия, наука и религия. М.: «Рефл-бук», 19983 Д.д. Фрэзер, «Золотая ветвь», М.1980, gv. 362.
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miyeneba aqvs ganzraxuli, is am sityvis pirdapiri
gagebiT, amtvrevs, `asaxiCrebs~, anadgurebs simbolur
msxverpls. am moqmedebebs is TvalsaCino mrisxanebis,
brazisa da siZulvilis gamoxatulebiT axdens. Tu
sasiyvarulo magiiTaa dakavebuli, sasiyvarulo vnebis
simboluri obieqti moferebisa da alersis sagani
xdeba, xolo Tavad ritualis Semsrulebeli giJurad
Seyvarebuls ganasaxierebs. samxedro magiis saweso
qmedebebSi win modis mrisxanebis gamomxatveli mkacri da
Semtevi moqmedeba da emocia, boroti Zalebis gandevnas
Tavzardacemuli adamianis SiSis gamoxatuleba axlavs,
Sesabamisi moZraobebiTa da plastikiT – SekrTomiT,
konvulsiebiT, tanjviT. zogjer jadoqari magiur
ritualSi ara mxolod zemoqmedebis mizansa da emocias
asaxavs, aramed ritualuri msxverplis damarcxebisa da
mokvdinebis suraTsac, momakvdavi adamianis fizikuri
mdgomareobisa da gancdebis Sesabamisi gamosaxviT.
malinovskis aRwerebidan aSkarad Cans ritualis
saSemsruleblo formis e. w. performatiuli,
gamomsaxvelobiTi da mimeturi xasiaTi. ritualuri
magiis yvelaze `qmediT~ komponentad, malinovski mis
verbalur, SelocviT nawils da warmoTqmuli sityvis
Zalis rwmenas miiCnevs.
kanadeli neirofsiqologi merlin donaldi4, sakacobrio civilizaciis Semdeg fazebs gamoyofs:
epizodurs, mimeturs (baZviT), miTiursa da Teoriuls.
adamianis evoluciis yvelaze adreul etapze, romelsac
is epizoduri kulturis nawilad ganixilavs, adamiani
mxolod aq-da-am wuTs arsebobas ganicdis. misTvis ar
arsebobs arc warsuli, arc momavali. rac Seexeba mimetur,
igive imitaciur qcevas, misi niSnebi, mecnierebis azriT,
jer kidev primatebis qcevaSi SeimCneva. imitaciuri
qceva adamians gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli codnis
4 Merlin Donald, “Origins Of the Modern Mind: three stages in the evolution of cuture and cognition”, Harvard University press, 1993
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
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SeZenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. amave dros, mibaZvas
SeiZleba Tan axldes sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris
TamaSiT gancdili siamovnebis grZnoba. civilizaciis
mimetur fazas axasiaTebs araverbaluri (arasityvieri)
komunikaciis iseT formebi, rogorebicaa Jesti, poza,
mimika da saxis gamometyveleba.
rogorc filip zarilis, brius makkonahis, hari
uiliamsisa da karol fiSer zorgenfrais `Teatris
istoriis SesavalSi~ vkiTxulobT, `orive am models
– aq-da amwuTas yofierebasa da mimetur qcevas
sayovelTaod centraluri adgili ukavia moTamaSisa
(avtorebi termin performers iyeneben) Tu msaxiobis
qcevaSi, rogorc istoriul, ise zogadkulturul
WrilSi. epizoduri da mimeturi qceva warmodgenis
aucilebeli winapirobebia ritualiT dawyebuli da
dramiT damTavrebuli~.5 rogorc vxedavT, am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, ritualis
sakomunikacio modelebi Teatraluri komunikaciis
samsaxiobo mxaris sakomunikacio modelTa msgavsia, rac
ritualidan saSemsruleblo Teatraluri xelovnebis
genezisis erT-erTi damadasturebeli niSania.
Teatraluri qmedebac `aq da amwuTs~ mimdinareobs da
baZviTi, mimsgavsebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mkvlevarTa umravlesobis
azriT (mirCa eliade, klod levi-strosi da sxv.),
primitiul kulturebs ukve dawyebiT safexurze aqvT
garkveuli religiuri miTo-simboluri msoflgancda.
xSirad, rituali SeiZleba miTis erTgvar inscenirebas
warmoadgendes. maT Soris kosmogoniuri miTebisa,
romlebic samyaros miTologiuri warmoSobis modelebs
warmoadgens. ritualis meSveobiT adamiani samyaros
ganaxlebaSi, mis ganmeorebad SeqmnaSi monawileobs. es
monawileoba simboluri qmedebiT xorcieldeba, radgan
5 Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Phillip Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Zarilli, Bruce Mc-Zarilli, Bruce Mc- Bruce Mc-Bruce Mc- Mc-Mc-Conachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei, gv. 5
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rituali sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur mniSvnelobasa
da niSan-Tvisebebs aniWebs. eTnologebis, _ malinovskisa
da diurkgeimis SexedulebiT, rituali pirovnebisa da
sociumis Seqmnasa Tu ganaxlebas, koleqtivebis mTlianobis
SenarCunebas emsaxureba. am mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad
ki ritualur qmedebaTa mTeli sistema moqmedebs:
samyaros ganaxleba, RmerTisa da winaparTa pativiscema,
momadliereba da momxroba, bunebis gansulierebul
Zalebze zemoqmedeba da maTTan kavSiris damyareba,
gmiris saqmeTa gandideba-ganmeoreba, senisgan gankurneba,
dacva, zianis miyeneba, piris statussa da mdgomareobaSi
mimdinare cvlilebis aRniSvna – dabadebis, simwifis
miRwevis (iniciacia), axali urTierTobis damyarebisa Tu
sikvdilisa da sxv.
eTnologTa, anTropologTa da religiis mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom ritualis sakraluroba
samyaroseuli da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebas
emsaxureba. arqauli adamianuri koleqtivebis
gamocdileba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc ori
ZiriTadi mdgomareobis monacvleoba – mowesrigebul
da stabilur kosmosSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis,
romlis wminda centrebi usafrTxoebasa da qaosisagan
dacvas uzrunvelyofen (igulisxmeba, rom qaosi
mowesrigebuli da dalagebuli samyaros farglebs miRma
aris gandevnili) da kosmosis perioduli qaotizaciisa,
rodesac kosmosi Tavisi arsebobis kritikul wertilebs
gadis. `samyaros droebiTi ustruqturoba, romelic
arqaul dResaswaulSi vlindeba, produqtiulia _
is uzrunvelyofs sakraluri obieqtebis siZlieres.
swored samyaros sazeimo ganaxlebis formas warmoadgens
rituali arqaul realobaSi. is iwyeba miRebuli
normebis damrRvevi moqmedebiT, riTac daberebul
kosmoss, droebiT, nayofier qaosSi abrunebs, Semdeg
ki Tanmimdevrulad aRadgens saganTa da movlenaTa
tradiciul pirvandel wesrigs. arqauli rituali
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
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warmoadgens sinkretul moqmedebas, romlidanac iRebs
saTaves ufro gviandeli saqmianobis specializebuli
formebi – sawarmoo-ekonomikuri, samxedro-
politikuri, religiur-sakulto, mxatvruli da
sxv.~6
rac ar unda iyos ritualis daniSnuleba, amerikeli
Teatrmcodnis, performansis specialistis, reJisoris
– riCard Sexneris azriT, is yovelTvis Seicavs
Tanmxlebi siamovnebisa da garTobis elements. SeniRbva,
kostiumireba, gardasaxva, cekva, musika, Txroba, –
yovelive es, ara mxolod praqtikuli da mistikuri
miznis miRwevas emsaxureba, aramed RmerTis, winaprebis,
monawileebisa Tu damswreebisaTvis siamovnebis
miniWebasac. amasTan, sargebeli da siamovneba erTmaneTs
ki ar upirispirdeba, aramed avsebs.
pirvelyofili da tradiciuli xelovnebis
mkvlevari vil mirimanovi miiCnevs, rom pirvelyofil
sazogadoebaSi sulieri saqmianobis TiTq mis yvela
sfero xelovnebas ukavSirdeba da Tavis Tavs xelovnebis
meS veobiT gamoxatavs, `mxatvrulad formdeba~.7
moisei kagani adamianis mier samyaros mxatvruli
aTvisebis sawyis safexurze or Taviseburebas ganasxvavebs.
pirvel rigSi is zogadad yvela tipis sulieri
saqmianobis sinkretulobaze saubrobs, cxovrebiseul-
praqtikulis, komunikaciuris, religiurisa da sxva.
is aRniSnavs, rom am dawyebiT safexurze adamianis
saqmianobaTa Soris sazRvrebi an Zalian bundovani iyo
an ar arsebobda.
meore Taviseburebad is Janrul-saxeobrivi
struqturebis ararsebobas asaxelebs. sityvieri
xelovneba masSi jer kidev ar aris diferencirebuli
musikalurisagan, epikuri - lirikulisagan, istoriul-
6 Новейший Философский Словарь, 2009. http://iph.ras.ru/elib/1474.html7 http://artyx.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000013/st030.shtml
Tamar bokuCava
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miTologiuri yofiTisagan.
yvela am mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Teatraluri xelovnebis ritualidan
warmoSobis sasargeblod, sakmaod bevri garemoeba
metyvelebs: ritualis imitaciuri buneba, masSi
gaTamaSebuli movlenebis aq-da-amwuTierebis gancda,
ritualSi monawile adamianis sxeulis mxatvruli
modelirebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba –moZraobis,
xmis JReradobis, plastikis; ritualuri qmedebis
qsovilSi mxatvruli saqmianobis yvela misawvdomi
saSualebisa da masalis CarTva – cekvis, pantomimuri
elementebis, simReris, sakravebis, sxeulis moxatvisa
da mokazmvis, saxis SeniRbvisa da yvela sxva mxatvruli
Cvevisa da teqnikis gamoyeneba.
Teatraluri warmodgenis bunebasTan rituals misi
ganaxlebadi bunebac anaTesavebs – rituali yovelTvis
drosa da sivrceSi Semofargluli qmedebaa, romelsac
aqvs garkveuli ritmi da dinamikuri struqtura,
axasiaTebs saganTa da movlenaTa esTetikur-mxatvruli
simbolizacia da Sinagani logika, saWiroebs
SemsrulebelTa garkveul gamocdilebasa da ostatobas,
qmnis yoveldRiuri garemomcveli realobisagan
gansxvavebul da mniSvnelovan realobas.
amas garda, pirvelyofili adamianis msoflgancdidan
gamomdinare, rituals, Teatris msgavsad, sakomunikacio
universalizmi gamoarCevs. adamiani Tavis Tavs garemos
kosmogoniur ZalebTan, bunebriv movlenebTan da cocxal
Tu uCinar arsebebTan universalur kavSirSi SeigrZnobs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieria gareSe
Tvalis (bunebis ZalTa, RmerTebis, winaprebis mzeris)
mudmivi Tandaswrebis SegrZneba. misi arseboba mudmivi
mayureblis winaSe TamaSdeba, yvela mis moqmedebas
mfarvelebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi hyavs. is jer kidev
ar grZnobs sakuTari arsebobis gankerZoebulobas,
yovelTvis garkveul samokavSireo qselSia CarTuli da
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
24
adamianebisa Tu mistikuri mfarvelebis wreSi da maT
winaSe moqmedebs.
filip zarili, brius makkonahi, hari viliamsi
da karol fiSer zorgenfrai `Teatris istoriis
SesavalSi~ Teatris sawyisebs koleqtiuri ritualis
garda, oralursa da Samanur `warmodgenebSi~ xedaven
(sityva Samani cimbireli tungusebis enidan aris
nasesxebi da niSnavs `mas, vinc aRtkinebiT rokavs da
iweva~. Samanebs uwodeben im adamianebs, vinc religiur
praqtikas misdevs da tomis wevrTa Soris mkurnalis,
calkeul pirTa Tu mTeli koleqtivis problemebis
momgvareblis, ubedurebis amrideblisa da sulier
ZalebTan mediatoris saxeliT sargeblobs.) Samanuri Tu
ufro gviandeli religiebis transuli da meditaciuri
praqtikebiT daintereseba msaxiobis xelovnebis bunebisa
da Teatraluri sanaxaobis zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis kvleviT aris ganpirobebuli.
rac Seexeba oralur warmodgenas, Zvel saberZneTSi
is rafsodTa xelovnebad yalibdeba. rafsodebi
homerosisa da hesiodes poemebis mTqmelebi da
improvizatorebi iyvnen. platonis dialogi `ioni~
rafsod ionTan xelovnebis bunebis Sesaxeb sokrates
saubars gadmogvcems. mkvlevrebs oralur warmodgenaSi
Cadebuli miTis gacocxlebis potenciali ainteresebT,
romelic msmenelebs movlenaTa Tanamonawilobis
uSualo gancdas uCens.
Teatrisa da zogadad kulturis qceviTi,
biologiuri sawyisebis kvlevebze didi zegavlena
iqonia holandieli mecnieris iohanes heizingas 1938
wels gamoqveynebulma kvlevam “Homo Ludens” (moTamaSe
adamiani). hoizingas mixedviT, kulturis safuZvelSi
devs adamianis TamaSisadmi TanSobili swrafva,
TamaSuri sawyisi, romelic kulturis formirebis
winapirobaa. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi man udidesi
roli Seasrula miTologiis, magiis, sxvadasxva tipis
Tamar bokuCava
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ritualisa da saweso qmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi.
es Teoria axlos dgas mosazrebebTan, romlebic
pirvelyofil sinkretul xelovnebas adamianis
sulieri aqtivobis uadres formad miiCneven. swored
am adreuli Semoqmedebis wiaRSi Camoyalibda pirveli,
xSirad fantastikuri Sexedulebebi da intuiciebi
droisa da sivrcis, mizezisa da Sedegis, movlenaTa
urTierTmimarTebebis Sesaxeb. pirvelyofili
sinkretuli xelovnebis socialurma bunebam xeli
Seuwyo zogadad kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi
Tanacxovrebis formaTa ganviTarebas.
mkvlevari eli roziki, Teatris ritualuri
warmomavlobis Teoriis mowinaaRmdegea, is miiCnevs,
rom ritualsa da Teatrs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
Teoriebi ufro poetursa da metaforul xasiaTs
atarebs, vidre mecnieruls. Tumca is ar uaryofs, rom
Teatris `warmomavlobis ritauluri Teoriis gavlena
mkafiod aisaxa Teatris reJisorTa mniSvnelovani
jgufis Semoqmedebaze, romlebic emxrobodnen Teatris
ritualis elementebiT gacocxlebasa da ganaxlebas. am
gzas, _ ambobs roziki, _ mivyavarT iseT reJisorebamde,
rogorebic arian piter bruki, eJi grotovski, ariane
mnuSkine, riCard Sexneri da eujenio barba.~8
rozikis es sityvebi kidev erTxel adasturebs,
rom imisda miuxedavad, dasturdeba Tu ara ritualisa
da Teatris urTierTmimarTebis faqti sakmarisi
samecniero argumentaciebiT, Teatris ritualidan
warmoSobis Teoriebma udidesi zegavlena moaxdines
Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis praqtikul Tu
Teoriul aspeqtebze.
8 The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2003 http://www.rtjournal.org.
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
26
М. А. Коростовцев, Литература Древнего Эгипта, История • всемирной литературы. - Т., М., 1983. с. 54-82.История Древнего Востока. Авдиев В.И., М.: Высшая школа, • 1970.3.Египетский театр и Драматургия, • http://www.slovco.ru/sin/e/EGIPETSKIY-TEATR--I--DRAMATURGIYA.--P-1657.html4.. http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st111.shtml - • Религиозная поэзия. 5. • http://godsbay.ru/egypt/osiris.html6. Лауэнштайн Дитер, Элевсинские Мистерии, М. Энигма, • 1996. стр.3687. Эдуард• Шюре, Великие Посвященные. Очерк эзотеризма религий. Калуга, 1914.8. • Александр Мень. История религии. т.4. Издательство «Слово». 1992.9. В• .В.Латышев «Очерк греческих древностей».
http://lectures.edu.ru/default.asp?ob_no=1682• 410. Вячеслав Иванов, «Дионис и Прадионисииство», Баку, • 1923. 11. Джеймс Фрезер, «Золотая Ветвь», М. 1980. • 12. История Веры и Религиозных идей. Том 1-ый. От каменного • века до Элевсинских мистерии. Перевод H.H.Кулаковой, В.Р.Рокитянского и Ю.Н.СтефановаМ.: Критерион, 2002.13. Бронислав Малиновский, « Магия, наука и религия», М.: • «Рефл-бук», 1998.14. Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce • McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei, Routledge, 2006.15. Christopher Innes, Avant Garde Theatre, 1892-1992. London-• New-York, Routledge, 1996. 16. • gilgameSiani, Tbilisi, 1984.
Tamar bokuCava
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17. dimitri janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, • Tbilisi, 1948.
18.• Иохан Хейзинга, “Homo Ludens”, М., 1992.19. • manana xidaSeli, `samyaros suraTi arqaul
saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2001.
20. • Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation, Woodstock, 1995. 21. Eli Rozik, • The Roots of Theatre.The Journal of Religion and Theatre, Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 2003. 22. А. Аникст, Возникновение научной истории театра в XX •
веке, М. 1977.
XIX-XX saukunis TeatrmcodneobiTi
kvlevis zogierTi tendencia Teatri da rituali
28
mixeil kalandariSvili
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
ar gegonoT ritorikuli SekiTxvaa. igi saWiroa
zogierTisTvis da SesaZloa, usargeblo iyos
danarCenisTvis. rogor gaverkveT amaSi? Teorias xom
isic axasiaTebs, goneba gaunaTos erTs da sabolood
daabrmavos meore; orive SemTxvevaSi Teoria Tavis saqmes
akeTebs, radgan misi Zalis gareSe veravin mixvdeba mTavars
– ratom miiRo savalalo Sedegi maSin, roca, TiTqos,
da yvela mosalodneli dabrkoleba gaiTvaliswina?
istoriasa da Teorias Soris gansxvaveba didia.
erTi gvaswavlis faqtebis mniSvnelobas, meore ki,
kanonzomierebebis gamovlenaa. istoria unda icode,
magram saWiroa gesmodes, rom igi verafers Secvlis,
radgan faqtebis damowmeba adamians cxovrebiseul
gakveTils ver miscems. istoriuli faqtebis
damaxsovreba SesaZlebelia, Tumca es procesi atarebs
informaciuli xasiaTis faseulobas; Zala ar Seswevs
movlenebi ganazogados da maTi logikuri dinebis
xasiaTi aRniSnos.
ase rom ar iyos, istoriis magaliTebi Zalian
bevr rames gagvagebinebden, gvaswavlidnen; pirvel
rigSi ki imas, rom unda gviyvardes sxvebi: adamianebi,
sazogadoeba, samyaro, buneba. samwuxarod, warsulis
gakveTilebi aravis arafers aswavlis, radgan
istoriuli gamocdileba uzomo da uazro Secdomebis
gameorebisken miiswrafvis.
ratom? SekiTxvas damajereblad artur Sopenhaueri
pasuxobs, romelic istoriis rols Semdegnairad
gansazRvravs: _ istoria uamravi Secdomisa da
danaSaulis matianea. Sopenhaueri uaryofs istoriasac
da saerTod, progresis yovelgvar saSualebas, acxadebs,
29
rom istorias araviTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia;
kacobrioba cxovrobs mojadoebul wreSi, amitom,
mxolod filosofias aqvs Zala mogvces codna cxovrebis
ubedurebis Sesaxeb; radgan filosofias, e. i., Teorias,
romelsac Tu davujerebT, SesaZlebelia mivendoT da
virwmunoT. Sopenhaueris es mosazreba, mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli xelovnebis problematikasTan da,
pirvel rigSi, dramaturgiasTan, TeatrTan.
istoriis gamocdileba vinmes rom gaeziarebina
Cven avicilebdiT: omebs, saSinelebebs, mougvarebel
konfliqtebs da msgavs tragikul movlenebs. maSin
artur Sopenhaueri ar gamoitanda adamianis mimarT
aseT mkacr da pesimistur ganaCens. igi ambobs, rom
adamiani veluri, saSineli cxovelia, romelsac
vxedavT moTvinierebul mdgomareobaSi, amas ki
civilizacia hqvia. xolo im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
adamianis WeSmariti buneba iCens Tavs, Cven saSinelebis
SegrZneba gveufleba: rodesac sadme irRveva wesrigi,
SemoiWreba anarqia. swored maSin, advilia mixvde, _
ra aris sinamdvileSi adamiani. imaT, visac surT amaSi
darwmundnen, SeuZliaT isargeblon uamravi Zveli da
axali istoriuli xasiaTis moxmobiT, _ mixvdebian,
rom adamiani Tavisi sisastikiT da daundoblobiT arc
vefxvs da arc afTars Camouvardeba. da Tu es asea, maSin
cruoben dramaturgebi, rodesac gviCveneben dadebiT
personaJebs. homerosTan Sopenhaueri ver poulobs verc
erT idealur gmirs, SeqspirTan _ mxolod kordelias
da koriolans.
istoriaze da adamianze aseTi mkacri Sexeduleba
Sopenhaueris filosofiuri sistemis urRvev safuZvels
warmoadgens, razedac man pesimizmis idealizaciis
iseTi nageboba aago, romelmac mTlianad Secvala XX
saukunis xelovnebis bedi: modernizmi da dekadansi
Sopenhaueris ideebiT ikvebebodnen da wina saukunis
30
musikis, Teatris, mxatvrobis, poeziis da literaturis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi gansazRvres.
istoria da Teoria sapirispiro polusebze
aRmoCndnen – erTi meores mowyvetili. isini agrZeleben
usasrulo gzas, romlis gavla rTulia im mizezis gamo,
rom i s t o r i a arafers gvaswavlis, xolo Teoria
cdilobs gagvagebinos cxovrebis daniSnulebisa da
adamianis zneobrivi saxe.
isev mivadeqiT mTavar kiTxvas: v i s s W i r d e b a
T e o r i a ? zogierTs albaT hgonia, rom am SekiTxvis
dasmis pirdapiroba zedmetad tendenciuria. isini
cdebian – damajerebel, mwyobr Teorias SeuZlia
gaarRvios labirinTis gauvaloba. obieqturi Sedegis
mopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram logikuri
msjeloba, dialeqtikuri xedva dagvexmareba nanatri
codnis miRebaSi.
Tu Teoriis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs, maSin istoriis
mniSvnelobas saerTod ekargeba fasi – vis ainteresebs
romel wels da romel dRes daibada Seqspiri, Caikovski,
Tu rusTaveli. am codnas bevrad naklebi mniSvneloba
aqvs, vidre imas, Tu ra Semates genialurma pirovnebebma
kacobriobas da mis kulturas.
pasuxis ZebnaSi mivadeqiT iuri lotmanis werils,
romelmac sruliad originalurad ganazogada sakiTxi
da daukavSira yovelive TiTqos kerZo magaliTs –
`siarulis Teorias~, magram amave dros, moaxerxa
eCvenebina Teoriuli azrovnebis daniSnuleba da misi
arsobrivi mniSvnelovnebac. cnobili mecnieri wers:
`Teoria naklebad saWiroa iq, sadac pirvel planze
gamodis praqtikuli Cveva. imisTvis, visac siaruli
SeuZlia, siarulis Teoria saWiro ar aris... xom
ar niSnavs es, rom siarulis Teoria saerTod aravis
sWirdeba? ara, igi Zalian gamoadgeba eqims, fiziologs,
fizikoss, Tumca bavSvs, romelic siaruls swavlobs an
mixeil kalandariSvili
31
moZraobadakargul invalids, amgvari Teoriis codna
bevrs arafers miscems~.1
lotmanis azri dramis Teoriis saganze rom ganvavrcoT,
misi saWiroeba TeatrmcodnesTvis, reJisorisTvis,
xelovnebadmcodnesTvis araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,
Tumca, saubarma imaze, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia igi
msaxiobisTvis, romlis SemoqmedebaSic praqtikuli
Cveva bevrad win dgas Teoriul azrovnebaze, an darbazSi
mjdomi rigiTi mayureblisTvis, SesaZlebelia, isev misi
rolis uaryofamde migviyvanos.
dramis Teoria, rogorc specialuri disciplina,
romelic axalgazrda xelovans – reJisors,
Teatrmcodnes, – azrovnebis unarCvevebs uyalibebs,
exmareba xelovnebis kanonzomierebebis dadgenaSi da
amiT Cvenc gviadvilebs ganviTarebis ganzogadebuli
suraTis danaxvas. Tavis mxriv, iTxovs rogorc ama
Tu im epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli wesebis codnas, aseve
`damrRvevebis~ mier Setanili wvlilis Seswavlasa
da Sefasebas, romlebic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xelovnebas
axal miznebs usaxavdnen. am rTuli procesis
gaazrebisas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
pirvelwyaroebTan Sexeba, terminologiasa da mTavar
cnebebSi garkveva, mimarTulebebis, skolebis, stilebis
formirebis principebis, da zogadad, saTeatro azris
mravalsaukunovani gzis aTviseba.
mecniereba ricxvebis Sesaxeb – a r i T m e t i k a
_ ver itans uzustobebsa da Secdomebs. mis mier
Seqmnil kanonebs axasiaTebs mkacri logika da
simtkice. amitomac, aseT disciplinarul farglebSi,
SeuZlebelia warmoidgino TiTqos da orjer ori oTxi
ar aris. sxvagvaradaa saqme xelovnebaSi, romelic Tavis
mier dawesebul aqsiomebs dro da dro warmatebiT
amsxvrevs. gavixsenoT Tundac qrestomatiuli magaliTi
1 Ю. Лотман. Об искусстве, Спб., 2005, с. 603
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
32
– mxatvarma daxata grandiozuli masStabis spilo,
romelsac tiloze udidesi zomis farTobi ukavia. vis
SeuZlia am naxatis aRqma mTlianobaSi?
aristotelesaTvis sruliad dauSvebeli iyo
nawarmoebis fragmentuli gaazreba. mxatvruli
mTlianobis kanoni saukuneebis manZilze
ucvlelad moqmedebda rogorc savaldebulo da
gasaTvaliswinebeli moTxovna, romlis darRveva
ganasxvavebda ama Tu im qmnilebis namdvil faseulobas.
Tanamedrove xelovneba principulad uaryofs ara
mxolod mxatvruli mTlianobis kanons, aramed yvela
cnobil danarCen normasac, romlebic klasikuri
ganviTarebis periodSi aucileblobas warmoadgendnen.
Cven Tvalwin dRes iqmneba uamravi satelevizio serialis
nimuSi, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT mogvagonebs ukve
naxseneb `spilos~; maTi aRqma SeuZlebelia, rogorc
garkveuli saxis mTlianobisa. rasakvirvelia, amgvari
produqciis udides nawils xelovnebasTan saerTo
cota aqvs, Tumca maT Soris gvxdeba iseTi calkeuli
nawarmoebebi, magaliTad: `saswrafo~, `sopranos
klani~, `dakargulebi~, `axali msxverpli~, romelTa
aseTi niSniT ugulebelyofa arqaul azrovnebasTan
migviyvans.
postmodernizmis epoqaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba ara
mxolod mTlianobis darRveva, aramed moqmedebis,
dramaturgiuli struqturisa da kompoziciis
kardinaluri dekonstruqcia, romelic zogjer,
mravalmxriv da mniSvnelovan, axal mxatvrul
RirebulebebTan gvaziarebs.
maSasadame, xelovnebaSi sruliad dasaSvebia ori orze
gaamravlo, pasuxad ki ariTmetikisaTvis daujerebeli
ricxvi miiRo, _ gamaognebeli rezultati, romelic
sicrueze ki ar metyvelebs, aramed, mxolod dinamizmze
da mudmiv cvalebadobaze. sxvagvarad rogor avxsnaT
mixeil kalandariSvili
33
kanonebis dadgenis uamravi mcdeloba da aranaklebad
gamarTlebuli nabijebi _ miRebuli wesebis gauqmeba,
Secvla, an Tundac ngreva?
akademikosi losevi xSirad imeorebda erT sasacilo
ambavs: mewaRem da mkeravma lori Wames. pirveli imave
dRes gardaicvala, xolo meore gadarCa. mosulma eqimma
dawera daskvna: loris Wama dauSvebelia mewaReebisTvis,
Tumca, SesaZlebelia mkeravebisaTvis. magaliTi
gvaxsenebs analogiur movlenebs axlo istoriaSi,
Tundac, sabWouri ̀ ukonfliqtobis Teorias~, romelmac
udidesi ziani miayena xelovnebas. amgvari primitiuli
xasiaTis daskvnebis dakanoneba saxifaToa, radgan sul
male igi ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorad iqceva,
xolo misi xangrZlivi moqmedeba mZimed da uaryofiTad
aisaxeba mTlianad xelovnebis bedze.
rodesac ideologia sazogadoebas karnaxobs
cxovrebis `optimistur morals~, maSin xelovnebaSi
ikrZaleba tragedia, rogorc Janri, izRudeba mZafri
dramatuli konfliqtis areali, Teatri da drama
kargaven Tavis ZiriTad funqcias – aRbeWdon sinamdvilis
udidesi winaaRmdegobebi da emsgavsebian `msubuq~ da
umniSvnelo gasarTob saSualebas an ideologiuri
dogmebis gamaJRerebel rupors. aseT SemTxvevebSi
Teoriac xels uwyobs miRebuli normebis gamarTlebas
da sruliad ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT.
ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac tragediis
Janri `mavned~ gamocxadda, radgan mas `arasasurvel
aRgznebamde~ miyavs mayurebeli: RmerTma Seqmna
harmoniuli samyaro, romelSic adgili ar aqvs
borotebas. masSi arsebobs mxolod `sruli da
arasruli sikeTe~, rac pirdapir migvaniSnebs tragediis
Janris zedmetobaze.
sabWoTa imperiis periodSi igive xdeboda,
rodesac gamonaklisis saxiT daiwera mxolod ori
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
34
tragediis nimuSi – pirveli saTaurSive gvarwmunebs
tragikuli paTosis absurdulobaSi (vsevolod
viSnevskis `optimisturi tragedia~), xolo meore
(Salva dadianis `TeTnuldi~) _ mowmobs dramaturgis
marcxze; Janrobrivi Taviseburebebis gauazreblobam
gamoiwvia xasiaTebis funqciebis iseTi mZime aRreva,
ramac avtorisaTvis moulodneli da sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi ganapiroba: dadebiTi gmirebis sruli usaxoba,
xolo uaryofiTi personaJebis datvirTuli da
mravlismTqmeli mxatvruli siRrme.
tragediis ararsebobam, `ukonfliqtobis Teoriis~
gavrcelebam, romelic sul male aRiarebuli iqna wamyvan,
TiTqosda novatorul midgomad sabWoTa `jansaR~,
optimistur xelovnebisTvis, gamoiwvia konfliqtis
dayvana nulamde, gauqmebamde, msubuq miniSnebamde, rac
TviT dramaturgiul bunebasac ki ewinaaRmdegeba.
man warmoSva uamravi variacia Temaze – kolmeurneobaSi
mxolod erTi zarmacia, romelsac male daayeneben gzaze
da gamoasworeben; miviReT: `abezarebi~, `WriWinebi~ da
sxva msgavsi produqcia, romlis simravle imdroindeli
xelovnebis saxis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca.
davaneboT Tavi ukve ararsebul sabWoTa kavSirs. msgavsi
procesebi mimdinareobda sxvaganac. aba riT avxsnaT
maSin aseTi xangrZlivi da sicocxlisunariani `hepi
endis~ holivuduri fenomeni?
vaRiaroT, rom qveyanas da epoqas am SemTxvevaSi
naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre zRapars harmoniuli
samyaros Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac tragikulis arseboba
miuRebelia ara imitom, rom igi bunebaSi ver moiZebneba,
aramed ubralo mizezis gamo, _ optimisturi morali da
tragikuli msoflmxedveloba ver iTavseben erTmaneTs;
maTi arabunebrivi siaxlove mxolod moCvenebiTia, _
miT ufro gaugebari, mtkivneuli da absurdulia, rac
ufro mZlavria cru optimizmis ideologiuri wnexi.
mixeil kalandariSvili
35
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sazogadoeba, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba tragikulis asaxvas xelovnebaSi,
ganwirulia dasaRupad, radgan mis wevrTa umravlesobas
mudam amyofeben araadekvatur realobaSi, romlis
acdena sinamdvilesTan drois ganmavlobaSi sul ufro
cxadi xdeba. ra SeuZlia aseT mdgomareobaSi Teoriul
codnas? Zalian bevri ram, da pirvel rigSi, pozitiur
da damajerebel Teorias ZaluZs gaaTavisuflos
sazogadoeba dogmaturi kanonebis tyveobidan, misces
mas arCevanis SesaZlebloba.
rogor unda SeviswavloT dramis Teoria? ras
mivaqcioT yuradReba? ra cnebebi, terminebi,
koncefciebi unda gaviazroT da sworad ganvsazRvroT,
rom yovelive es dagvexmaros momaval profesiul
moRvaweobaSi? daviwyoT iqedan, rom gamovyoT calke
rigad da ganvmartoT is ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi,
romlebic gvxdeba jer kidev aristoteles pirvel
sistemur Teoriul traqtatSi `poetika~.
m i m e s i s i (anu mibaZva) – erT-erTi centraluri
cnebaa, romlis gansazRvriT iwyebs aristotele
msjelobas xelovnebis Sesaxeb. debuleba, rom
mibaZva bavSvobidan axasiaTebs adamians, romelic,
misi meSveobiT eufleba pirvel codnas arsebuli
sinamdviles Sesaxeb, aristoteles naSromSi iZens
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, radgan sul ramdenime gverdis
Semdgom, igi ambobs, _ drama moqmedebis mibaZvaa da mis
arss gansazRvravs f a b u l a . tragediis eqvs ZiriTad
elements Soris fabula ikavebs pirvel adgils da iRebs
Tavis Tavze wamyvanis funqcias.
`poetikis~ VI TavSi aristotele wers: `fabulas
me vuwodeb faqtebisa da movlenebis saerTo qargas~.
igi marTalia imitom, rom fabula mxolod movlenaTa
jaWvia, romlis ganviTarebas amoZravebs momxdari
ambebis Tanmimdevroba; anu, movlenebis dinebis dros
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
36
ra ris mere xdeba; ra movlenebi cvlian erTmaneTs da
rogor ebmevian jaWviviT erTi meores? yovelive es qmnis
fabulas, romelic saWiroa ganvasxvavoT siuJetisgan da
kompoziciisgan. zogierT wignSi fabulas warmoadgenen
rogorc nawarmoebis ConCxs, movlenaTa rigs, Tumca,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gvaxsovdes fabulis
mTavari Tavisebureba – misi urRvevi damokidebuleba
movlenebis Tanmimdevrul msvlelobasTan.
fabula SeiZleba ganmeordes ramdenime an bevr
nawarmoebSi, magram s i u J e t i da miT ufro
k o m p o z i c i a inarCuneben gansxvavebul saxes.
ratom xdeba ase? ra iseTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebs
siuJetsa da kompozicias, rom is ar meordeba fabulis
msgavsad? saqme imaSia, rom siuJeti, iseve, rogorc
kompozicia, ufro metad dakavSirebulia avtoris xedvis
individualobasTan, movlenebis misebur aRqmasTan da
ara Tanmimdevrul svlasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi siuJeti
xdeba Sinaarsobrivi Sris amsaxveli faqtori, xolo
kompozicia kidev ufro `Tavisufalia~ im gagebiT, rom
mTlianad damokidebulia avtoris individualobaze,
mis fantaziaze da a. S.
magaliTad, dramaturgs SeuZlia daiwyos Tavisi piesa
mTavari gmiris sikvdiliT da gaagrZelos misi warsuli
cxovrebis gaxsenebiT da mogonebiT. am SemTxvevaSi Cven
miviRebT ambavs, romlis ganviTareba daiwyo `bolodan~
da es iqneba kompoziciis uCveulo, magram savsebiT
gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebi ganlageba, romelic
avtoris individualur xedvas, mis mier arCeul formas
da kompozicias gvTavazobs.
fabula SesaZlebelia iyos m a r t i v i d a
d a x l a r T u l i . martivSi Cven gveZleva erTi
p e r i p e t i a da erTi a m o c n o b a, an igi
SeiZleba iyos saerTod peripetiisa da amocnobis
gareSe, xolo daxlarTulSi aucileblad iqneba
mixeil kalandariSvili
37
ramdenime peripetia da amocnoba. ganvmartoT es
terminebi, radgan maTi mniSvneloba imdenad didia,
rom maT gareSe warmoudgeneli xdeba dramaturgiuli,
literaturuli, Tu Teatraluri an kinematografiuli
nawarmoebis gageba da gaazreba.
peripetia bedis cvlilebas niSnavs. aristoteles
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _ es aris gadasvla ̀ bednierebidan
ubedurebaSi~, an piriqiT, rogorc magaliTad es xSirad
xdeba komediaSi. peripetia, mdgomareobis radikalur
Secvlas afiqsirebs, radgan gadasvla SeiZleba moxdes
mtrobidan – megobrobaSi da a. S.
a m o c n o b a c gadasvlaa, oRond ucodinarobidan
codnamde; misi oTxi ZiriTadi tipis CamoTvlisas
aristotele mxolod meoTxes aZlevs upiratesobas,
Tumca, ganviTarebis saerTo gamocdileba mowmobs,
rom oTxives aqvs ufleba daikavos adgili WeSmariti
xelovnebis sivrceSi.
pirvelia _ amocnoba garegani niSnebis da nivTebis
saSualebiT, romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia
istoriuli ganviTarebis nebismier etapze _ yvela
drosa da epoqaSi. ras gulisxmobs amocnobis es
tipi? niSans an nivTs – naiarevs, xals, beWeds, werils,
samaxsovro medalions, cxvirsaxocs, Tu kidev sxvas?
yvelafers, gmiris amneziasac, romlisganac igi, adre
Tu gvian, gaTavisufldeba. aristotele ar afasebda,
magram Cven xom viciT, aseTi amocnobis WeSmariti
mniSvneloba; gavixsenoT magaliTisTvis `baSi aCuki~, an
`otelo~.
meore tipia _ amocnoba mogonebebis meSveobiT,
romelsac didi adgili ukavia xelovnebis sivrceSi.
gmirma gaixsena iseTi ram, ramac Tavis droze,
mTlianad Secvala misi cxovreba. msgavsi amocnobac
mniSvnelovania, radgan es gmiri, dagvianebiT mainc,
Rebulobs sanatrel codnas, Tavisi danaSaulis
Sesaxeb.
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
38
a m o c n o b i s mesame, damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas
warmoadgens _ amocnoba logikuri msjelobis
meSveobiT. aseTi saxis elementi rom ar yofiliyo Cven
ver veRirsebodiT iseT popularul Janrs, rogoricaa
d e t e q t i v i . bolos da bolos, ar daiwereboda
maSin Teodor dostoevskis `danaSauli da sasjeli~.
meoTxe tipia – codna, miRebuli TviT movlenebis
msvlelobis procesSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom movlenebma
tragediis gmirs daanaxes Tavisi danaSaulebebis
koSmari. aristotele aZlevda upiratesobas msgavsi
tipis amocnobas da magaliTad mohyavda misTvis
sayvareli tragedia sofokles `oidipos mefe~.
fabulis Semdgom aristotele asaxelebs tragediis
darCenil xuT aucilebel elements, esenia: xasiaTi,
gonivroba (an azrovneba), scenuri garemo, sityvieri
gamosaxva, musikaluri kompozicia anu stili.
`poetikis~ VI TavSi igi ganmartavs: `raki tragedia
moqmedebis mibaZvaa da raki moqmedeba TavisTavad
gulisxmobs moqmed pirT, romelTac aucileblad
unda gaaCndeT sakuTari raoba xasiaTisa Tu azrovnebis
unaris mixedviT (vinaidan maTi wyalobiT ganvsazRvravT
Cven ama Tu im moqmedebis raobasac), amitomac arsebobs
moqmedebis ori bunebrivi mizezi: azrovneba da xasiaTi,
romlebic ganapiroben yvela moqmedis warmatebas Tu
warumateblobas. [...] tragediis sawyisi da [...] misi
suli aris fabula. meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs,
vinaidan tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa, xolo am
mibaZvis wyalobiT is, upirveles yovlisa, moqmed
pirT baZavs. tragediis mesame nawili azrovnebaa.
azrovneba niSnavs amtkico is, rac saqmis arss exeba
da esatyviseba. [...] tragediis meoTxe nawilia azris
sityvieri gamoxatuleba. [...] mexuTe – musikaluri
kompozicia – tragediis umniSnelovanesi samkauli~ da
`scenuri garemo~ _ dekoracia, butaforia, kostiumebi,
mixeil kalandariSvili
39
romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia tragediis ganxorcieleba
scenaze~.
`poetikis~ XXVI TavSi ki aristotele ganazogadebs
tragediis mniSvnelobas, mis Rirsebebs: `tragedia
ufro cxadia da TvalsaCino, rogorc kiTxvis, ise
scenaze warmodgenis drosac. egec ar iyos, tragedia
eposze maRla dgas imiTac, rom ufro (mcire - m. k.)
moculobiT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis mizans,
radgan yovelive is, rac ufro Sekrulia, gacilebiT
ufro sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens vidre is, rac
drois grZel manZilzea gaWimuli da gaWianurebulia...
tragedia eposze ufro mTliani da erTiania. amis
sabuTad isic kmara, rom [...] epopea SeiZleba ramdenime
tragedias daedos safuZvlad~.
dramis gansazRvris dros naTeli xdeba, rom
samive ZiriTadi dramatuli moqmedebis elementi, -
p e r i p e t i a , a m o c n o b a d a t a n j v a ,
– nebismier tragediaSi mocemuli unda iyos
erTobliobaSi.
aristotele amtkicebs, rom laparakia ara fizikur
moqmedebaze, romelsac moaqvs tkivili da daRupva,
aramed sulier tanjvaze, romelic zogjer zneobriv
gamarjvebas niSnavs. Tumca, aq, asarCevi araferia:
samive elementi moqmedebs nebismier dramaturgiul
struqturaSi – erTobliobaSi qmnian aucilebel
safuZvels imisTvis, raTa vixiloT tragedia, romelic
gvaziarebs esTetikur siamovnebasTan.
medeam unda daxocos Tavisi Svilebi, otelom
daaxrCos dezdemona, oidiposma Caidinos danaSaulTa
mTeli kaskadi, fedram ki Seiyvaros ipolite, radgan
sxvagvarad tragedia ver Sedgeba da ar mogvaniWebs
Tavis gansakuTrebul xibls da zneobriv efeqts.
aristoteles pozicia am SemTxvevaSi sakmaod myaria.
XVII TavSi wers: `aucilebelia Caidino an ar Caidino
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
40
danaSauli, da, Tanac, _ Segnebulad an Seugneblad.
am moqmedebaTagan yvelaze uaresi isaa, roca gmiri
Segnebulad apirebs danaSaulis Cadenas, magram ar
sCadis. es gulSemzaravia, magram ara tragikuli, vinaidan
aq gamoricxulia tanjvis momenti... yvelaze ukeTesi
mainc isaa, roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinarobis gamo
sCadis danaSauls, xolo gamocnoba danaSaulis Cadenis
Semdeg xdeba, vinaidan aq araferia gulSemzaravi,
gamocnoba ki SemaZrwunebel STabeWdilebas axdens~.
tragediaSi aristotele xasiaTebTan SedarebiT
upiratesobas moqmedebas aniWebs. misi azriT, tragedia
moqmedebis gareSe ver iarsebebs, xolo xasiaTebis
gareSe misi arseboba SesaZlebelia. davukvirdeT am
gamonaTqvams: ras gulisxmobda filosofosi, rodesac
amtkicebda tragediis arsebobis SesaZleblobas
xasiaTebis gareSe? rasakvirvelia, igi ar Tvlida, rom
tragediaSi gmirebi aRar iqnebodnen, ubralod, am
gmirebis xasiaTebs daakldebodaT mkveTri Tvisebebi.
gaivlis saukuneebi da lesingi aristoteles am
mosazrebas eWvqveS daayenebs – igi miscems upiratesobas
xasiaTs da ara moqmedebas. magram es moxdeba XVIII
saukuneSi, _ ganmanaTlebluri klasicizmis dros,
rodesac prioritetul adgils tragediaSi ganaTlebuli
monarqis saxe daikavebs. lesingis Tvalsazrisi
gasagebia axali moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram
am cvlilebas mxolod xelovnebis erTi mimarTulebis
farglebSi SeeZlo emoqmeda. is ki, rac aristoteles
uTqvams – uryevi da mudmivi darCa _ tragedia umoqmedod
iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc kolizia ukonfliqtod,
gadazrdis da momwifebis procesis gareSe. arafrisgan
araferi ar iqmneba – es, iseTi WeSmaritebaa, romlis
citatis saxiT moyvana uxerxulic kia. magram, yvela
dros, yvela epoqaSi, saukuneebis manZilze, cvlilebebi
`anaTeben~ da gamWvirvales xdian kulturis axal
mixeil kalandariSvili
41
areals. SesaZlebelia, kanonebma aRar ̀ ikanonon~, Tumca
k a n o n z o m i e r e b e b i aucileblad daibruneben
TavianT mniSvnelobas, radgan isini Seqmnilia ara
imitom, rom SeezRudaT xelovneba, aramed imisTvis,
rom ganaviTaron misi SesaZleblobebi.
davubrundeT tragediis gmiris xasiaTs. ra Tvisebebi
unda gaaCndes mas? aristoteles azriT, igi unda
iyos Rirseuli, amaRlebuli, niWiT dajildovebuli
piroivneba, magram ara kristalurad sufTa. unda
gaaCndes adamianuri sisusteebi, romlebic tragikuli
Secdomis daSvebis saSualebas miscemen. am procesSi,
personaJis raRac mniSvnelovani garemoebebis arcodna
udides rols TamaSobs.
medeas xasiaTi ar moswons aristoteles imis gamo,
rom es gmiri danaSauls Segnebulad sCadis. oidiposi ki
piriqiT, ucodinarobiT Cadis aranakleb danaSaulebs.
aristotelec mis mxarezea, radgan Tvlis, rom gagebisa
da garkvevis procesi am SemTxvevaSi STambeWdavi da
gasaocaria.
unda vaxsenoT kidev ramdenime kanonzomiereba,
romlebsac aristotele normebis xasiaTs aniWebs
– Sinagani mTlianobis, fabulis dasrulebisa da
moqmedebis mTlianobis kanonebi, romelTa xangrZlivi
sicocxle saukuneebs iTvlis da saerTod, xelovnebis
ganviTarebis klasikur etaps moicavs (yovel SemTxvevaSi
XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, sanam gaCndeba
n a t u r a l i z m i ). aq mTavaria yuradReba mivaqcioT
moTxovnas fabulis moculobis Sesaxeb: is moculoba
sakmarisia, sadac movlenebis msvlelobis dros SeiZleba
moxdes gadasvla bednierebidan ubedurebaSi, an piriqiT.
aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZens moqmedebis mTlianobis
kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, is, risi yofna an aryofna
SeumCnevelia, ar aris organuli mTlianobis nawili. es
norma rom Tanamedrove reJisorebs gaeTvaliswinebinaT,
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
42
maTi speqtaklebi uvargisi scenebis didi nawilis gareSe
darCebodnen.
ras niSnavs mTlianoba? am kiTxvaze pasuxs
aristotele damajereblad asabuTebs – misTvis
mTliania is, rasac gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sualedi da
bolo. es etapebi dramis struqturaSi warmoadgenen
sam aucilebel elements – k v a n Z i s S e k v r a s ,
k u l m i n a c i a s d a k v a n Z i s g a x s n a s .
kvanZis Sekvra gveZleva dasawyisidan pirvel
peripetiamde, anu, pirvel gadasvlamde bednierebidan
ubedurebaSi, xolo kvanZis gaxsna am gadasvlis
dasawyisidan – finalamde, anu (tragediis SemTxvevaSi),
– k a t a s t r o f a m d e .
sainteresod svams aristotele SekiTxvas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogori movlenebi iwveven mayurebelSi
SiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobas? pasuxic am SemTxvevaSi
aranakleb originaluria: Tu mteri mters awamebs, es
ver gamoiwvevs Tanagancdas; da TviT tanjvas mxolod
fizikuri xasiaTi eqneba. ar gamoiwvevs Tanagancdas
aseve iseTi gmirebis Sejaxeba da konfliqti, romlebic
erTmaneTis mimarT sruliad gulgrilni arian.
namdvili tanjva Cndeba maSin, rodesac konfliqti
axlobel adamianTa Soris viTardeba (Zma klavs Zmas,
Svili mamas, deda Svils da a. S.). aristoteles azriT,
amas unda eZebdes dramatuli poeti. Tu gadavxedavT
am TvalsazrisiT Seqspiris dramaturgias, SeiZleba
vaRiaroT, rom geniosi ingliseli moqmedebda
aristoteles rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
tragediis gmiris xasiaTis ganxilvisas,
aristotele yuradRebas aqcevs or moments –
d a m a j e r e b l o b a s d a T a n m i m d e v r o b a s ;
igi samarTlianad Tvlis, rom mxatvrul simarTlesa
da cxovrebiseul simarTles Soris gansxvaveba
didia; maT sruliad sxvadasxvagvari moTxovnebi
mixeil kalandariSvili
43
gaaCniaT – mxatvruli simarTle iTxovs xasiaTis
g a r k v e u l o b a s d a m n i S v n e l o v n e b a s .
vaRiaroT, rom dRevandel xelovnebaSi aristoteles
postulatma kanonis Zala dakarga, magram isic
vTqvaT, rom misi debulebebi moqmedebdnen saukuneebis
manZilze, xolo zogierTi maT Soris dResac inarCunebs
mniSvnelobas. XIX saukunis filosofiidan SemoWril
axal ideebs – pesimizms (Sopenhaueri), nihilizms
(nicSe), egzistencializms (kirkegori), aristoteles
`poetika~ nawilobriv gadaurCa. Tumca naturalizms,
simbolizms, eqspresionizms, modernizms, absurdis
Teatrs, surealizmis, postmodernizmis koncefciebma
mas bevri ram gamoacales.
dramis Teoriis ZiraTadi cnebebi, kategoriebi
da struqturuli elementebi warmoadgenen rTul
sistemas, romelic universaluria Tavisi xasiaTiT da
amitomac iTxovs Tanmimdevrul da logikur ganxilvas.
`poetikis~ yvelaze `bnel~ da idumalebiT mocul
adgils warmoadgens kaTarsisis, anu ganwmendis cneba,
romelsac aristotele exeba mxolod erTi winadadebiT:
`SiSisa da Tanagancdis meSveobiT (tragedia - m.
k.) gvaTavisuflebs amgvari afeqtebisagan~, _ erTi
fraza, romelmac gamoiwvia Teoriuli `bumi~,
qariSxali, interpretaciebis uamravi mcdeloba da,
rac mTavaria, T e o r i e b i s simravle: `eTikuri~,
`inteleqtualuri~, `samedicino~, `esTetikuri~,
`struqturuli~ da kidev bevri sxva.
aristotele tragediis saboloo miznad
gansazRvravda ganwmendas, kaTarsiss, romelic
unda miRweuliyo TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gancdis
Sedegad. dramatuli nawarmoebis es uZvelesi forma
Tavidanve Camoyalibda, rogorc seriozuli gamocdis
modeli adamianis cxovrebis gzaze; rogorc bedis
cvalebadobisa da pirovnebis mier masze reagirebis
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
44
individualuri arCevani. tragediis struqtura,
fabulis ZiriTadi elementebi emsaxurebian tragediis
gmiris RirebulebaTa prezentacias, mis moCvenebiT, Ria
da WeSmarit arss, romelic adamianis cxovrebis etapze
aucileblad gamJRavndeba.
rogorc wesi, tragedias win uZRvis faruli
konfliqtiT damuxtuli koliziuri realoba,
siuJeturi kvanZis warmoqmna, peripetia, romelic
gmirs, qmedebisken, arCevanisken, sakuTari Rirebulebebis
garkvevisken ubiZgebs. tragediis am nawilebidan gmiris
arCevans iziarebs mayurebelic, TanagrZnobiTa da
SiSiT gulSematkivrobs, radgan gmirisgan gansxvavebiT,
konfliqtis masStabebi da SesaZlo qmedebebi misTvis
ufro TvalsaCinoa.
amgvarad, mayureblisTvis dramaturgis
mier warmodgenili Rirebulebebi, nawarmoebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, TandaTanobiT ufro misaRebi
da mniSvnelovani xdeba. ramdenadac metis gaRebaa
saWiro maT SesanarCuneblad, miT ufro matulobs
maTi fasi. arCevanis Sedegad mopovebul tragikul
gamosavals ki gmiris saxe maradiulis rangSi ahyavs. ra
aris mniSvnelovani _ sulieri Rirebuleba, romelsac
mgznebared iziarebs, ara mxolod uSualod Semswre
misi Tanamedrove mayurebeli, aramed, sxva drosa da sxva
epoqaSi mcxovrebi ucxo msoflmxedvelobis mqonec, Tu
Tavganwirva am RirebulebaTa ukvdavsayofad?!
kaTarsisis Teoriebi saukuneebis manZilze
formirdebodnen da maT mniSvnelobaze xelovnebis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapi migvaniSnebs.
renesansisdroindeli (vinCenco majis) `eTikuri
Teoria~ gvaswavlis, rom Cven ar unda gveSinodes piradi
ubedurebis, radgan igi bevrad ufro ioli gadasatania,
vidre is, romelic tragediaSia aRwerili.
kaTarsisis `inteleqtualuri~ Teoria (romlis
mixeil kalandariSvili
45
avtoria haupti), gvarwmunebs, rom igi unda gavigoT ara
rogorc `ganwmenda~ aramed, rogorc ganmanaTlebloba.
tragedias ar SeuZlia yovelTvis moaxdinos eTikuri an
esTetikuri zemoqmedeba, magram igi ucvlelad moqmedebs
gonebaze, ris gamoc mayurebeli Rebulobs saTanado
gakveTils; xvdeba, rom Tu ar imoqmedebs tragediis
gmiris msgavsad, maSin mas aRar elis tragikuli bedi.
yvelaze popularuli kaTarsisis Teoria ̀ samedicino
Teoriaa~ (bernaisi), romlis avtori irwmuneba, rom
antikur xanaSi kaTarsisis cnebiT kurnavdnen sulierad
daavadebulebs: amRerebdnen himnebs da am procesSi
isini SeigrZnobdnen Semsubuqebas, ganwmendas, romelic
ukavSirdeba s i a m o v n e b a s , gaTavisuflebas
afeqtebisagan.
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi samedicino Teoriam
evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi (ungreTi, poloneTi,
Sveicaria) Tavisi ganxorcieleba hpova: iwereboda ama
Tu im avadmyofobis mimdinareobis amsaxveli piesebi
da patara Teatris darbazSi epatiJebodnen seniT
daavadebulebs. ar vici moyveboda Tu ara yovelive amas
Sedegi, magram `samedicino Teoriis~ gamoyenebis faqts
udaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
`esTetikuri Teoria~ (buTCeri), romelic aerTianebs
wina sam Teorias da umatebs maT esTetikur efeqts,
gvaswavlis, rom kaTarzisis funqcia sulac ar aris
mcdeloba gvimkurnalos, gagvaTavisuflos SiSisagan
an Tanagancdisgan. ara, man unda mogvaniWos pirvel
rigSi esTetikuri siamovneba, ganaxorcielos ganwmenda
xelovnebis meSveobiT.
ufro Tanamedrove amerikuli kaTarsisis Teoria
`struqturuli, anu, formaluri~ (jerald
elsi) miuxedavad Tavisi originalobisa, naklebad
damajereblad meCveneba. avtori cdilobs
dagvarwmunos, TiTqos, aristotele ar gulisxmobda
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
46
ganwmendaSi mayurebels. jerald elsis TvalsazrisiT,
kaTarsisi xdeba TviT dramaturgiul nawarmoebSi da
dakavSirebulia mxolod personaJebis grZnobebTan.
Tu yovelive amas davumatebT lesingis, goeTes da
Sileris kaTarsisis gagebasa da ganmartebebs, miviRebT
sakmaod rTul da winaaRmdegobriv suraTs, romelic
metyvelebs imaze, rom aristoteles naTqvamma erTma
frazam gamoiwvia `qarbuqi~ xelovnebis TeoriaSi.
lesings miaCnda, rom aristoteles mxedvelobaSi
hqonda SiSis amgvari gageba: es SiSi warmoiSveba Cveni
gmirTan msgavsebis Sedegad, romelic tragediaSi
itanjeba. anu, es Cveni SiSia imis gamo, rom male,
SesaZloa Cvenc gavxdeT TanagrZnobis obieqti. amitomac
kaTarsisis formula, romelsac lesingi gvTavazobs
sityvebis gadaadgilebaSi mdgomareobs, Tumca es
gadaadgileba sul axal da axal azrobriv datvirTvas
iZens: `tragikuli Tanagancda – Cveni Tanagancdaa.
tragikuli SiSi – Cveni SiSia. tragikuli Tanagancda –
Cveni SiSia. tragikuli SiSi – Cveni Tanagancdaa~.
1827 wels goeTe wers naSroms `SeniSvnebi
aristoteles `poetikis~ Sesaxeb~, sadac amtkicebs
rogor martivad unda gavigoT idumalebiT moculi
kaTarsisis adgili `poetikaSi~. Turme, rodesac
tragedia amowuravs Tavis saSualebebs, romlebic
SiSsa da Tanagancdas aRZraven, man unda daaboloos
saqme v n e b e b i s S e r i g e b i T . advili axsnaa,
magram aq ukve laparakia ara g a n w m e n d a z e ,
aramed Serigebaze, mayureblis simSvidesa da
dasrulebulobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis
tragediis finalTan, anu, k a t a s t r o f i s
aucilebel molodinTan da dadgomasTan.
kaTarsisis promlemas exeba erik bentlic Tavis
SesaniSnav wignSi `dramis cxovreba~. igi wers: `im
SemTxvevebSic, rodesac aristotele msjelobs iseT
mixeil kalandariSvili
47
siuJetur xerxebze, rogorebicaa: `peripetia~ da
`amocnoba~, romlebsac moixseniebs, rogorc emociuri
interesis gaRvivebis uZlieres xerxebs, maSinac gasagebi
xdeba, rom mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs raRac bevrad ufro
mniSvnelovani, vidre cnobismoyvareobis grZnoba.
aristotele laparakobs mayurebelze, romelic
TrTis saSinelebis gamo da xdeba lmobieri, `rbili~
Tanagancdis meSveobiT. SiSisa da Tanagancdis grZnobebi
aq figurireben cnobil da amave dros yvelaze
gaugebar aristoteles gamoTqmaSi – Tanagancdis da
SiSis meSveobiT tragediaSi xdeba `ganwmenda amgvar
afeqtebisagan~. aq sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom rac ar
unda sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba mieces am frazas,
aravis TavSi ar mouva misi gageba, rogorc ubralo…
(cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra)~.1
vladimir saxnovski-pankeevi `ganwmendis~ Sesaxeb
wers: ̀ aucilebeli araa romelime koncefciis gaziareba
an terminis (kaTarsisis - m. k.) axali ganmarteba. [...]
sakmarisia SemovifargloT im ZiriTadiT, rac ueWvelad
devs am cnebaSi. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom aq
kavSiria esTetikur da eTikur sawyisebs Soris, xolo
tragediis umaRlesi mizania zneobrivi efeqtis miRweva.
es efeqti mzaddeba tragikuli konfliqtis mTliani
gaSliT, romelic realizacias poulobs kvanZis
gaxsnaSi, anu, konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi. kaTarsisis
cnebas aristotele ukavSirebda mxolod tragedias,
magram Tu amas gavigebT ufro farTod, igi unda
gavrceldes dramaturgiis sxva Janrebzec~.2
sruliad samarTliani SeniSvnaa, radgan zneobrivi
`ganwmenda~ axasiaTebs komediasac, romelic ara SiSis
meSveobiT, aramed siciliTa da dacinviT aRwevs imave
Sedegs. magaliTisTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT molieris
1 Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с., 50-512 В. Сахновский-Панкеев. Драма, Л., 1969, 116
vis sWirdeba Teoria?
48
`tartiufi~. `Tu tragedia da komedia polaruli
Janrebia, maSin zneobrivi ganwmendis efeqti unda
axasiaTebdes agreTve Sualedur Janrebsac.~1 bentli
wers: `dResac grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi sityva kaTarsisi, magram
mgonia, dapirispirebuli mxareebi erT raRacaSi unda
SeTanxmnen – aristotele uaryofs warmodgenas, romlis
mixedviT Cven davemsgavsebiT nervebis `gundas~... igi
formulirebas ukeTebs sul sxva daskvnas: tragedia
ara mxolod aRZravs aRelvebas, aramed gvaTavisuflebs
am aRelvebisagan.~2
dabolos, dramis Teoria daanaxebs SemoqmedebiTi
profesiebis studentobas saTeatro azris saerTo
dinebas; sirTuleebiT da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
gzas, romelzec upirispirdebian erTmaneTs goneba da
grZnoba, gemovneba, moda, stili, skola, filosofiuri
ideebi da msoflmxedvelobiTi konceptebi. am gzis
dasawyisia – antikuri xana, xolo dausrulebeli svla
grZeldeba Tanamedrove dramisa da Teatris cxovrebaSi.
ase rom gavyveT gzas da igi migviyvans...
1 iqve, gv. 1172 Э. Бентли. Жизнъ драмы, М., 2004, с. 254
mixeil kalandariSvili
50
lia kalandariSvili
`es ar aris vaSli~... anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
2011 wels qarTvel telemayurebels saSualeba
hqonda telekompania `mzis~ eTeriT enaxa ukanaskneli
wlebis qarTuli filmebi da moesmina, rogorc Tavad
avtorebis Tvalsazrisi warmodgenil namuSevrebze, ise,
specialurad miwveuli kritikosebisa da mayureblis
mosazrebac. yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom dRevandeli
erovnuli kinoproduqcia daxvavebuli problemebis
TvalsaCino magaliTia, amitom, kinoxelovnebis
mtkivneuli, SemoqmedebiTi procesis xelisSemSlel
problemebze orive mxaris profesionalTa msjeloba,
maT gadasawyvetad gadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos.
marTalia, am Sexvedrebs naklebad SeiZleba ewodos
dialogi, Tumca, garkveul sakiTxebs naTeli mainc
mohfines: samwuxarod, finansuri problemebis,
auwyobeli sawarmoo procesisa da materialur-
teqnikuri bazis simwiresTan erTad, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
araprofesionalizmic vlindeba, _ im enis arcodna,
romliTac axalgazrda kinoreJisorebi sakuTari azrisa
da TvalTaxedvis gadmocemas cdiloben. TvalSisacemia,
ara mxolod erTi nawilis siyalbe da arafris momcemi
maneruloba, aramed, maTi sapirispiro xedvis mqone
meore nawilis e. w. `dokumenturi~ gadaRebis siRrme
da gamomsaxvelobiTi simwire, anu, is faqti, rom maT,
obieqturi sinamdvilisa da sinamdvilis ekranuli
saxis erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba uWirT.
vfiqrob, saWiroa dafiqreba imaze, rom kino
xelovnebaa. erTi SexedviT, es martivad gasagebi azria,
magram mxolod erTi SexedviT, radgan, aseTi zogadi
fraza, sinamdvileSi metad umniSvnelo informacias
51
gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris kino da ratom aris
igi xelovneba. an, ra aris Tavad xelovneba? es xom
uzarmazari, mravalferovani sivrcea, mTeli samyaro,
romlis erTbaSad mocva SeuZlebelia. ras vgulisxmobT
am sityvaSi? Cven amaze ar vfiqrobT, Tumca, ukve adreuli
asakidan, gaucnobiereblad vcnobT aseT moRvaweobas _
vxedvaT, rogor usmens adamiani xmebiT avsebul samyaros
da musikad gardaqmnis, uyurebs garemos da asaxavs
xazebiTa da feradi laqebiT, moZraobis silamazes
cekviT gamoxatavs, gancdas da nafiqrs poeturi sityviT
gadmoscems...
ras akeTebs igi? daxatuli vaSli, SesaZloa,
Zalian hgavs namdvils, magram,
saWmelad uvargisia. ratom
qmnis mxatvari usargeblo
sagans, ra miznebi amoZravebs? 1
pirvel rigSi, am movlenaSi
Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs,
realobis mimarT gavlebuli
gamyofi sazRvari: udidesi
msgavsebis miuxedavad,
kinoxelovnebis, rogorc
sxva xelovnebaTa, Tvisebebi
da kanonebi, niSanTa logika
ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT
obieqtur realobasTan, im
kanonzomierebebTan da WeSmaritebasTan, romelic
fizikur samyaroSi arsebobs. kargad viciT, rom ekrani
mxolod brtyeli fonia, mis miRmac namdvilad ar arsebobs
is sivrce, romelsac Cven perspeqtivaSi vxedavT: arc
Senobebi, arc relsebi, romelzec matarebeli pirdapir
Cveni mimarTulebiT moZraobs, sazareli mkvleli
1 rene magriti. es ar aris vaSli. This is not an Apple-1964
52
sinamdvileSi ver gvxedavs da araferi gvemuqreba.
dRes, Cven Rimils gvgvris legenda Zmebi lumierebis
kinoseansis gulubryvilo SemTxvevaze, rodesac
ekranze warmodgenilma `matareblis Semosvlam~
`gacocxlebuli gamosaxulebis~ aRsaqmelad
fsiqologiurad moumzadebel sazogadoebaSi aurzauri
da panika gamoiwvia. viciT, rom kino realobis iluziaa,
magram gvajadoebs da gvaocebs udidesi msgavseba,
moCvenebiTis Serwyma sinamdvilesTan... Tumca, zogjer,
piriqiT, _ masTan gaucxoeba kidev ufro metad
gvakvirvebs... Cvens cnobierebaSi realurisa da Seqmnilis
konturebi erTmaneTs efinebian da edarebian, xolo,
maT Soris arsebuli damokidebulebebi: msgavsebebi da
gansxvavebebi CvenSi raRac sazriss badebs, _ mixvedris,
`amocnobis~ sazriss, romelic orive realobas Tanabrad
exeba da aerTianebs.
realobisa da ekranuli saxis urTierTmimarTeba,
identifikacia kinoTeoriis erT-erTi sawyisi da
arsebiTi problemaa, romlis prizmaSic tydeba
kinoxelovnebis TiTqmis yvela fundamenturi sakiTxi:
mxatvruli struqturis, saxeTa pirobiTobis, sazrisis,
formis, stilis, subieqturisa da obieqturis
damokidebulebebi Tu sxva; am safuZvelze ixsneba Tavad
kinematografis dualisturi bunebac: misi, erTi mxriv,
arsebulis, faqtobrivad, avtomaturad aRbeWdvis
unikaluri unari da meore mxriv, am anabeWdis
iluzoruloba da misgan gamomdinare SemoqmedebiTi
Tavisufleba. es winaaRmdegobrioba gansazRvravs Tavis
mxriv, or sawyiss, ekranul paradigmas: pirvels _
koncentrirebuls obieqtur, realisturi saxierebis
principze - Zmebi lumierebis gzas; da meores –
gamonagons, subieqturs da fantaziurs, pirobiTobis
maRali xarisxiT - JorJ meliesis Semoqmedebis
princips.
lia kalandariSvili
53
orive SemoqmedebiTma meTodma Tavisi ZiebebiTa da
mignebebiT gazarda kinoxelovnebis SesaZleblobebi,
Caswvda mis unikalur gamomsaxvelobas. msjeloba
sinamdvilis SemoqmedebiT asaxvaze, SesaZleblobebsa
da formebze, kategoriebsa da kanonebze adamianuri
kulturis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. federiko
felini aRniSnavda: `sityva realizmi arafers niSnavs.
garkveuli xarisxiT yvelaferi realuria. sazRvari
fantaziasa da realobas Soris ar arsebobs~. magram
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic, gansxvavebuli feliniseuli
realizmisgan da yvela maTgans ufleba aqvs hqondes
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi principi, avtoris ufleba -
ar iziarebdes magaliTad, arc `dogma-95~-is mkacrad
gansazRvrul debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad: `kino –
iluzia ar aris~1 da arc jeims kemeronis mier Seqmnil
pandoras fantastikur samyaros.2
rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebiT im qmedebas,
rasac Cven filmis gadaRebas vuwodebT, miT ufro
amouwuravi, mravalmxrivi da rTuli gveCveneba
amsaxvel sagansa da asaxvas Soris damokidebuleba.
miT ufro mravalazrovani xdeba mayureblisTvisac
samyarodan guldasmiT SerCeuli da `amoRebuli~,
ekranze garkveuli saxiT warmodgenili aRqmis sagani.
erTi SexedviT, kinematografSi saqme TiTqos Zalian
martivadaa. kamera uSualod afiqsirebs, `xelovneba
sarkea~. magram ras aireklavs igi? am gamonaTqvamSi,
Cveulebriv, pirdapir zerele msgavsebas vgulisxmobT
da ar viTvaliswinebT adreul, ufro siRrmiseul
da simbolur damokidebulebebs. warmoidgineT,
ra darCeboda, aseTi gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, andrei
1 `dogma-95~-is manifestidan. Цыркун Н. Догма 95 . Искус-ство Кино. — 1998. — № 12.2 igulisxmeba j. kemeronis filmi `avatari~
`es ar aris vaSli~...
anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
54
tarkovskis filmidan!1
sarkis cneba metad farToa, dakavSirebulia agreTve
adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis aRqmasTan, identifikaciis
rTul problemasTan, romelic SeiZleba, piriqiT,
`mesTan~ gaucxoebasac niSnavdes, cnobierebis
winaaRmdegobriv gaorebas, rogorc, magaliTad, Jak
lakaniseuli `sarkis stadia~2 ganixilavs.
sarke, garda amisa, arqetipuli gaazrebis fenomenia
da mravalmxriv ipyrobs kulturis yuradRebas:
gvxvdeba yofaSi, miTologiaSi, xelovnebaSi, magiaSi...
`sarkis efeqts, anareklis mocemis unars adamianebi
uxsovari droidan awerdnen magiur Tvisebebs.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sityva `magias~ (magia) da
`saxes~ (image) saerTo Ziri aqvT, gamomdinare sityvidan
- `saxe~ `asaxva~. avtoris miswrafeba mibaZos bunebis
movlenebs da fenomenebs, wminda ideebs, _ es aris
mimesisis esTetikuri koncefcia, sinamdvilis asaxva,
idealizacia. sarkes gaaCnia mniSvneloba, romelic
Sors scdeba misi funqcionalurobis sazRvrebs.
uZvelesi droidan sarke moiazreba, rogorc, raRac
winaaRmdegobrivi, Zveli warmodgenebis mixedviT –
samyaroebis sazRvarze myofi da anareklsa da asareklTan
magiurad dakavSirebuli. sarkis anarekli ganixileba,
rogorc, ara mxolod sinamdvilis saxe garemomcvel
samyarosTan mimarTebaSi, aramed, rogorc erTgvari
miRmuri ram. samyaroSi yvelaferi xiluli da uxilavi
kavSirebiTaa daxlarTuli; yvelaferi raimes anareklia,
Sedegi, an _ mizezi~.3
1 igulisxmeba andrei tarkovskis filmi `sarke~2 `sarkis stadia~ - frangi filosofosis da fsiqoanali-
tikosis Jak lakanis (1901–1981) termini. bavSvi 6-dan 18
Tvemde iwyebs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebas sarkeSi. mas uy-
alibdeba is, rasac lakani warmosaxvas uwodebs, anu saku-
Tari `mes~ saxes. 3 Светлана Леончук. З Е Р К А Л О. Рассмотрение произведений
lia kalandariSvili
55
cxadia, Cven SevejaxeT metad bundovan da farTod
gafantul mosazrebas, romelsac SeiZleba sruliad
sapirispiro realiebi moargo. amave dros, Znelia
winaaRmdegoba gauwio aSkara faqtobriv msgavsebas
kinogamosaxulebasa da im fenomens Soris, romelsac
sarkes vuwodebT. abram vulisi niSandoblivad
migvaniSnebs amgvari `sarkis~ zedapiris damatebiT
siRrmeebsa da sirTuleebze: `kinoteqnikis
warmoqmnasTan erTad, gaCnda axali gamomsaxvelobiTi
ena, romlis fizikuri safuZveli – sarkis principia.
gacocxlebuli sarkis gamosaxuleba, ise miiswrafvis
Tavisuflebisken, rogorc boTlidan amosuli jini,
– Tu SeiZleba Tavisufleba vuwodoT pirobiTobaTa
gardauval tyveobas, kanonzomierebebs da wesebs,
romelTa SerCevac mas mouwevs~1.
ras warmoadgens kinorealoba? sinamdvilis
sarkisebur anarekls? Tu arsebulis mibaZvas, mimesiss2, an
piriqiT, _ ararsebul fantazias? zigfrid krakaueri3
kinos gansazRvravda rogorc `fizikuri realobis
reabilitacias~, magram fizikuri samyaroc SeiZleba
iluziad warmogvidges, xolo misi kanonzomiereba viwro,
SemTxveviTi dakvirvebis Sedegad, subieqtur aRqmad.
brwyinvale mxatvrul mignebas SesaZloa, saerTod ar
hqondes kavSiri arsebul mizez-SedegobriobasTan. Tu
kinoxelovnebas, Cven, mxolod `mibaZvis~ an Tundac,
`fizikuri realobis reabilitaciis~ farglebSi
ganvsazRvravT, misi mniSvneloba adreul SexedulebaTa
msgavsad, SeiZleba, Zalian viwrod da araarsebiTad
mogveCvenos.
искусства, связанных с зеркалом. http://www.leon-chuk.w-r.ru/pocherk_mirror.htm © 2004–20101 Вулис А. В. Литературные зеркала. М., 1991, гл.XII2 mibaZva, mimesisi aristoteles gagebiT.3 Зигфрид Кракауэр - Природа фильма. Реабилитация физической реальности. м. искусство, 1974
`es ar aris vaSli~...
anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
56
Cven SegviZlia `gavamarTloT~ kinos arseboba
sinamdvilis faqtis `wmindad~ dafiqsirebis, Senaxvisa
da warmodgenis gansakuTrebuli unariT, magram, maSin
misi sazRvrebis miRma darCeba TviTon dokumenturi
kinoxelovnebis Sedevrebic! iseTi ukiduresi
mizandasaxuli faqtobriobiTac ki, rogoric,
magaliTad, Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз»-ia, seriidan
`cxovreba ucabedad, waswrebuli~,1 _ metad obieqturi,
`Caurevel-ganurCeveli~, `SemTxveviTi~ gadaRebiT,
romelsac, sinamdvileSi, sabWoTa avangardis epataJuri,
gamomwvevi principebi, am mimarTulebis ganzrax,
kategoriul qaoturobasTan ucnauri kontrastulobiT
Serwymuli ideologia warmarTavs. rasakvirvelia,
mayureblisTvis sainteresoa, rogori iyo faqtobrivad,
axali, im droisTvis metad uCveulo saxelmwifos _
sabWoTa kavSiris realoba ocian wlebSi, Camoyalibebis
etapze, Tumca, rodesac Ziga vertovis films vuyurebT,
sinamdvileSi, gvizidavs ̀ kinoaparatiani adamianis~ mier
danaxuli realoba, misi obieqturoba da subieqturoba,
mis mier dafiqsirebuli mtredebi qvafenilze da asvla
koSkuraze, saidanac im samyaros didi perspeqtiva Cans,
romlis CvenTvis Cveneba, am kinoenTuziasts, uzarmazar
energiad da sakuTari sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cagdebis
fasad uRirs.
saubaria imaze, rom aseT, uSualod warmodgenil
realobasac ki gaaCnia raRac sxva, damatebiTi
mniSvneloba. yoveldRiurobaSi xSirad vawydebiT
faqts, rodesac erTsa da imave suraTs gverdiT myofi
sxvagvarad aRiqvams, vidre Cven. SesaZloa, aseTi sxvaoba
sruliad radikaluric ki gamodges. adekvaturi, Tu,
araadekvaturi aRqmis sirTuleebisa da subieqtur-
obieqturi mizezebis garda, rac, arsebiT rols
1 Ziga vertovis «Кино-глаз» dokumenturi filmi seriidan «Жизнь врасплох».
lia kalandariSvili
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asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
agreTve, Tavad, ekranuli gamosaxulebis pirobiTobas
_ obieqtis Cveul semantikas, Tu am wuTas, Cven winaSe
warmoqmnil axal sazrisebs.
davuSvaT, ukve gavacnobiereT da SevTanxmdiT, rom
ekranuli gamosaxuleba, Tundac, yvelaze pirdapir
da uSualod dafiqsirebuli, materialuri realobis
niSania, iluziaa da ara Tavad is realoba, romelSic
vimyofebiT, magram, SegviZlia Tu ara, amave dros,
erTazrovnad ganvacxadoT, rom es niSani, swored
im obieqtur realobas warmogvidgens, romelsac
faqtobrivad gviCveneben? swori iqneba, Tu ara,
gamovTqvaT varaudi, _ rodesac rene magriti xatavs
Tavis `arsebobis pirobiTobebs~ da warmogvidgens
`oTaxisa~ da `gare samyaros~ mijnas – Ria kars,
romlis miRma, napirisa da zRvis peizaJi ucnaurad
erwymis da mTlianobas qmnis
im naxatTan, romelic sxva
sivrceSi, oTaxSi molbertzea
damagrebuli,1 rom, mxatvari
amiT xazs usvams realobisa
da misi niSnis uSualo
pirdapirdamokidebulebas,
realizms (anu daxatuli zRva
asaxavs realurad arsebuls)?
Tu, ufro misaRebi iqneba,
gvevarauda piriqiT, _ erTic
da meorec iluziaa... da
sinamdvile sadRac Cvens
SigniTaa, razec migvaniSnebs
karis zRurblze dagdebuli Savi burTi, anu mxatvris
Tu, ukve Cvenive sakuTar TvalTan gaigivebuli guga _
ori realobis sazRvarze da mesame, kargad sagrZnobi
1 rene magriti. arsebobis pirobiTobebi 1933
`es ar aris vaSli~...
anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
58
Sinagani subieqturi ganzomilebidan mxedvare. kiTxvis
dasmac ki _ romel realobas asaxavs `arsebobis
pirobiTobebi~ obieqturs Tu subieqturs – azrs
kargavs.
`realisturis~ cneba zogjer sinamdvilis
mistifikaciis mniSvnelobasac iZens! sabWoTa epoqis
xelovnebis ideologizirebul TeoriaSi, romelic
XX saukunis 30-90-ian wlebSi qarTul kulturasac
`bejiTad~ `meTvalyureobda~, xazgasmiT iyo wamoweuli
realizmis aqtualobis problema. Tumca, masSi ukve aRar
igulisxmeboda ociani wlebis msgavsi realisturoba,
STagonebuli principiT _ `cxovreba ucabedad,
moulodnelad waswrebuli~, «Кино-глаз», `faruli
kamera~... socialisturi kritika miznad isaxavda
mxatvrul saxeTa sinamdvilesTan mxolod, TiTqosda,
msgavsebis niSnebis gamovlenas, ̀ axali~, dadgenilebebis
Suqze SeTxzuli sqematuri personaJebisa da utopiuri
Sinaarsebis `garealisturebas~. arsebiTad, maqsim
gorkis mier normad gansazRvruli `socialisturi
realizmis~ meTodi saxelmwifo ZalauflebiT
dakanonebuli ideologiisa da propagandis saimedo
meqanizmi iyo, _ realizmis imitacia, romelic,
winaswar Seicavda Sinaarsis savaldebulo sqemas,
kontrols uwesebda avtoris ideas, Semoqmedebis
Tavisuflebas da sawyisSive gamoricxavda sinamdvilis
asaxvis rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur princips.
dadgenilebaSi, romelic, upirobo brZanebad da
sastik muqarad iqca socialisturi aRmSeneblobis
saxelmwifoSi moRvawe mwerlebisTvis da xelovanTaTvis,
ewera: `socialisturi realizmi amtkicebs yofierebas,
rogorc Semoqmedebas, romlis mizania adamianis yvelaze
Rirebuli individualuri SesaZleblobebis uwyveti
ganviTareba bunebis Zalebze gasamarjveblad, misi
janmrTelobisaTvis da xandazmulobisTvis, dedamiwaze
lia kalandariSvili
59
cxovrebis udidesi bednierebisTvis~.1
mxatvruli sabWoTa `sinamdvile~ ar unda
gascdenoda ideologiuri optimizmis paTosis
sazRvrebs. erTi SexedviT, am sruliad uwyinari
dadgenilebis mizani masebisTvis sasurveli ganwyobis
Camoyalibeba iyo, mouwyobeli cxovrebis Canacvlebis
mcdeloba mSvenieri mxatvruli gamonagoniT, romlis
Sedegad, zRapari realobasTan unda gaigivebuliyo,
siyalbe _ sinamdvilesTan. mogvianebiT, samocian
wlebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo reJimi odnav Serbilda,
am movlenis gadafasebamac aRar daayovna, maT
Soris qarTul kinoSic: qarTveli `samocianelebi~ rezo gabriaZe da eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebriv
gamofenaSi~2 Seecadnen socialisturi xelovnebis am
`mkvdari~, dogmaturi, yalbi arsis gamovlenas. filmis
maxvilgonivrul saxeebSi ikiTxeba kinoxelovanTa
damcinavi, ironiuli Tvalsazrisi `sinamdvilisa~
da `realisturis~ cnebebze da dixotomia: `hgavs -
Tu ar hgavs~, mxatvruli nawarmoebis funqcionalur
konceptad, komikuri situaciis mamoZravebel wamyvan
elementad iqca.
romeli principi agvixsnis ra damokidebulebaSia
Cvens cxovrebaSi arsebuli realuri sagani da misi
ararsebuli analogi,
misi mxatvruli asaxva?
raSia im paradoqsis arsi,
rodesac, rene magriti
xatavs Cibuxss da iqve
miuTiTebs, rom `es ar
aris Cibuxi~?,3 xatavs
1 Первый Всесоюзный съезд советских писателей. Стенографи-ческий отчет, 1934, с. 17.2 rezo gabriaZe, eldar Sengelaia `araCveulebriv gamofena~ 19683 rene magriti The Treachery of Images 1928-29
`es ar aris vaSli~...
anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
60
vaSls da ganmartavs rom `es vaSli ar aris~? magritis
TvalTaxedva, idea realobis iluzorulobaze,
SegviZlia ganvavrcoT kinematografisTvis aseve
aqtualur paradoqsul principTan _ realobis
iluziasTan mimarTebaSi, radgan, umetesad, ekranze
gadatanili realoba, magritis Cibuxis msgavsad, is ar
aris, rasac warmogvidgens. ekranuli sibrtye, kinos
pirobiTi samyaro iluziis damatebiT Sreebs warmoqmnis,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, iluziuri da STambeWdavi,
erTimeoreSi areklili sarkeebis derefani kristofer
nolanis ̀ dasawyisSi~,1 sadac, am usasrulobas reJisori
ufro metad aRrmavebs damatebiTi sazrisiT, migviTiTebs,
ra, kidev sxva, kadrs miRma arsebul kulturul sivrceze
_ kinomexsierebaSi samudamod aRbeWdil kadrze:
sikvdilis win mdidrul, oqros sarkeebSi mraval
nawilad daSlil, sulierad ganadgurebuli keinis
gasaocar aRlumze orson uelsis `moqalaqe keinidan~2,
riTac, garda imisa, rom nolani didi klasikosisadmi
1 krist. nolanis filmi `dasawyisi` Incep�on 20102 orson uelsis filmi `moqalaqe keini~ Ci�zen Kane 1941
lia kalandariSvili
61
Tayvaniscemas gamoxatavs, saxeobrivad warmogvidgens,
agreTve, kinematografiisadmi Tavis aRtacebul
mimarTebasac. kristofer nolanis `sarkis derefnis~
konceptSi ikiTxeba Tavad kinos saxeli – `didi
iluzioni~, rogorc realobisa da sizmrebis, _ sarkis
warmoudgeneli, usasrulo iluziis `feierverki~.
`es ar aris vaSli~...
anu ekranuli saxis orazrovneba
62
manana lekboraSvili
swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~
daibadnen ra TiTqmis erTdroulad, dokumenturi
kino, mainc SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvruli kinos ufros
Zmad; magram amis Semdeg, umcrosma Zmam gacilebiT
swrafad daiwyo zrda, nayofierad aiTvisa ufrosis
mier SemuSavebuli xerxebi da intensiurad CaerTo
xelovnebis sferod aRiarebisTvis brZolaSi.
mxatvrulisgan gansxvavebiT, dokumenturma kinom,
miuxedavad misadmi mudmivi interesisa, TandaTanobiT
ukana planze gadainacvla; Tumca, misi gavlena mxatvrul
kinoze mudmiv Tanamdev xazad mihyveba mxatvruli kinos
ganviTarebis gzas.
dokumentalurobisadmi swrafva sxvadasxva dros
da sxvadasxva avtoris SemoqmedebaSi garkveuli
periodulobiT aRiniSneba; magram 50-60 wlebSi
msoflio kinematografSi am procesma imdenad farTo
gaqaneba miiRo, rom mogvianebiT kritikosebma mas
`dokumentalizmis~ afeTqeba uwodes. man moiara mTeli
evropa, gadaWra okeanec da Seexo TiTqmis yvela met-
naklebad ganviTarebul kinematografiis mqone qveyanas.
es iyo mxatvruli da dokumenturi kinos
urTierTdaaxloebis procesi, romelSic gamoikveTa
mxatvruli kinos moZraoba dokumentursiken. amave
dros, mkveTrad matulobs mxatvruli filmebis ricxvi,
romelTac safuZvlad udevT istoriuli movlenebi da
realuri faqtebi.
am moZraobaSi pionerad SeiZleba miviCnioT italiuri
kinematografi, romlis wiaRSic ibadeba realobasTan
maqsimalurad miaxloebis, yoveldRiuri realobis
`mxatvrulad gaformebis~ gareSe aRbeWdvis mZlavri
63
tendencia, romelic sul male mTels msoflioSi
gaxdeba cnobili italiuri neorealizmis saxeliT.
dokumenturi kino xelovnebis avangardad iqceva.
safrangeTSi ibadeba `sinema-verite~ (Cinema-verité), atlantikis miRma _ `pirdapiri kino~ (direct cinema), did britaneTSi _ `Tavisufali kino~ (free cinema), _
kinomoZraobebi, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies
ara marto dokumenturi kinos Semdgom ganviTarebaze,
aramed mxatvrul kinematografzec.
msoflio kinoprocesis saerTo paTosi xdeba
daubrunon films, misi bunebidan gamomdinare,
dokumenturoba. 50-60-iani wlebisTvis mxatvruli
filmis scenari TandaTan Tavisufldeba mkacri
siuJeturi agebis moTxovnidan. SeiZleba iTqvas,
zogjer prozasac ki uaxlovdeba. Tumca, rogorc
xSirad aris xolme axali gzebis Ziebisas, xSirad saqme
meore ukiduresobamde midioda – scenaris da, ufro
metic, siuJetis srul uaryofamde.
kinoprocesSi da kinokritikaSi aqtiurad
mkvidrdeba terminebi: ̀ cxovrebis nakadi~, ̀ antifilmi~,
`dedramatizacia~. `spontanuri~ kinos momxreebi
zogjer cdilobdnen pirdapir gadaetanaT qronikis
gadaRebis meTodebi mxatvrul kinoSi. magram ufro
xSirad, es mcdelobebi, mainc met-naklebad warmatebul,
eqsperimentebad rCeboda. Tumca arc is unda daviviwyoT,
rom am eqsperimentebma mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra
mxatvruli kinos ena dokumenturi kinematografis
gamocdilebiT, maT Soris xeli Seuwyo kinodramaturgiis
evolucias, ris Sedegadac mxatvrul kinoSi mkveTrad
gaizarda distancia fabulasa da siuJets Soris.
aseve TvalsaCino cvlilebebi ganicada filmebis
saxviTma gadawyvetis stilma. imata miswrafebam
dokumenturi esTetikisken, romelic miznad
isaxavda mieRwia mxatvrul filmSi iseTive
64
damajereblobisaTvis, rac gaaCnia dokumentur masalas
da mayurebeli aeZulebina erwmuna ekranze mimdinare
movlenebis realuroba.
gadaRebis dokumenturma meTodma moiTxova filmis
plastikuri gadawyvetis ubraloeba. am SemTxvevaSi ukve
uadgilod moCanda kadris ferweruli kompoziciebi,
upiratesoba eniWeboda bunebriv interierebs, bunebriv
ganaTebas. xSirad gamoiyeneba dokumenturi kinos kidev
erTi xerxi – faruli kamera, gansakuTrebiT qalaqis
scenebSi; qalaqi Tavisi quCebiT, maRaziebiT, kafeebiT,
gamvlelebiT ara mxolod fonia filmis moqmedebisTvis,
aramed – misi aqtiuri monawilec.
sul ufro farTod ixmareba e. w. xelis kamera, _
msubuqi, portatuli kameriT moZraobaSi gadaReba, rac
scenebs gansakuTrebul damajereblobas aniWebs, axdens
ra adamianis Tvalis imitirebas.
mxatvrul kinoSi gavrcelebul meTodad iqca
qronikis, dokumenturi scenebis CarTvac, rac films
drois, epoqis sunTqvas aniWebda, garkveul emociur
ganwyobas badebda mayurebelSi; magram amave dros,
es meTodi Tavis TavSi Seicavs garkveul risksac:
samsaxiobo filmis qsovilSi CarTvisas qronika
myisierad aaSkaravebs mis sadadgmo xasiaTs, Tu mTlianad
kinosuraTis gadawyveta ar aris agebuli dokumenturi
gadaRebis ritmsa da stilze. Tumca, xSirad dokumenturi
kadrebi swored stiluri kontrapunqtis Sesaqmnelad
gamoiyeneba.
`dokumentalizmis afeTqebis~ talRam Caiara, magram
mis mier dagrovili gamocdileba kinematografiuli
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis arsenalSi samudamod
darCa. misi damsaxurebaa, rom kinos am or saxeobas
Soris sazRvari imdenad myife da gamWvirvale gaxda,
rom sul ufro pirobiTi xdeba. maTi gzebi gamudmebiT
ejaWveba erTmaneTs. TiToeulis miRweva sul male
manana lekboraSvili
65
saerTo monapovari xdeba.
kinos romel saxeobas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT,
magaliTad, soso CxaiZis ̀ TuSi mecxvare~ (1976). filmSi
TuSi mwyemsebis yoveldRiuri yofaa aRwerili, realur
garemoSi, realurad arsebuli gmirebiT; filmSi
mxolod erTi profesionali msaxiobia, danarCeni _
realurad arsebuli TuSi mwyemsebi, da Tumca, isini
Tavis Tavs ansaxiereben, mainc dawerili scenaris
mixedviT TamaSoben. marTalia, scenari emsaxureba
erT mizans, gagvacnos am garemos, am xalxis Sinagani
poeturi buneba, maTi xifaTiTa da yoveldRiuri patara
gmirobebiT datvirTuli cxovreba, magram arsebobs
scenari, arsebobs rolis momenti da dokumenturi
garemo, romelsac erwymis misi mxatvruli inscenireba.
am SemTxvevebisTvis Cndeba termini mxatvrul-
dokumenturi (docu-fiction).Tumca termini SedarebiT axalia, mas aqamde
dokumenturad wodebuli bevri klasikuri filmi
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: ̀ nanuki~, ̀ kaci aranidan~, ̀ tabu~
da sxva. flaertis `nanuki~, ra Tqma unda, gadaRebulia
eskimosebis cxovrebis xangrZlivi Seswavlisa da
masze dakvirvebis Sedegad, magram imdroindeli mZime
da mouqneli aparatura xSirad SeuZlebels xdida
mimdinare movlenebis uSualo dafiqsirebas. magaliTad,
patara, oTxmetrian iglus interierSi gadaReba
SeuZlebeli iyo da flaertis TxovniT eskimosebs
xelaxla mouwiaT uCveulod didi uglus ageba, rac
sxva araferia, Tu ara dekoracia.1
mxatvrul-dokumentur filmebTan axlos dgas,
e. w., dokudrama (Docudrama), romelic aseve axali
terminia, _ pirvelad gamoCnda amerikul-inglisurSi
1961 wlebSi inscenirebuli dokumenturi filmis
aRsaniSnavad da farTo gavrceleba hpova 70-iani
1 Жорж Садуль. Всеобщая история кино. Т.4 (2. Голливуд. Ко-нец немого кино. 1919-1929). «Искусство». М.1982. с.274
swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~
66
wlebidan, Tumca aqamdec kinos istoriaSi SeiZleba
moiZebnos filmebi, romlebic Tamamad SeiZleba moxvdes
dokudramis kategoriaSi.
am terminis irgvliv kamaTi dRemde mimdinareobs
da Wirs misi sazRvrebis dadgena. Zalze xSirad
xdeba misi da mxatvrul-dokumenturi kinos zonebis
gadafarva, magram ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis moniSvna
mainc SesaZlebelia: dokudrama xazs usvams aRwerili
faqtebis, personaJebis realurobas. ufro zustad, es
aris realuri faqtebis inscenireba, rekonstruireba
msaxiobebis an realuri moqmedi pirebis meSveobiT,
damatebiTi komentarebis da interpretaciis gareSe.
sxva mxriv, es aris filmi, romelic TamaSdeba dawerili
scenaris mixedviT, _ msaxiobebiT, dekoraciebiT da
amdenad, mxatvruli kinos sferos ufro ganekuTvneba,
vidre dokumenturs.
realur faqtebze aseve dafuZnebuli mxatvruli
filmebisgan dokudrama imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi
msaxiobebs realuri personaJebis saxelebi da gvarebi
aqvT (aucilebeli piroba dokudramisTvis); yovelTvis
igrZnoba Zalisxmeva msaxiobebis prototipebTan
garegnuli msgavsebis mimarTulebiT; dafiqsirebulia
movlenebis zusti dro da adgilic. magaliTisTvis
SeiZleba davasaxeloT ron houardis filmi `apolo13~
(1995), romelic detalurad da realur movlenebTan
maqsimaluri miaxloebiT aRwers 1970 wels sahaero
xomaldis ̀ apolo13~ astronavtebis mTvareze gadasvlis
warumatebel mcdelobas.
dokudrama myarad dafuZnda televiziaSi, sadac
mas xSirad sakmaod Tavisufali interpretacia eZleva
inscenirebuli biografiuli filmebidan dawyebuli
realiTi-SouebiT damTavrebuli.
dokudramasTan erTad dokumentalizmze Setevas
axorcielebs moqumentaric (mock - inglisurad
manana lekboraSvili
67
dacinva). gansazRvreba rob reineris filmTan `es _
spaniel Tebia~ (This is Spinal Tap, 1984) dakavSirebiT 80-
ian wlebSi gaCnda, Tumca rogorc fenomeni, terminze
gacilebiT adre warmoiSva. magaliTad, moqumentaris
erT-erT adreul magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT
orson uelsis 1938 wlis 30 oqtombris cnobili
radiodadgmac.
termini ixmareba gamogonil mediateqstTan
mimarTebaSi (iqneba es kino Tu satelevizio beWduri
teqsti), gamoiyureba rogorc dokumenturi, anu,
axdens dokumenturis imitacias. moqumentari iyenebs
dokumenturisTvis damaxasiaTebel kodebs da stils:
sadiqtoro teqsti an kadrSida komentatori, saarqivo
dokumentebisa da fotoebis gamoyeneba, TviTmxilvelTa
an eqspertTa interviuebi da sxva.
Tavisi xasiaTiT moqumentari xSirad parodia an
satiraa, Tumca ara yovelTvis; magaliTad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT mcirebiujetiani saSinelebaTa filmi
`alqaji bleridan~ (“The Blair Witch Project”, 1999,
reJ.: deniel mairiki, eduardo sanCesi). am SemTxvevaSi
mistificirebis xerxs filmi iyenebs SiSis efeqtis
gasaZliereblad. filmis mixedviT, 1994 wels damwyebi
dokumentalistebi miemgzavrebian tyeSi alqajis
gadasaRebad, romelic adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis
mixedviT bavSvebs itacebs. male dokumentalistebi
Tavadac ukvalod qrebian da mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg
pouloben maT mier tyeSi gadaRebul masalas. filmis
qsovils swored es masala warmoadgens, romelSic
avtorebi Tavad personaJebis mier dafiqsirebul
movlenaTa mimdinareobas gvTavazoben da amgvarad
cdiloben realobis sruli iluzia Seqmnan.
moqumentaris forma SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
erTgvari pasuxi _ dokumenturi kinos privilegiaze
moaxdinos realobis zusti reprezentireba. is mkafiod
swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~
68
aCvenebs, dokumenturi meTodis da xerxebis gamoyenebiT,
ra martivad da warmatebiT SeiZleba realobis gayalbeba.
magram, rac ar unda Rrmad aRwevdes dokumentalizmi
msgavsi tipis filmebSi, ramdenad mravalferovani saxec
ar unda hqondes mas, dokumentalurTan miaxloebuli
muSaobis meTodi, _ xazgasmiT damajerebeli da realuri
atmosferos Seqmnis miswrafeba, dokumenturi masalis
CarTva Tu dokumenturis mistificireba, – produqcia
mainc mxatvrul kinosuraTebad rCeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom misi saxiT mxatvruli kino sul ufro ifarTovebs
Tavis areals da Tu radikalurebi viqnebiT gamonaTqvamSi,
axdens dokumenturobis `diskreditacias~, ukargavs ra
mayurebels orientirebs da mijnebs gamogonilsa da
ara-gamogonils Soris.
dokumentur kinos kidev erTi mZlavri dartyma
televiziam miayena, jer kidev televiziis axal,
mZlavr mediad Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze, rodesac
Tavisi operatiulobiT da mobilurobiT nel-nela
gamodevna kinoJurnalebi kinoTeatrebidan. dReisaTvis
reportaJuli gadaReba satelevizio eTeris sayrdenad
iqca. amJamad ukve kinematografs uxdeba mimarTos
televizias saarqivo masalebisTvis. erTi SexedviT is
daxmarebis xelsac uwvdis dokumentur kinematografs.
maSin, roca arsebuli gaqiravebis pirobebSi iSviaTi
gamonaklisebis garda, verc kreatiuli dokumenturi
kino midis mayureblamde, is Tavis auditorias mxolod
specializirebul kinoTeatrebSi da SezRuduli ricxvis
safestivalo Cvenebebze poulobs. am viTarebaSi mis
ZiriTad popularizatorad iqceva televizia, romelic
auditorias milionebamde zrdis. magram, amave dros,
televizia sxva safrTxisa da axali problemis winaSe
ayenebs dokumentur kinos: praqtikaSi mimdinare
procesebis kvaldakval, mas xelaxla uwevs Tavisi
sazRvrebis dadgena, amjerad ukve telegadacemebTan
manana lekboraSvili
69
konkurenciaSi, romlebic imave teritoriaze muSaoben.
80-iani wlebidan televizia amkvidrebs dokumenturi
produqtis axal formats, romelsac mogvianebiT
`realiTi Tivi~ (Reality TV) ewoda. msgavsi seriebis
klasikuri nimuSia: `samaSvelo samsaxuri 911~ (“Rescue 911”, 1989) da `policielebi~ (“Cops”, 1989), romelic
am samsaxurebis profesiul saqmianobas aRwers da
mis popularizacias emsaxureba. Tumca, SeiZleba
dasaxeldes sxva uamravi magaliTic: ganvlili periodis
manZilze `realiTi Tivim~ radikalurad Secvala
televiziis landSafti, erT-erT yvelaze reitingul
formatad iqca da Tavisi ganStoebac ki Seqmna: ̀ realiTi
Sou~.
`realiTi Tivi~ hibriduli Janria, romelic
eyrdnoba dokumentur masalas, realur faqtebs. masSi
monawile personaJebi Tavis Tavs asaxiereben, magram amave
dros xdeba masalis dramatizeba, sanaxaobrivi mxaris
gaZliereba. rogorc wesi, masala rekonstruirebulia
(realuri faqtebi xelaxla TamaSdeba kameris win) da
rodesac realuri moqmedi piri miuwvdomelia, arc
misi msaxiobiT Canacvlebaa gamonaklisi. Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi, dokumenturi kinosTvis safrTxe naklebia:
axali Janri, Tavisi saxelwodebiT, Camoyalibebuli
kanonebiT, sazRvrebiT, SeiZleba konkurencias uwevs
dokumenturi filmis Janrs, magram ar iwvevs misi
sazRvrebis rRvevas. ufro didi safrTxis Semcvelia
is, rom garda amisa, televizia Tavad iqca dokumenturi
filmebis mwarmoeblad.
es filmebi iwodeba dokumentur filmebad,
Tumca, ZiriTadad agebulia telegadacemis da
ara kinoesTetikis specifikis gaTvalsiwinebiT.
amasTan, televiziis bunebidan gamomdinare, rogorc
wesi, upiratesoba eniWeba sensaciurs, skandalurs,
sanaxaobrivad mimzidvels; orientirad naklebad
swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~
70
aris aRebuli movlenis, faqtis Tu pirovnebis
siRrmiseuli Sreebis Zieba da gaxsna. televizia,
warmoebis wesis mixedviT, aseve naklebad aris
ganwyobili xangrZlivi dakvirvebis, Seswavlisa da
momentis daWeris procesisken. aseT SemTxvevaSi is
amjobinebs mimarTos inscenirebis an rekonstruqciis
xerxs, riTac xdeba dokumentisadmi damaxasiaTebeli
maRali damajereblobis xarisxis miTviseba da misi
niRbiT mayureblisTvis modelirebuli realobis
wardgena, romlis sinamdvilesTan Sesatyvisoba
mTlianad proeqtis avtorTa keTilsindisierebazea
damokidebuli.
amiT televizia, erTi, _ Slis sazRvrebs
ekranul saxeobebs Soris da axdens dokumenturi
kinos diskreditacias (sTavazobs ra auditorias
dokumenturi kinos nacvlad mis surogats) da meore,
_ dokumentur kinos gzas uketavs potenciuri
mayureblisken.
axalma teqnologiebma kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
Zvrebi gamoiwvia dokumentur kinoSi. dRevandeli
cifruli kamerebi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT maRali
xarisxis gamosaxuleba sinqronuli xmiT. es kamerebi
kompaqturia da amasTan maTi garCeva samoyvarulo
kamerebisgan TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amdenad maT SeuZliaT
SeaRwion iq, sadac SeiZleba ar dauSvan profesiuli
jgufi mravalricxovani aparaturiT, mis winaSe
gacilebiT komfortulad grZnoben Tavs gadaRebis
obieqtebic, kamera Zalian male xdeba `Cveuli~ da
`SeumCneveli~.
zemoT xsenebulma faqtorma ara marto mniSvnelovnad
gaaiafa dokumenturi kinos warmoeba, aramed, arsebiTad
Secvala misadmi midgomac, _ xelmisawvdomi gaxda ara
marto damoukidebeli, mcire studiebisTvis, aramed
adamianebisTvisac, romlebisTvisac kino profesias
manana lekboraSvili
71
ar warmoadgens. dokumenturi masalis nakadi imdenad
wyaluxvi gaxda (gansakuTrebiT internetis sivrceSi),
rom misi profesiuli niSniT daxarisxeba, gamorCeva
da Sefaseba Seudareblad gaZnelda. Tumca, amave
dros, axalma teqnologiebma Tavisuflebis meti
xarisxi mianiWa saavtoro, kreatiuli dokumenturi
kinos reJisorebs, misca maT cxovrebis axali,
aqamde auTvisebeli mxareebis moxelTebis saSualeba
dokumenturi xelovnebis obieqtivSi.
informaciuli bumis epoqaSi dokumenturi kino
ganagrZobs sakuTari niSisa da Tavisi auditoriis
Ziebas. am ZiebaSi 50-60-iani wlebisgan gansxvavebiT,
ukve dokumenturi kino iwyebs moZraobas mxatvruli
esTetikis mimarTulebiT. moqmedebis dramatizacia,
meti qmedeba (`eqSeni~), xSirad saspensic, meti
sanaxaobrioba, miswrafeba garTobisa da refleqsiis
Serwymisa da mayureblis emociebiT manipulirebisken, _
Tanamedrove dokumenturi kinosTvis Cveul meTodebad
iqcnen.
swrafva dokumentalurobisken da dokumentalizmis `ganleva~
73
vladimer sulaqveliZe
germanuli modernizmi
pirveli msoflio omis periodSi evropeli mxtvrebis
nawili Sveicarias Seefara, sadac Tavs usafrTxod
grZnobdnen. erTmaneTTan saubrobdnen rogorc am uazro
omis saSinelebebze, aseve xelovnebaze. garkveulma
jgufma gadawyvita mimdinareoba Seeqmna, romelic Tavis
namuSevrebis SinaarsiT garemos da mimdinare movlenebs
protests gamoucxadebda. erTxel, rodesac mxatvrebi
tristan zaras Sexvdnen, gadafurcles leqsikonis erT-
erTi gverdi da pirvelive sityva amoirCies _ `dada~,
romelsac daamates daboloeba _ `izmi~ da gaCnda
axali mimarTuleba: `dadaizmi~.
mogvianebiT zara ganmartavda: `dada~ franguli
sityvaa, xis saTamaSo cxens niSnavs, SavkanianTa erT-
erTi tomis krus enaze ki wminda Zroxis kuds. mesame
versiiT, italiis ramdenime provinciaSi, `dada~ dedas
niSnavs. sabolood, `dadas~ ganmartavdnen rogorc xis
saTamaSo cxens.
dadaistebis principebi: yvelafris uaryofa, _
dogma iqneba es Tu kanoni; ver itandnen burJuazias,
mis esTetikur normebs, ampartavnobas, keklucobas,
gemovnebas, siyalbes, _ Tvlidnen ra mas omis
gaCaRebis mTavar monawiled. dadaistebi gansakuTrebul
protests gamoxatavdnen akademiuri naxatis mimarT.
xSirad skandalur situaciaSi vardebodnen, romlis
provocirebasac ZiriTad TviTonve axdendnen.
omis damTavrebis Semdeg mxatvrebis nawili
berlinSi gadasaxlda. daiyvnen sxvadasxva jgufad da
TavianTi saqme gaagrZeles. aRsaniSnavia, rom germanuli
kinoavangardi ufro adre ganviTarda, vidre sxva
qveynebisa. ramdenadac mxatvrebis garkveul nawils
aRar akmayofilebda TavianTi abstraqtuli naxatebis
74
statikur mdgomareobaSi xilva, gadawyvites namuSevrebi
firze gadaetanaT da kinos saSualebiT aemoZravebinaT.
am saqmeSi pionerebi iyvnen: viking eggelingi da hans
rixteri, agreTve valter ruTmani, bela bartoSi,
mogvianebiT oskar fiSingeri.
hans rixteri (dab. 1880 w.) _ germaneli grafikosi,
reJisori iyo. swavlobda jer berlinis, Semdeg vaimaris
samxatvro akademiaSi. 1916-1918 wlebSi Sedioda
ciurixis (Sveicaria) dadaistebis jgufSi. rixteris
pirveli filmi `ritmi 21~ iyo, Semdeg – `ritmi 23~,
mogvianebiT ki, _ `ritmi 25~ (numeracia gulisxmobs,
Tu romel wlebSi Seqmna man esa Tu is filmi, _ vl. s.).
rixteri dakavebuli iyo ritmis problemebiT, qmnida
moZravi kvadratebis serias: zogi pataravdeboda, zogic
diddeboda, icvlida ferebss, _ xdeboda xan Savi, xan
TeTri feris. amdenad, hans rixteri cdilobda epovna
ritmis plastika da Semdeg firze gadaetana.
cvalebadi xazebis vertikaluri ganlagebis
plastikur principze muSaobda sxva dadaisti viking
eggelingi (1980 w.) _ Svedi mxatvari. vikingi pirveli
msoflio omis dros ciurixis erT-erT skolaSi
bavSvebs aswavlida xatvas da tanvarjiSs. ciurixSi
dadaistebis jgufs SeuerTda, _ monawileobda maT
dadgmebSi da perfomansebSi. cdilobda plastika da
ritmi moenaxa kinoSi, sadac eqsperimentebis keTeba jer
kidev 1919 wels daiwyo. pirveli filmi `diagonaluri
simfonia~ man, iseve rogorc rixterma, 1921 wels
gadaiRo. filmis xangZlivoba iyo 7 metri, anu, 2 wuTi
da 20 wami. eggelingis meore naSromia ̀ horizontaluri
simfonia~, romelic man 1924 wels gadaiRo. mesame filmi
`paraleluri simfonia~ ki _ 1924 wels. amis Semdeg
eggelingi male gardaicvala. ratomRac kritikosebis
umravlesoba eggelings mxolod ori filmis gadaRebas
miaweren, xolo rac Seexeba zemoaRniSnul `paralelur
vladimer sulaqveliZe
75
simfonias~, _ saerTod ar axseneben.
1921 wels berlinSi abstraqcionist valter
ruTmanis filmis `opus I~ premiera Sedga. es iyo
pirveli eqsperimentaluri filmi (imave wels gamovida
rixterisa da eggelingis namuSevrebic). rac Seexeba
ruTmans, is 1887 wels daibada qalaq frankfurtSi
mainze. swavlobda arqiteqturas, mogvianebiT muSaobda
rogorc grafikuli dizaineri. ̀ opus I~ Semdeg gadaiRo:
`opus II~ (1923 w.) da `opus III~ (1924 w.). amis Semdeg
ruTmani gadavida dokumentur kinoSi samuSaod, magram
avangards mainc ar uRalata. 1927 wels dawyo muSaoba
dokumentur filmze ̀ berlini - didi qalaqis simfonia~,
romelic dRes kinos klasikad iTvleba. ruTmani
hitleris politikis mxardamWeri iyo, nacional-
socialisturi partiis wevri. muSaobda propagandis
saministroSi. 1927-1941 wlamde man kidev ramdenime
dokumenturi filmi gadaiRo. erTi periodi hitleris
sayvareli reJisoris, leni rufenStalis, asistentad
muSaobda. 1941 wels valteri wavida frontze, zustad
ar viciT meomrad Tu kinoqronikis gadasaRebad. imave
1941 wels ruTmani smolenskTan daiRupa.
amgvarad, dadaizmi 1925 wels kinoSic da mxtvrobaSi
daiSala da gaqra, rogorc cxovrebis uarmyofeli da
meqanikurobis propagandisti mimdinareoba. avangardul
xelovnebaSi dadaizmis adgili daikava eqspresionizmma
germaniaSi da suirealizmma _ safrangeTSi.
kinematografSi dadaizmis CrdilSi gasvlas ZiriTad
xeli iman Seuwyo, rom eggelingi gardaicvala, ruTmanma
dokumentur kinoSi gadainacvla, xolo rixterma
animacias Tavi daaneba da mxatvruli filmebis gadaReba
daiwyo (nawilobriv dadaisturis). rixteri sxvadasxva
dros TanamSromlobda koktosTan, leJesTan da sxva
cnobil pirovnebasTan. ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi
rixteri iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani pirovneba
germanuli modernizmi
76
msoflio kinoavangardSi.
oskar fiSingeri, _ eqspresionist paul ruTmanis
moswavle, erTaderTi reJisori, romelic zemoT
xsenebuli reJisorebidan animacias SemorCa da
bolomde misi erTguli darCa, daibada 1900 wels
qalaq gleqxauzenSi. franqfurT mainze swavlobda
manqanaTmSeneblobas, saswavlebeli warmatebiT
daamTavra, xatvac exerxeboda. man gadaiRo ramdenime
eqsperimentaluri novela. berlinSi CasvlisTanave
gaagrZela sxvadasxva filmze muSaoba. fiSingeri eZebda
dialeqtikur kavSirs filmis ritmul da vizualur
saxeebs Soris. agreTve axal enas kinematografsa da
im periodSi gacilebiT ganviTarebuli xelovnebis -
ferweras Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiSingeris yvela
filmi klasikur musikaze iyo awyobili.
1923-27 wlebSi ekranebze gamovida fiSingeris
pirveli, uxmo, _ musikis ritmze awyobili
filmebi: `cvilis etiudebi~, `morakrake xazebi~ da
`spiralebi~.
1929 wels fiSingerma gadaiRo pirveli feradi
filmi `cisartyela~, romelSic man xuTi proeqtoris
sxivi gamoiyena, _ aq erTmaneTis miyolebiT, fiSingeris
mier Seqmnili ritmuli sqemis mixedviT, irTvebodnen
proeqtorebi. meTodma gaamarTla, _ Seiqmna iqamde
arnaxuli sivrculi efeqti. 1929 wlidan oskari
iRebda cnobili klasikosebis: mocartis, bramsis,
listis musikaze awyobil `etiudebs~. am periodisTvis
kinoSi xma Semovida, ramac avtors saSualeba misca
misi filmebi mayureblisTvis ufro momxibvleli
gamxdariyo. 1934 wels pirveli saerTaSoriso aRiareba
moipova fiSingeris suraTma ̀ rafsodia bluzis stilSi~
(j. gerSvinis musikis mixedviT), romelmac veneciis
saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze pirveli premia miiRo.
es feradi filmi warmoadgens sabaleto variaciebis
vladimer sulaqveliZe
77
rigs, romlis gmirebi arian samganzomilebiani
geometriuli elementebi. isini ekranis SezRudul
sivrceSi moZraoben zustad ise, rogorc scenaze. 1935
wels fiSingeri muSaobda daxatul xmaze. is firis
xmovan bilikze kawravda ara spontanurad, aramed
winaswar gaTvlili sqemiT. rodesac man es meore
firTan daasinqrona, romelzedac pirdapir daxatuli
fazebi iyo amokawruli, fiSingerma miiRo im droisTvis
arnaxuli vizualuri da tonaluri efeqti.
2010 wels disneis studiam sazeimod aRniSna
filmis `fantazia~ 70 wlis iubile. filmi, romelic
klasikuri musikis TanxlebiT sruldeba, eqvsi
novelisgan iyo Sedgenili. novelebs Soris mcire zomis
naturalurad gadaRebul intermediebSi orkestris
diriJori stakovski mayurebels warudgenda momdevno
musikalur kompozicias. iwyeboda naxati siuJeti
da orkestric saTanado musikas ayolebda. siuJeti
grafikul abstraqcias warmoadgenda, romlis
gamosaxuleba viTardeboda baxis tokata da fugis re
minoris TanxlebiT. es abstraqcia kanonzomieri iyo.
minda mogaxsenoT, rom am filmis ideis avtori oskar
fiSingeri iyo. 1936 wels fiSingeri amerikaSi gaemgzavra
sacxovreblad. is muSaobda holivudis erT-erT patara
studiaSi, romelic male gakotrda. erT dRes oskari
estumra diriJor stakovskis da gaando Tavisi didi
xnis ocneba - animaciuri filmis gadaReba, romelic
baxis musikaze iqneboda Seqmnili. stakovskim SesTavaza
finansuri daxmarebisTvis uolt disneisTvis miemarTa.
disneim idea moiwona da filmis gadaReba fiSingers
Caabara. jgufi ver, an ar ahyva fiSingeris diad ideebs da
erTi wlis Semdeg oskari wavida studiidan. xolo disneim
abstraqtuli epizodi ise gadaakeTa, rom fiSingerma
mas uari ganucxada titrebSi moxseniebaze. asec moxda.
rac Seexeba disneis, man gadakeTebuli epizodis garda,
germanuli modernizmi
78
kidev 5 epizodi moigona da films daamata. amgvarad
Sekowiwda filmi `fantazia~. sainteresoa, rogori
filmi gamovidoda fiSingerisTvis Tavisufleba rom
miecaT. miuxedavad amisa, fiSingeri damoukideblad
hqmnis films ̀ moZravi ferwera I~, romelsac safuZvlad
baxis brandenburgis mesame koncerti daedo. am filmis
Semdeg, imis miuxedavad, rom es nawarmoebi oskaris
erT-erT saukeTeso filmad iTvleba, fiSingeri midis
animaciidan. 1949 wels baxis musikaze Seqmnilma filmma
`moZravi ferwera II~ briuselSi eqsperimentaluri
kinos saerTaSoriso festivalze pirveli premia miiRo.
miuxedavad am didi warmatebisa fiSingeri animaciaSi
aRar dabrunebula. dRes fiSingeris filmebs aCveneben
sxvadasxva Cvenebaze, simpoziumebze, seminarebze, misi
filmebis garSemo imarTeba diskusiebi. fiSingeris
ramdenime filmi Sedis animaciuri kinos klasikaSi da
faqtia, rom aravis tovebs gulgrils.
oskar fiSingeri Tvlida: `me vqmni axals _ droSi
feradi ritmis da ritmuli feris xelovnebas.~
Модернизм - Aнализ и критика основных направлений • (дадаизм и сюреализм). Mосква, 1973.http• ://prometheus.kai.ru/fishin_r.htmhttp://inoekino.ru/author.php?id=881• 1http://www.inoekino.ru/author.php?id=74• 9
vladimer sulaqveliZe
80
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,
prof. vasil kiknaZe
dramis reJisura
81
nino lipartiani
doqtoranturis III kursi
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi
postmodernizmis patriarqad umberto ekos
moiazreben. pirvelad, xelovnebis postmodernistuli
gaazreba mis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli. naSromis
mTavari Tema iyo: rogor reagirebs xelovneba XX
saukunis cvlilebebsa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis
Taviseburebebze. saubaria ara brma da damRupvel
qaosze, aramed `nayofier areulobaze~, romlis
pozitiuroba Tanamedrove kulturam gamoavlina.1
umberto ekos azriT, imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi
iyos Tanamedrove, aucilebelia gaxsnili iyos Tavisi
damokidebulebiT samyaros mimarT. xelovneba aRar
aris SezRuduli. Tavisufali xelovnebis nimuSi
mkiTxvels da mayurebels aZlevs srul Tavisuflebas
Seiqmnas samyaros Tavisi modeli. Tanamedrove
xelovneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos progresulad,
radgan cdilobs daixsnas Tavi fsiqologiuri da
kulturuli Cvevebis CarCoebidan.2 xelovneba cdilobs
mayurebels samyaros Sesaxeb axali warmodgena
Camouyalibos. daamsxvrios azrovnebis stereotipebi
da xeli Seuwyos individis gamovlenas. am kuTxiT,
Tanamedrove xelovneba adamianis SesaZleblobebisa
da TviTgamovlenis aRmzrdeladac gvevlineba.
umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom teqsti mravali
mniSvnelobis matarebelia, magram aqedan arc erTi
maTgani ar SeiZleba iyos dominanturi. teqsti mxolod
saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels TviTon moaxdinos misi
1 umberto eko. Tanamedrove esTetikis ganviTarebis prob-
lemebi, Targmanebis da referatebis krebuli, 1976 gv. 22.2 iqve. gv. 23.
82
aqtualizacia, romelic damokidebulia mkiTxvelis
interpretaciul strategiaze.1 es ideebi ekom
warmogvidgina romanSi `vardis saxeli~, romelic
postmodernistuli romanis klasikuri magaliTi gaxda.
avtorebi wignisa `anti-oidiposi~ J. delezi da
f. gvatari ganixilaven xelovnebis apoTeozs, rogorc
libidos energiis wvas. xelovneba xelovnebisTvis –
amaSi xedaven isini umaRles formas. isini gvTavazoben
fsiqoanalizisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevis axal
meTods – Sizoanalizs. gansakuTrebul aqcents
delezi Teatralur xelovnebaze akeTebs. italiel
dramaturgTan, reJisorTan da msaxiobTan karmelo
benesTan erTad wers wigns «gadakveTa»,2 romelic
eZRvneba Teatraluri xelovnebis Sizoanalizs.
delezi gvTavazobs gavTavisufldeT teqstis
despotizmisgan, reJisoris avtoritarizmisgan,
msaxiobis narcisizmisgan da SevqmnaT axali
Teatraluri formebi, _ `Teatri arc warmodgenis,
arc warmosaxvis~, _ gancalkevebuli, mayureblisgan
barieriT gamoyofili. nimuSad is antonen artos,
robert vilsonis da eJi grotovskis Teatrs da
`living Teatrs~ gvTavazobs. Teatris adamiani,
delezis azriT, ar aris arc dramaturgi, arc msaxiobi
da arc reJisori. es aris qirurgi, operatori,
romelic akaTebs amputacias, operacias, Tavisi
Sizoiduri interesebis realizebაs.3 tradiciuli xelovnebis yvela sfero Taviseburad
reagirebs postmodernistul situaciaze. Teatraluri
avangardi modernistul etapze Tavis winamorbed
1 umberto eko. `vardis saxeli~, gamomcemloba `diogene~,
Tbilisi, 2011.2 J. deliozi; f. gvatari. postmodernistuli epoqis
filosofia, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 6-31.3 J. deliozi; f. gvatari. ra aris filosofia?, Tbilisi,
1998.
nino lipartiani
83
tradiciul TeatrTan opoziciaSi ganviTarda, rac
TavisTavad tradiciuli stereotipuli formebis
damsxvrevis aucileblobas iwvevda. postmodernistul
etapze gaCnda mTavari Tviseba – TamaSi azrTan, ramac
gamoiwvia aucilebloba Camoyalibebuliyo Teatris
axali ena. Teatri aRar warmoadgenda adgils,
sadac gaiJRerebda garkveuli azri. aq xdeboda
azris adgilzeve formulireba. moxda Teatralur
xelovnebaze Sexedulebis fundamentaluri cvla.
Teatris erT-erTi gavleniani Teoritikosi
patris pavi Tanamedrove Teatraluri avangardis
or tips gamohyofs. azris sivrcobrivi warmoCenis
Teatri, rac dakavSirebulia klasikur tradiciasTan
da `radikaluri~ Teatri, sadac mTavaria dro,
ritmi da xma.1 gansxvaveba maT Soris xilvadobasa
da smenadobaSi, komunikaciasa da kakafoniaSia.
`radikalur~ TeatrSi mayurebeli ara marto aRiqvams
informacias, aramed monawileobs SemoqmedebiT
aqtSi, azris dabadebis procesSi. postmodernistul
situaciaSi xelovnebasa da azrs Soris qreba
erTmniSvnelovani damokidebuleba: es aris TamaSis
xerxi. aqcenti _ azris formulirebaze, _ keTdeba
adgilze. sazRvari cxovrebasa da xelovnebas Soris,
mayurebelsa da msaxiobs Soris sakmaod moZravi
xdeba. mravalmniSvnelovania aRqmis mTavari pirobac,
rac mayurebels interpretaciis Tavisuflebasa da
SemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamonawiled gaxdomis
saSualebas aZlevs.
sasceno xelovnebaSi postmodernizmis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa kavSiri tradiciasTan.
Tu modernistul periodSi iyo midrekileba
siaxleebisken, amjerad, cdiloben daicvan yvelanairi
1 Пави П. Игра театрального авангарда и семиологии // Как всегда — об авангарде: Антология французского театрального авангарда. М., ГИТИС. 1992
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi
84
tradiciis balansi. yovelmxrivi akrZalva ganixileba
rogorc ukanonoba. tradiciebTan Sexeba gamoixateba
TamaSis xerxiT. Teatri aRar ganixileba warmodgenisa
da warmosaxvis saSualebad. is kargavs Tavis tradiciul
amocanas. rolan barti am fenomens esTetikuri niSnis
`dezintegracias~ an `gamofitvas~ uwodebda, amiT
xazs usvamda TamaSis xerxis araseriozulobas. Tavis
droze barti amtkicebda, rom simbolos sistemas,
romelic dasavluri samyarosTvis isev aqtualuria,
unda CamoerTvas mravalsaukunovani privilegiebi.
is gvTavazobs dramas sacdel poligonad, sadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba poeturi cdebis Catareba.1
modernistul da postmodernistul Teatrebs
Soris fundamenturi gansxvaveba, s. isaevis azriT,
imaSia, rom pirveli agebulia denotaciis, xolo
meore konotaciis safuZvelze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
gamoxatvis umaRlesi esTeturi forma aris metafora,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – metonimia, roca aRsaniSnavi
da aRmniSvneli ar ikveTeba, misi ganzomileba
virtualuria.2
J. f. liotari Teatraluri xelovnebis
cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT wers ̀ energiul Teatris~
Sesaxeb, romelsac igi ganmartavs, rogorc Teatrs,
sadac ar igrZnoba `dramaturgis~, aseve damdgmelis,
rogorc dominantis, qoreografisa da mxatvris
Zala.3
bernard dorti `ganTavisuflebul warmodgenaSi~
saubrobs Teatrze, romelic ganTavisuflebulia
1 Барт Р. Драма, поэма, роман // Называть вещи своими имена-ми: Программные выступления мастеров западноевропейской литературы ХХ века. М., Прогресс. 1986.2 s. isaevi // rogorc yovelTvis avangardze; franguli
Teatraluri avangardi. 1992. 3 Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Возвышенное и авангард // Метафизические исследования. Вып.4.
nino lipartiani
85
uaxloesi warsulis reJisoruli tiraniisgan da midis
daskvnamde: `SesaZlebelia dadga dro `aqtiorul
TeatrTan~ dabrunebisa, magram ara imisTvis, rom
uarvyoT reJisoris mniSvneloba da am ukanasknelis
roli warmodgenaSi, aramed imisTvis, rom gavaZlieroT
masSi sxva komponentebis mniSvneloba, (kerZod
msaxiobis).1 reJisori kargavs suverenul xelisuflebas,
magram es `aqtiorul TeatrTan~ dabrunebas sulac ar
niSnavs.
postmodernistuli situaciis mxatvrebs
surT maqsimalurad moxsnan `avtoris zewola~ da
amisTvis mTel rig axal xerxebs iyeneben: neitralur
werils, gaxsnili nawarmoebsa da a. S. maT surT,
rom totalurobas ascdnen, _ SesaZlebloba miscen
mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels Tavad daasrulon teqstis
kiTxva. am orientaciis mxatvrebi fiqroben, rom
xelovnebis samyaroSi yvelaferi ukve Seqmnilia,
aRmoCenilia yvelanairi mxatvruli forma da
amitom maT araferi darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom ukve
aRmoCenili garkveuli kombinaciebiT gaimeoron.
mxatvari efeqts avtoris CamoSorebiT, garkveuli
distanciis demonstraciiT axdens. es Taviseburi
gamowvevaa, protesti xelovnebis erTferovnebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli.
postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi
centraluri Temaa sikvdilTan TamaSi. swored
sikvdilis Tema TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols marisa
blanSos SemoqmedebaSi,2 sadac is mocemulia
metafizikuri interpretaciiT, rogorc ararsebobis
usaxuri stiqia, rogorc metafora, romelic
1 И. Ильин.Постмодернизм. Словарь терминов.// ТЕАТРАЛЬ-НОСТЬ СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОЗНАНИЯ И ПОСТМОДЕР-НИСТСКИЕ ТЕОРИИ ТЕАТРА2 Колесников А.С. Постмодернизм Мориса Бланшо // Проблемы интеграции философских культур в свете компаративистского подхода. 1995 C. 16–22
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi
86
sazRvris ideis warmodgenaSi gvexmareba nicSe werda:
`autanelia, roca avtori mudmivad gvaxsenebs, rom es
misi nawarmoebia~.1 blanSos azriT: `xelovnebisaTvis
sasurvelia ar arsebobdes aranairi pirovnuli `me~.
es aris ara avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba, aramed
Tanamedrove mxatvruli kulturis aucilebloba.
SemdgomSi am movlenas nawarmoebSi ̀ avtoris sikvdilis~
saxeli daerqva.2 blanSos ̀ avtoris sikvdili~ gagebuli
aqvs, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsi. is
gamoTqvams azrs, rom Semoqmedeba, _ es aris procesi,
sadac sakuTari yofierebis gancda ikargeba. es aris
`metafizikuri TviTmkvleloba~, mxatvarma ganaCeni
gamoutana Tavis Tavs. is wyvets kavSirs normalur
samyarosTan. izolirebas ukeTebs Tavs samyarosgan
imisTvis, rom Seqmnas da mokvdes bednieri. blanSo
Tvlis, rom `dakmayofilebuli sikvdili~ aris
jildo xelovnebisTvis. nicSes azriT, ̀ moazrovne~ da
`Semoqmedi~ saukeTeso ̀ me~ aris, romelic Camalulia
Tavis nawarmoebSi da ganicdis siamovnebas imisgan, rom
misi suli da sxeuli nel-nela iwrToba da irRveva
droSi.~ amave dros, misi wigni `cxovrobs, rogorc
arseba gabrwyinebuli gonierebiT da sulierebiT.~3
blanSos azriT, arsebobs mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
garTulebis situacia, roca xedav azris simartives
da fizikurad uZluri xar is azriT gadmosce.
magaliTad mas artos Semoqmedebis is periodi mohyavs,
rodesac am ukanasknels Tavisi azrebis marTva aRar
SeeZlo. swored es miiCnia blanSom artos sikvdilis
mizezad.
sikvdilisa da Semoqmedebis erTianoba yvelaze
1 Ницше Ф. Злая мудрость // Ницше Ф. Соч. в 2-х т. М., Мысль. 1990. Т. 1. 2 Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып. 3. C. 194.3 f. nicSe „adamianuri, erTob adamianuri~, 1879.
nino lipartiani
87
mimzidveli literaturis xelovnebisTvis gaxda. Tavis
naSromSi blanSo gamoxatavs azrs, rom xelovnebaSi
avtori Tavisi enis patroni ar aris. is mxolod
emorCileba enas da am procesSi Tavad mTlianad
waSlilia. `...me vSli Tavs enaSi. erTdorulad var da
arc var enis patroni~.1
xelovnebis istorias protestis Zalian bevri
forma axsovs. postmodernizmi gvTavazobs protests
samyaros aRqmis racionaluri formebis, tradiciebis
winaaRmdeg. adamiani ususuria dagrovili
kulturuli faseulobebis winaSe. dagrovilma
teqstebma aqtualoba dakarges da muzeumis sacavSi
gadainacvles. TamaSis xerxiTa da ironiiT xelovneba
cdilobs SeniRbos adamianis dRevandeli arsebobis
tragizmi da katastrofa.
saxezea Tanamedrove xelovnebis ukiduresi
spontanuroba, Tumca, is mainc emorCileba mxatvruli
procesis logikas. Tanamedrove xelovnebis bevri
movlena laboratoriis rols asrulebs. Tanamedrove
xelovnebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba ki
eqsperimentia.
1 Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып. 3. C. 197.
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi
88
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe
msoflio kinos istoria
89
naTia mefariSvili
doqtoranturis III kursi
holivudi kulisebs miRma
holivudi – es sityva bevrisTvis asocirdeboda da
asocirdeba marmarilos sasaxleebTan, lamazmanebTan,
SuSxuna RvinosTan, auzebTan, mosamsaxureebTan, _
erT sityviT, yvela amqveyniur brwyinvalebasTan. es
nawilobriv xelovnurad damkvidrebuli stereotipia,
romlis SeqmnaSic bevrma niWierma adamianma miiRo
monawileoba da risTvisac aTasobiT metri kinofiri
daixarja.
qveyanam, romelsac ar hqonda didi xnis istoria,
rogorc amas amboben sxva diadi kulturis da istoriis
mqone qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, Seqmna didi amerikuli
ocneba, romelsac holivudi ewoda. kinematografi
iqca yvelaze moqnil iaraRad amerikuli istoriis
miTis SeqmnaSi. is aris `supermenis~ samSoblo. manve
daipyro amerikuli erovnuli fsiqika da xorci Seasxa
revoluciis gmirs jorj vaSingtons, keTilSobil yaCaRs
jo luiss da qeraTmian lamazmans merilin monros. aseTi
iyo 60-iani wlebis zogadi sazogadoebriv-politikur
suraTi manam, sanam masis esTetikuri moTxovnebi ar iyo
didi. axalgazrda kinoindustrias mohqonda arnaxuli
fuladi mogeba, holivudi akmayofilebda yvelas: iyo
warmatebuli biznesi, iyo sanaxaoba da bolos yovelTvis
`hefi endi~.
1945 wels mayurebelTa ricxvma kinoTeatrebSi
Seadgina 90 milioni, 1963 wlidan ki moulodnelad
es ricxvi ganaxevrda, ramac gamoiwvia kinowarmoebis
mkveTri Semcireba: amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
20 000 kinoTeatridan 1963 wels moqmedi mxolod
9250 darCa. amis mizezi iyo ekonomikuri, politikuri,
da socialuri mdgomareoba. pirvelad Tavi iCina
politikurma problematikam. mZime dartyma
holivudis ekonomikas umaRlesi sasamarTlos 1942
90
wlis gadawyvetilebam miayena. es iyo warmoebisa da
distribuciis gancalkeveba, ris Sedegadac holivudma
dakarga ufleba kinoTeatrebis mflobelobaze da Tavisi
filmebis gaqiravebaze. 50-an wlebSi mniSvnelovani
ziani miayena `Zvel holivuds~ televiziebis swrafma
ganviTarebam. gaCnda arCevani da alternativa. ratom
unda wasuliyo mayurebeli kinoTeatrSi isev da isev
gangsteruli kinosuraTis an vesternis sayureblad1
maSin, rodesac saxlidan gausvlelad satelevizio
arxebi sTavazobdnen imave filmebs. amas mohyva didi
finansuri danakargebi da damoukidebeli kinoimperiebi,
imis gamo rom ver gaumklavdnen sirTuleebs, aRmoCndnen
bankebis da mwarmoeblebis sakuTrebaSi.
rogorc amerikeli literatori l. boldmani werda:
`es iyo yvelaze rTuli periodi amerikis cxovrebaSi,
romlic TiToeul amerikels Seexo~.2
isev daiwyo moqmedeba antiamerikulma komisiam,
romelic miznad isaxavda devnas yvela im pirovnebis
winaaRmdeg, vinc Tundac simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili sabWoTa
kavSiris mimarT. daiwyo masobrivi devna gansxvavebuli
azrisa. es movlenebi Seexo kinomoRvaweebsac – e. w.
`holivudis aTeuls~. amerika moicva SiSma da SiSis
faqtorma seriozuli ziani miayena kinematografs.
`makartizmi da antikomunizmi gamoiyenes rogorc seni
da dasaxes mis winaaRmdeg brZola, raTa es yofiliyo
sababi amerikelebis yuradRebis gadasatanad~ _ werda
amerikuli kulturis erT-erTi TvalsaCino moRvawe
norman meileri.3
gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo 1940-
50-an wlebSi arsebul `holivudis Sav siaSi~ moxvda
1 Gomery D. Movie History: Shared Plesure. Madisson, University of Wisconsin Press, 1992, p. 2802 Schrecker E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-E. The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu-McCarthyism: A Brief History with Docu- A Brief History with Docu-A Brief History with Docu- Brief History with Docu-Brief History with Docu- History with Docu-History with Docu- with Docu-with Docu- Docu-Docu-ments. New York, Palmagrave, 2002, p. 2423 Golenopolski T. and Shestakov V. USA: Cinematograph of 70s. Moscow, Znanie, 1978, p. 6
naTia mefariSvili
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kulturisa da xelovnebis araerTi moRvawis saxeli.
siaSi holivudis bevri sxvadasxva studiis mflobeli
moxvda, aseve amerikis kompartiis wevrebi, xolo yvela
danarCeni, vinc gansxvavebul azrs afiqsirebda, aseve
moiazrebodnen qveynis mtrebad. siaSi iyvnen isinic,
vinc uars acxadebda eTanamSromla mTavrobasTan da ar
Tanxmdeboda gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobas.
pirveli `Savi sia~ holivudis studiebma Seadgines
1947 wlis 25 noembers. am siaSi moxvedril adamianebs
aiZulebdnen eTanamSromlaT gamoZiebasTan. da vinc
uari ganacxada TanamSromlobaze da aseTi aTi
kinematografisti aRmoCnda, maT miusajes erTwliani
patimroba. 1950 wels gamoCnda kidev erTi sia
sadac ukve 151 adamianis saxeli da gvari ewera, da
moixseniebodnen rogorc, `wiTeli faSistebi da maTi
gulSematkivrebi~. yvela, vinc am siaSi xvdeboda,
awydeboda did winaaRmdegobebs, kargavda samuSao
adgilebs, gansakuTrebiT kinoindustriaSi, iblokeboda
am adamianebis kinoscenarebic.
1947 wlis Semodgoma is periodia, rodesac komisiam
daiwyo gamoZiebaTa mTeli cikli holivudSi. 1947 wlis
20 oqtombers Sedga saxalxo mosmenebi vaSingtonSi.
komisiam Seadgina 43-kaciani sia, yvela maTgans
Txovdnen Cvenebas. holivudis moxeleTa jgufma Seqmna
`konstituciis pirveli cvlilebis dacvis komiteti~,
romelSic gaerTiandnen reJisorebi: uiliam uaileri,
jon hiustoni, msaxiobebi: hamfri bogarti, jin keli
da sxvebi. isini moiTxovdnen, rom pirveli cvlileba
yofiliyo garanti sityvis Tavisuflebisa da Sekrebisa
da rom kinematografistebisaTvis ar moeTxovaT
Cvenebis micema. 19 adamianma uari ganacxada Cvenebis
micemaze da 11 maTgani gamoZaxebuli iyo mosmenaze.
mogvianebiT bertold brexti daTanxmda mis mimarT
arsebul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas. man ganacxada,
rom ar iyo komunisti da datova qveyana. 10 darCenili
braldebuli ganagrZobda upirobo moTxovnas, pirveli
cvlilebis Setanaze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciaSi. maT uari Tqves, gaecaT pasuxi dasmul
holivudi kulisebs miRma
92
SekiTxvaze, iyvnen Tu ara isini komunisturi partiis
wevrebi. amis Sedegad yvela maTgani aRiares kongresis
mimarT upativcemulobaSi.
amerikis kinokompaniis prezidentma erik jostonma
ganacxada, rom verc erTi komunisti ver miiRebda
samuSao adgils, rom ̀ isini warmoadgenen destruqciul
Zalas da me ar minda vixilo isini Cems irgvliv~.1
kinomsaxiobTa umaRlesi gildiis xelmZRvanelebma:
ronald reiganma da uolt disnim ganacxades, rom
komunistebi uqmnian seriozul safrTxes holivuds.2
msaxiobTa umaRlesma gildiam mimarTa Tavis wevrebs
ar eTanamSromlaT komunistebTan. ase Seiqmna pirveli
`Savi sia~ dakompleqtebuli aTi kinematografistiT,
romlebmac uari ganacxades kongresis komisiasTan
TanamSromlobaze.
maSin, rodesac kinos moyvarulebisTvis holivudi
amerikis ocnebisa da varskvlavuri cxovrebis epicentri
iyo, `amerikuli aTeulis~ procesi rCeba burusiT
moculi da Sav laqad gamoiyureba amerikuli kinos
istoriaSi.
kinofilmi ara marto kargad gasayidi produqtia,
aramed es aris Zlieri ideologiuri instrumenti,
romelic zemoqmedebas axdens masebis fsiqologiaze.
swored amitom amerikuli kinoeqspansia unda
ganvixiloT ara marto ekonomikur, aramed ideologiur
eqspansiadac.
1 Tracy T. and Flynn R. John Huston: Essays on a Restless Director. Jefferson, McFarland, 2010, p. 49.2 Krutnik F., Neale S., Neve B. and Stanfield P. (ed.) "Un-American" Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-and Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Film in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-in the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-the Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut-Blacklist Era. Piscataway, Rut- Era. Piscataway, Rut-Era. Piscataway, Rut- Piscataway, Rut-Piscataway, Rut- Rut-Rut-gers University Press, 2007, p.245.
naTia mefariSvili
93
saTeatro Jurnalistikis
istoria
naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT
statiis stili daculia
programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi CarTolani
94
mariam CubiniZe
doqtoranturis III kursi
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
presis ganviTarebis istoria evropaSi me-18
saukunidan iwyeba, ruseTSi sagazeTo saqmes safuZveli
amave saukunis bolos Caeyara. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saqarTveloSi, am periodSi, ruseTis imperiis gavlena
cxovrebis yvela sferoze aisaxeba, 1819 wlamde
qarTulenovani Jurnali da gazeTi ar gamoicema. rac
Seexeba qarTul sazogadoebas, misi mowinave nawili
informacias ramdenime rusuli da evropuli Jurnal-
gazeTis saSualebiT iRebs, xolo ubralo xalxisTvis
`am ukanasknelis daniSnulebas asrulebs e. w.
`salaybo~, sadac antikuri qveynebis msgavsad ikribeba
sazogadoebrivi azri Tu axali ambavi.1
sagazeTo saqmis warmoebiT mowinave sazogadoebis
daintereseba ar Cans. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs
varaudebi saqarTveloSi am dromde arsebuli
gazeTebis Sesaxebac (z. WiWinaZe: `istoria qarTulis
gazeTebis da Jurnalebisa~, 1902 w.) mkvlevrebi
erTaderT angariSgasawev cnobad ganixilaven mxolod
i. batoniSvilis mier giorgi meTormetesadmi
warmodgenil proeqts administraciuli mmarTvelobis
gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, sadac vkiTxulobT: ̀ ibeWdebodes
gazeTi TveSi orjel, aqedamac iqneba Semosavali da
xalxnic SeeCveviano~.2 am proeqtis ganxorcieleba ar
moxerxda.1 v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarT-
velo~, Tbilisi, 1965, wigni I, gv. 502 d. gamezardaSvili, `narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis isto-
riidan~, `saxelgami~, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 22
95
1819 wels ki, saqarTveloSi mefis ruseTis
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi
dadga qarTulenovani beWdviTi organos daarseba, raTa
qarTvel mosaxleobas saSualeba miscemoda mSobliur
enaze gascnoboda oficialur gankargulebebs. amisaTvis
daarsda yovelkvireuli organo `saqarTvelos gazeTi~.
am gazeTma 1822 wlamde iarseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
konkretuli statiebisa da avtorebis saxiT, am gazeTma
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis nimuSebi da cnobili saxelebi
ar dagvitova, misi funqcia da roli im periodisaTvis
mainc mniSvnelovania. is gamocemis pirvelive wels
erT-erT nomerSi aqveynebs gancxadebas, sadac weria:
`ricxvi am gazeTze xelis momwerTa aRmoaCens, Tu
raoden Sors gavrceldeba aqaur mcxovrebTa wadili,
raTa daaaxlovon Tavni Tvisni CveulebaTa Sina erTa
Tana adriT JamiTgan ganaTlebulTa~.1 amgvarad, gazeTs
Tavidanve aqvs mcdeloba mosaxleobaSi daamkvidros
Jurnal-gazeTis kiTxvis kultura da erTgvar
TviTreklamasac eweva, iyenebs ra amisTvis imdroindeli
socialur-kulturuli garemos upirveles sazrunavs, _
sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis aucileblobas.
Tumca gazeTi am etapze am mxriv warmatebas ver aRwevs.
amis mizezi TviTon gazeTis mimarTuleba da Sinaarsia,
romelmac xalxSi gazeTis mimarT interesi ver aRZra
da man swored xelismomwerTa simciris gamo, maleve
Sewyvita arseboba. Tumca, wlebis Semdegac Jurnal-
gazeTebis mesveurebs didi Zalisxmevis gaweva uxdebaT
imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebaSi presis kiTxvis kultura
damkvidrdes. Jurnalistebi ki am problemasTan
erTad kidev mravali dabrkolebis winaSe dadgebian,
sanam saqarTveloSi es profesia Tavis mniSvnelovan
sityvas ityvis. oficialuri Tu `Zvelis mociquli~
1 m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,
1954, gv. 60
96
sazogadoebis cenzurasTan brZola, muSaobis autaneli
pirobebi da uamravi teqnikuri saxis sirTule, mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Jurnalistikis Tanamdevi
problemebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Jurnalisturi
saqme Tavad qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebisTvisac
aqamde praqtikulad ucnobi sferoa (gansxvavebiT 60-
ianelTa Taobisgan, romelic ukve ruseTis Tu evropis
qveynebis periodul gamocemebSi muSaobis praqtikuli
gamocdilebiT modis qarTul JurnalistikaSi), amitom
sainteresoa rogor da ra mimarTulebebiT yalibdeba
saqarTveloSi TviTon Jurnalisturi azrovneba da
eTika.
ruseT-iranis omis (1826 w.) dawyebas ukavSirdeba
meore qarTulenovani gazeTis gamocema. es aris
`tfilisis uwyebani~ (1828 w.). TurqeTis, inglisis
da safrangeTis dazvervis mier gavrcelebuli
dezinformacis Sedegad mosaxleobaSi gamowveuli
gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad, saWiro gaxda maTi
informireba oficialuri organos saSualebiT, isev da
isev qarTul enaze. 1829 wlidan gazeTis redaqtorobas
solomon dodaSvili ibarebs. am periodSi gazeTs ukve aqvs
imis mcdeloba, rom, garda mTavrobis mier dawesebuli
funqciisa, mosaxleobisTvis sxva mxrivac gaxdes
saWiro da amis Sedegad, saintereso. is iTvaliswinebs
yvela fenis interess da Tavis furclebze msubuq
sakiTxavebsac beWdavs. Tumca, ufro mniSvnelovania is,
rom aq ukve vxvdebiT publicisturi xasiaTis werilebs
da cnobil avtorebs: giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifiani,
aleqsandre orbeliani, konstantine mamacaSvili.
aRsaniSnavia aseve Targmanebi sazRvargareTuli da
rusuli Jurnal-gazeTebidan, garda amisa sayuradReboa
Targmnili mxatvruli literaturis nimuSebi.
SedarebiT saintereso etapi qarTul JurnalistikaSi
dgeba im dros, rodesac gamodis `saliteraturo
mariam CubiniZe
97
nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani~ (1832 w.). 1832 wlis mexuTe
nomerSi solomon dodaSvili misi daarsebis mizezebze
wers da aRniSnavs, rom igi daarsda imisaTvis, raTa:
`miscemoda ese guarsa sasargeblosa gamocemasa mtkice
safuZveli Sesawevnad ganaTlebisa, ganvrcelebisaTvis
bunebiTisa enisa Cuenisa miaxloebisaTvis
ganbrZnobilTa mcxovrebTa evropisaTa~.1 miuxedavad
imisa, rom `saliteraturo nawilis~ mxolod 5 nomeri
gamovida, is sakmaod popularuli gaxda imdroindel
sazogadoebaSi. `saliteraturo nawilma~ saxeli
gaiTqva ruseTSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas `dodaSvilis
Jurnalsac~ uwodebdnen, maSasadame unda vivaraudoT,
rom saqme gvaqvs Jurnalisa Tu gazeTis im komponentze,
romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia nebismieri perioduli
organos arseboba. es aris misi mimarTuleba, _ erTgvari
sacnobi da garanti ama Tu im Jurnal-gazeTis mkiTxvelTa
wris Seqmnisa. amgvarad, dodaSvilis `saliteraturo
nawilni~, rogorc Cans, epoqis sazogadoebrivi
interesebis gamomxatvelia. marTlac, qarTuli
Jurnalistikis istoriaSi `dodaSvilis Jurnali~
aris pirveli, romelic kargad xvdeba sazogadoebis
ganwyobas da Tavis furclebze axerxebs im didi
erovnuli movlenis Sesaxeb amcnos xalxs, romelsac
sazogadoebis mowinave fena amzadebs da romelic,
Semdgom, istoriaSi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis saxeliT
Seva. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is Jurnalisturi
xerxebi, romelsac am Jurnalis mesveurni iyeneben.
`saliteraturo nawilSi~ dabeWdili originaluri
Tu Targmnili literaturis nimuSebSi imdroindeli
sazogadoebac advilad amoikiTxavda SeTqmulTa
ideebs.
vinaidan, dapyrobil qveyanaSi sityvis Tavisuflebaze
1 m. gocaZe, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~, Tbilisi,
1954, gv. 182
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
98
fiqric ki ararealuri iyo, Jurnal-gazeTebi kidev didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi mimarTaven sxvadasxva xriks, raTa
TavianTi saTqmeli mkiTxvelamde miitanon. aRsaniSnavia,
rom qarTuli Jurnalisturi azrovneba da erovnuli
Jurnalistikis niSan-Tvisebebi, am periodSi swored
cenzurasTan Widilis fonze yalibdeba. imdroindel
sacenzuro pirobebze ki vaxuSti kotetiSvili wers:
`nu dagvaviwydeba, rom es nikoloz pirvelis epoqa
iyo, romlis 1826 wlis sacenzuro debulebas `Tujis~
epiTeti Searqves da cenzori glinka ki ambobda, rom am
debulebiT ̀ mamao Cvenos~ akrZalvac SeiZlebao~.1 rogorc
Cans, es problema qarTul presas didi xnis manZilze
awuxebs, radgan gazeT `droebis~ redaqtoris, sergi
mesxis kirile lorTqifaniZisadmi miweril werilSi,
romelic 1869 wlis 17 maisiT TariRdeba, aseT sityvebs
vkiTxulobT: `Sen ver warmoidgen, rogor gvaviwrovebs
cenzura da Cven, Cvenda samwuxarod, ise wera ar viciT
jer, rom mkiTxvelma striqonebs Sua gaigos Cveni
azrebi~.2 cxadia ̀ droeba~ am sakiTxebSi gacilebiT metis
gakeTebas axerxebs, vidre ara Tu `tfilisis uwyebani~,
aramed mogvianebiT gamocemuli `ciskaric~ ki, magram
am mxriv yvelaze gamorCeuli Jurnal `krebulis~
saqmianobaa, Tumca, cxadia arc is unda dagvaviwydes,
rom `krebulis~ amgvari momzadeba, garkveulwilad
zemoT CamoTvlili organoebis damsaxurebacaa, ufro
metad ki `saqarTvelos moambis~, saidanac `krebulis~
publicistikam aiTvisa `sazogadoebrivi movlenebis
daxasiaTebis literaturul-mxatvruli meTodi...
istoriuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT is unergavda
mkiTxvels sityvis Tavisuflebis azrs da uCvenebda
mas SefarviT gamoTqmuli ideebis gagebis gzas~. mag: i. 1 v. kotetiSvili, `rCeuli nawerebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTve-
lo~, 1965, wigni I, gv. 562 simon xundaZe, `masalebi qarTuli literaturisa da sa-
zogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriisaTvis~, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 57
mariam CubiniZe
99
WavWavaZe `mesmis, mesmis~, n. nikolaZis mier Targmnili
erTi Tavi CerniSevskis akrZaluli Txzulebidan `ra
vakeToT?~, romelsac avtoric da saTauric Secvlili
aqvs da `saaxalwlod~ iwodeba. aRsaniSnavia samgzavro
werilebis formiT dawerili Txzulebebi: ilias
`mgzavris werilebi~, g. wereTlis `kikoliki, Cikoliki
da kudabzika~, n. nikolaZis `sxvaTa Soris~ da sxva.1
ra unda gaego imdroindel mkiTxvels da ra
saSualebebiT? sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ra Temebze
unda gaemaxvilebina qarTul periodikas yuradReba da
rogor miewodebina is mkiTxvelisTvis.
1832 wlidan, rodesac `tfilisis uwyebanis~
gamosvla Sewyda, 1852 wlamde, Jurnal `ciskris~
daarsebamde aRar arsebobs qarTulenovani arc gazeTi
da arc Jurnali, aris mxolod maTi gamocemis ramdenime
uSedego mcdeloba. ase rom 50-ian wlebSi, garkveuli
gamocdilebis miuxedavad, qarTvel Jurnalistebs
yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba uxdebaT. miTumetes, rom am
periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia qveynis socialur-
politikur cxovrebaSi, gardatexa xdeba mowinave
sazogadoebriv azrSi; mefis ruseTis winaaRmdeg aSkara
brZolas enacvleba erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvis
programa, _ erTdroulad mizanic da saSualebac.
yvelaferTan erTad, aRsaniSnavia mefisnacval
voroncovis `miTom kaikacuri~ politikis aqamde
ucnobi formebi.
voroncovis politikur miznebze amJamad ar
SevCerdebiT, mxolod faqtis saxiT, vityviT, rom
qarTuli Teatris daarsebis Semdeg (1850 w.), misi
daxmarebiT moxerxda qarTulenovani saliteraturo
Jurnalis ̀ ciskris~ gamocemac (redaqtori g. erisTavi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturuli nimuSebis
1 al. kalandaZe, `narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-
riidan~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 191
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
100
TvalsazrisiT `ciskarma~ marTlac umniSvnelovanesi
memkvidreoba datova, aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi Temebis
rupori Jurnali ver gaxda. es misia srulyofilad
verc ivane kereseliZis `ciskarma~ Seasrula, Tumca
am mxriv masSi aSkarad wingadadgmul nabijebsac
vxvdebiT, Tundac TanamSromlobisTvis im dros ukve
cnobili Jurnalistis, mixeil TumaniSvilis (beWdavda
`kavkazSi~) miwveva, romelmac `molaybis~ fsevdonimiT
`salaybos furclebze~ uaRresad saintereso da
rac mTavaria, im dros Zalze aqtualuri sakiTxebi
wamoWra da publicisturi werilebis SesaniSnavi
nimuSebi dagvitova. giorgi erisTavis `ciskari~ ori
wlis Semdeg daixura. sagareo mizezis (TurqeTTan
omis dawyeba) garda, ufro sayuradReboa is saSinao
pirobebi, ramac misi daxurva gamoiwvia. p. guguSvili
mimoixilavs ra `ciskaris~ ori wlis nomrebs, mokle
bibliografiis saxiT, askvnis, rom Jurnali TandaTan
Raribdeba literaturuli nimuSebis TvalsazrisiTac:
`es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Jurnal `ciskaris~
gamocemis SewyvetaSi umniSvnelovanes rols iTamaSebda
Tanamedrove inteligenciis tonis mimcemi nawilis
dawretiloba da siRatake, misi uZlureba aqtualuri
sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi. inteligenciis sxva jgufSi
ridi aseT sakiTxebze werisa, ridi cenzurisa da
TviT lagamic cenzurisa. xolo mTlianad aRebuli
maSindeli samxedro-Tavad-aznauruli inteligenciis
kidev jerovnad moumwifebloba da moumzadebloba
saJurnale cxovrebisTvis1.
am mxriv `momzadebuli~ 60-ianelebis
Jurnalistur asparezze gamosvlamde (konkretulad
gazeT `saqarTvelos moambis~ da Semdeg `droebis~
gamocemamde) `ciskari~ 1857 wlidan kidev erTxel
1 p. guguSvili. `qarTuli Jurnalistika~, 1941 w., gv. 126-
127; dis. axmetelis sityvebi.
mariam CubiniZe
101
Seecdeba sazogadoebis informaciuli Tu SemecnebiTi
vakuumis Sevsebas, amjerad ivane kereseliZis
redaqtorobiT. rogorc, zemoT aRvniSneT, am Jurnalis
erT-erTi yvelaze Rirseuli monapovari mixeil
TumaniSvilia, da ara mxolod rogorc niWieri avtori,
aramed rogorc Jurnalistur azrovnebaSi gadadgmuli
udidesi nabiji. vgulisxmobT `salaybos furcels~
da mis avtors `molaybes~. fsevdonimad `molaybis~
SerCeva ukve sruliad gaazrebuli Jurnalisturi
xerxia. `molaybe~ iseTi adamianis epiTetia, romlis
laparaks seriozulad aravin aRiqvams. Tumca ̀ ciskris~
`molaybe~ Tavis funqcias ase gansazRvravs: `risTvis
meZaxian molaybes. amisTvis, rom marTlisaTvis, rasac ki
simarTlezed vilaparakeb gulmxurvaled da xangrZliv,
molaybe var?~1 amgvarad, avtorma es fsevdonimi imitom
airCia, rom seriozul sakiTxebze misi msjeloba,
`saWiro SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa uvnebel saubrad, drois
mokvlis ubralo saxeobad miCneuliyo, raki molaybis
xelmoweriT qveyndeboda~.2 Tuki mis werilebs Tvals
gadavavlebT, davinaxavT rogor ostaturad axerxebs
is mkiTxvelamde saWirboroto sakiTxebis mitanas. mas
moZebnili aqvs ara marto sazogadoebasTan, aramed
cenzurasTan urTierTobis formebic; Tu pirvel or
werilSi SeiZleba gagvaRizianos mis mier mTavrobis
gadametebulma qebam, Semdeg werilebSi arc erTi sityva
araa maT Sesaxeb. amgvarad, `molaybe~ odnav adunebs
cenzuris yuradRebas, waradgens ra Tavs mefis erTgul
pirovnebad, da amiT saSualebas itovebs, Semdeg
SedarebiT advilad isaubros mtkivneul sakiTxebze.
mis feletonebs sazogadoebaSi didi gamoxmaureba
1 molaybe, `salaybos furceli~, Jurnaili `ciskari~,
Tbilisi, 1857,#112 gr. kiknaZe, `qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis
istoriisTvis~, Tbilisi, 1972, gv. 195
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
102
mohyva, bevri mowinaaRmdege gaCnda e. w. Sinaur cenzorTa
Soris. saqme iqamde mivida, rom `molaybem~ werili
dawera, sadac werda, rom yvelasgan aTvalwunebulma
Tavis daxrCoba gadawyvita, magram Semdeg `ciskris~
mkiTxveli xabazi da mis garSemo Sekrebili xalxi
dainaxa, da gadaifiqra. mis am werils `TerTmeti
mebuke~ gamoexmaura, romlebmac daweres, rom Tuki
`molaybes” moklavdnen: `masukan gadareuli dawers,
ufro uaresad da garkveviT, amasac rom moklavT, mere
Tavxedi da bolomdisin ase vivliT, sanamdis sul
erTianad ar gagvwyvetT~.1 marTalia, ̀ molaybis~ msgavsi
mZafri werilebi maT aRar daubeWdavT (Tu ar CavTvliT
ilias werilebs `mamebis~ winaaRmdeg), magram cxadia,
rom sazogadoebis da erovnuli interesebis dacvis
tendencia qarTuli JurnalistikaSi am periodidan
iRebs saTaves, rac, erTi mxriv, 1863 wels ilia WavWavaZis
Jurnalis `saqarTvelos moambis~ dros ganmtkicda,
xolo meore mxriv, akakisa da ilias satiruli
formis werilebSi gagrZelda. Tumca `mTlianobaSi
`ciskari~ mainc ver iqca Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebis
gamomxatvelad da gamtareblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
man qarTul JurnalistikaSi Semoitana da daamkvidra
sxvadasxva Jurnalisturi forma: feletoni, esse,
piradi mimowera, reportaJi, korespondenciebi,
Jurnalisturi gamoZieba, droTa ganmavlobaSi mis
mimarT Tanmimdevrulad yalibdeba azri, rom `ciskari~
darCa umTavresi funqciis, _ mimarTulebis, gareSe,
risi mizezic gaxldaT is, `rom ara hqonia imodena
Rone da mixvedra, rom miegno, ra uWirs sazogadoebas...
ukan darComia cxovrebas~ (ilia). amis Sesaxeb sxva
imdroindeli sazogado moRvaweebic aqtiurad
werdnen (giorgi wereTeli, nikoloz berZenovi,
petre umikaSvili). cxadia isini kargad xvdebodnen
1 `TerTmeti mebuke~, Jurnali `ciskari~, Tbilisi, 1859, #2
mariam CubiniZe
103
xelisSemSlel faqtorebsac, imas, rom is erTaderTi
qarTulenovani organo iyo da xSirad iZulebuli iyo
urTierTgamomricxavi Sinaarsis statiebic ebeWda.
aRiarebdnen `daWmaxebuli patriotebis~ (avt: anton
furcelaZe) mudmiv muqaras xelmoweraTa Sewyvetaze;
kirile lorTqifaniZe aseve aRiarebda, rom TviTon
isinic ver asazrdoebdnen `Jurnals~ masalebiT, Tumca,
sayvedurobs rom, rac kargi CauvardebodaT xelSi,
imasac ar beWdavdneno. am mxriv, `saqarTvelos moambe~
namdvilad gamorCeuli gamocema iyo. man gaagrZela
`ciskris~ mier dawyebuli enis gamartivebis tendencia da
ilias `sazogado Jurnali~ (i. WavWavaZe.) TiTqmis yvela
sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs Seexo. masalis
SerCevis principi aq erTian mizans emsaxureboda,
sazogadoebis gamofxizlebas, amoqmedebas, masSi
`Segnebis Suqis~ (vaxuSti kotetiSvili) Setanas.
`saqarTvelos moambe~ sul 12 nomeri gamovida. Semdeg
mas, rogorc arasasurveli gavlenis mqone organos,
problemebi Seeqmna da daixura. miuxedavad aseTi
reaqciisa, Tavad ilia Tavisi Jurnalis saqmianobiT
kmayofili ar iyo, radgan Tvlida rom Jurnali bolomde
ver `Cavida cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSi~ da ver SeZlo
saWirboroto sakiTxebis bolomde gamomzeureba. cxadia,
amis mizezi Jurnalis garSemo Sekrebili adamianebis
ama Tu im sakiTxSi Teoriuli moumzadebloba ar unda
yofiliyo. aq Tavs iCens isev Jurnalisturi Cvevebis
Camouyalibebloba. am adamianebis inteleqtualuri
done sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda maSindeli
sazogadoebis didi nawilis gonebrivi ganviTarebis
donidan. cxadi gaxda, rom maTTan sxva formebiT
saubari iyo saWiro (am SemTxvevaSi ar vgulisxmobT
enis gaxalxurebas), amitom Cven vxedavT, rom 1866 wels
daarsebuli gazeTi ̀ droeba~ gacilebiT demokratiuli
xdeba da amave dros, is nel-nela amzadebs mkiTxvels
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
104
iseTi seriozuli publicistikisTvis, rasac Jurnal
`krebulSi~ vxvdebiT (1871 w.).
Jurnalistikis mniSvnelobaze saubari xSirad
gvxvdeba am drois moRvaweTa Teoriul naSromebSi.
Tumca am periodis Jurnalisturi saqmianobis
detalebi gansakuTrebiT kargad sergi mesxis
werilebSi gamoikveTa. es werilebi SesaniSnavi masalaa
imisaTvis, raTa warmodgena Segveqmnas, Tu rogor
yalibdeba saqarTveloSi wmindad Jurnalisturi
azrovneba da eTika. `droebis~ redaqtorobam mas
udidesi praqtikuli gamocdileba misca. sainteresoa
misi sityvebi ilia WavWavaZeze, rogorc moqmed
Jurnalistze, igi werda: `ilia ori Tvea mpirdeba da
arafers beWdavso. ver mouxerxebia erTi ubralo ramis
dawera. es xalxi sruliad JurnalistikisTvis ar aris
gaCenili. dawynarebuli Sroma eWirvebaT da Cvens droSi
amgvari Sroma TiTqmis SeuZlebelia~.1 daaxloebiT
imaves sayvedurobs sergi mesxi kirile lorTqifaniZes,
romelic Turme iSviaTad werda, radgan Tvlida rom
raime `saganze~ rom daewera, jer mravali wigni unda
waekiTxa da yvelaferSi safuZvlianad garkveuliyo:
`saSinlad zantia, mZime weraSi... gana, Cven ara vgrZnobT
rom is sagnebi, romlebzedac vwerT Cven garkveviT
gacnobili ar gvaqvs, magram yvela sagnis safuZvlianad
gacnobas Tu vucadeT, Cven dReSi veraferi dagviweria~2.
cxadia, es mxolod redaqtoris damaxasiaTebeli
ukmayofilebaa, romelic JurnalistisTvis aucilebeli
Tvisebis, _ operatiulobis arqonas sayvedurobs
gazeTis TanamSromlebs (sxva werilebidan irkveva,
zogadad rogor maRal Sefasebas aZlevs mesxi maT
publicistikas). am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is
1 s. mesxi, `werilebi~, i. bocvaZis redaqciiT, `soxumi~,
1950, gv.207
2 s. mesxi., `werilebi~, bocvaZis redaqciiT, gv. 25
mariam CubiniZe
105
moTxovnebi, rasac gazeTis formati iTvaliswinebs. is
ki Tavidanve gansazRvrulia. 1866 wlis 16 ianvars niko
RoRoberiZe kirile lorTqifaniZes wers: `advilad
mixvdebiT ra mosazrebis gamo viTxoveT gazeTis neba da ara
Jurnalis. Cveni azriT, gazeTi ufro sasargeblo iqneba,
minam Jurnali. gazeTis mokle statiebi da cxovrebis
Sesaxeb axal-axali ambebi rasakvirvelia uswavlel
kacs ufro gaarTobs, vinem grZeli traqtati romelime
saganze~.1 am mizeziT iTxovs mesxi avtorebisgan met
aqtiurobas, met konkretulobas da simZafres (am mxriv
misi favoriti akaki wereTelia). risi Sedegic iqneba
is, rom mkiTxvels amgvarad mravali sakiTxis mimarT
gauCndeba interesi, rac saerTod da gansakuTrebiT im
periodSi gazeTis umTavresi amocanaa.
`droebam~ es misia namdvilad Seasrula, is gaxda
mediatori sazogadoebasa da inteligencias Soris,
romelsac qveynis ukeT mowyobis grandiozuli gegmebi
hqondaT. Jurnalebi `krebuli~ da `iveria~ momavalSi
saukeTesod iTvisebs im tradiciebs, rac `droebam~
da, ufro adre, `saqarTvelos moambem~ daamkvidra.
Cven vxedavT, rom am Jurnalis statiebi aSkarad ufro
momzadebuli mkiTxvelisTvis aris gankuTvnili, rac,
pirvel rigSi, Jurnalisturi azrovnebis progresis
Sedegia.
1 d. CikvilaZe `werilebi~, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi,
1989, gv. 5
Jurnalisturi azrovnebis Camoyalibebis zogierTi sakiTxi
(saqarTvelo, 1819-1870 ww.)
106
avtorTa SesaxebTamar bokuCava _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori. SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis
sruli profesori. monawileobas iRebs msoflio Teatris
kvlevebSi da aris bakalavris, magistris da doqtoranturis
pedagogi, aseve xelmZRvanelobs Teatris samecniero kvleviT
samuSaos da aris kritikuli statiebis avtori.
rogorc Teatris kritikosi, samjer dajildovda
saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebis wlis saukeTeso
statiebis avtorad. (1987, 1998 da 2002ww.)
aris 20-ze meti samecniero statiis, 70-mde kritikuli
analizisa da intervius avtori.
muSaobs studentTa sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebsa
da damatebiT wyaroebze. TiTqmis 15 weli muSaobda SoTa
rusTavelis saxelobis Teatris saliteraturo nawilSi.
gamocdileba aqvs aseve, rogorc satelevizio produsersa
da Teatraluri programis wamyvans.
mixeil kalandariSvili – daibada q. TbilisSi, 1952 wlis 11
ivliss. 1969 wels daasrula Tbilisis 50-e saS. skola, 1974
wels – SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri
instituti da Cairicxa leningradis Teatris, musikisa da
kinematografiis (лгитмик) institutis aspiranturaSi. 1979
wels amave institutSi (лгитмик), icavs disertacias s.
axmetelis reJisuris problematikaze xelovnebaTmcodneobis
kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. 1979 wlidan SoTa
rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis
pedagogi da mecnier-muSakia. 1993 wels SromiT `qarTuli
Teatris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi~ icavs disertacias
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad.
aris oTxmocamde Teoriuli da istoriuli xasiaTis
samecniero publikaciebis da agreTve rusuli da franguli
Teatraluri enciklopediebis werilebis avtori. amJamad
SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sruli profesoria
kritikis da Teoriis mimarTulebiT.
107
lia kalandariSvili _ kinomcodne, xelovnebaTmcodneobis
doqtori.
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis mkvlevari kinos Teoriis mimarTulebiT.
daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri
institutis kinomcodneobis fakulteti. profesiul da
samecniero JurnalebSi werilebs aqveynebs 1974 wlidan.
1979-80 wlebSi staJirebas gadis moskovis kinos istoriisa
da Teoriis samecniero institutSi esTetikisa da Teoriis
ganxriT. 1990 wels iRebs kinematografistTa kavSiris
premias `wlis saukeTeso naSromisaTvis kinomcodneobisa
da kritikis dargSi~. wlebis manZilze msaxurobda kinos
Teoriisa da istoriis samecniero centrSi.
tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06
manana lekboraSvili _ xelovnebis mecnierebaTa kandidati,
kinomcodneobis asocirebuli profesori,moRvaweobs
dramis da kinos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo universitetSi, daamTavra moskovis saxelmwifo
kinematografiis instituti (ВГИК 1993), dainteresebis
sfero:Teoriis Janri, media mcodneoba. bolo namuSevrebi:
`qarTuli kinematografiis Janris tendenciebi~ – ̀ stagnaciis
epoqis drama~ (kavkasieli misioneri # 9) `pirovnulobis
kultidan~ ̀ otepelamde~ – qarTuli kinematografiis Janris
sistemis Taviseburebani (Teatrisa da filmis kvleviTi
Sromebi # 1) Janris meqanizmis warmoeba kinematografiaSi
(Teatris da kinos kvleviTi Sromebi # 2) wigni: ucxouri
kinematografiis istoria (leqciebi), 2004
tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98
el-fosta: [email protected]; [email protected]
lado sulaqveliZe _ asocirebuli profesori, animaciis
reJisori.
1976 wels daamTavra Tbilisis iakob nikolaZis samxatvro
saswavlebeli qandakebis fakulteti, 1981 wels saqarTvelos
Teatrisa da kinos institutis kinosareJisoro fakultetis
multiplikaciis ganyofileba. 1981 wlidan muSaobda
kinostudia `qarTuli filmis~ multiplikaciuri filmebis
108
gaerTianebaSi damdgmel reJisorad. 1990 wlidan muSaobda
sxvadasxva telekompaniebSi. 2008 wlidan muSaobs SoTa
rusTavelis Teatris da kinos universitetis kino–tele
fakultetis animaciis reJisorebis jgufis xelmZRvanelad
asocirebuli prifesoris Tanamdebobaze.
filmebi da jildoebi:
Citbatona (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenaris avtri da
reJisori. prizi – festivali `tindirindisi~ (vilniusi,
2007 w.); legenda Rvinoze (2007 w.) – animaciuri, scenaris
avtori da reJisori. prizi – festivali `bimini~ (baTumi,
2008 w.); rogor gaCnda mTvare (2007w.) – animaciuri. scenaris
avtri da reJisori; ratom aris zRva mariliani (2007 w.)
– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; germanuli
saTvistomo (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenaris avtori da
reJisori; qarTuli zarebi (2002 w.) – dokumenturi. scenaris
avtri da reJisori. momavali (2002 w.) – dokumenturi.
scenaris avtori da reJisori; didi daviTis jaWvis perangi
(1990 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtri da reJisori; modis
(1988 w.) – Tojinuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori; `oCokoCi~
(1986 w.)– animaciuri. scenaris avtori da reJisori; mefe
da Citi (1985 w.)– animaciuri. prizi–festivali `troa~
(portugalia, 1986 w.); didi talRa da patara talRa (1984
w.) – animaciuri. reJisori. miwa Tavisas moiTxovs (1983 w.)–
animaciuri, scenaris avtri da reJisori. prizi – festivali
`amirani~ (Tbilisi, 1983 w.); prizi – festivali `Mladost~ (ukraina, 1984 w.) portreti (1981 w.) – animaciuri.
109
THEATRE STUDIES
Tamar Bokuchava
SOME TRENDS OF THEATRE STUDIES IN XIX-XX CENTURIES THEATRE AND RITUAL
Summary
The Article outlines the trends and tendencies of theatre studies development in XIX-XX centuries. In the first part of the article titled “Some Trends of Theatre Studies in XIX-XX Centuries» there are discussed the factors and theories what influenced the development of the new critical and historical attitudes to the task: the socio-philosophic theories, social anthropology, psychoanalyses, etc. The goal of the article is to show how the interest of theatre researchers has turned from the philological attitude to the history of drama towards the history of performance. In the turn of XIX-XX centuries German literary and art historian Max Herman has founded the performance reconstruction method he used in his historical explorations of the German theatre past practice in medieval era and later.
The other important sources influenced the theatre history and criticism were the new theories interpreting the essence of culture and history itself. As an example of such theories the article introduces Max Weber’s three typological schemes of human culture understood by him as: Hindu-Buddhist, Chinese-Confucian and Christian models. This and other attitudes to human culture and history affected the art and theatre practices, criticism and theory and caused the emergence of new tendencies and developments in the mentioned spheres. The theatrical avant-garde with the all various forms of its manifestations from symbolism, dada-surrealism, and absurd, the different theatre
110
laboratories and post-dramatic developments were essentially bound with social and humanitarian science development. The avant-garde theatre stress was more on the performance as a process than as a product.
The strong emphasis on a theatrical process was connected with the mythic-ritual and anthropological understanding of the theatrical art’s function.
In the second part of the Article “Theatre and Ritual” one can find the discussion of different attitude to the theatre functional essence and mythic-ritual roots on the basis of the points of views of anthropologists and ethnologists Bronislav Malinovski, James Frazer, and Mircea Eliade, as well as theatre researchers Richard Schechner, Christopher Innes, Eli Rozik, Phillip Zarilli, Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei and others. In the article is used the scientific approach by Canadian neuropsychologist Merlin Donald.
ABOUT AUTHORFull professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University. She works in World Theatre studies and teaches on all three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with the teaching practice she leads the scientific work in theatre studies and writes critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she is three times awarded for the best article of the year by Georgian Theatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar has published more than 20 scientific articles and about 70 critical assays and interviews. She works on university textbooks and supplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 years Tamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli State Theatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer and Theatrical programs’ host.
111
Mikheil Kalandarishvili
THE COMPLETE PROFESSOR IN THE DIRECTION OF CRITICISM AND THEORY THE DOCTOR OF ART
STUDY
Summary
In the letter ‘who needs theory’ is examined basic problems of drama’s theory – notions, categories, structural elements, which represent a complicated system and is universal by it’s nature.
It requires consecutive and logical understanding. Its attempt is being provided by the given article.
The theory of drama as the special discipline which forms skills to the young artist, searches and determines regulatories of art, this way it facilitates us to see the generalized picture of development.
ABOUT AUTHORwas born in 1952,july 11. In 1969 he finished the secondary school of Tbilisi, number 50, In 1974 he graduated from ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film State University. He entered and enrolled on post-graduate school of Leningrad theatre, music and film institute. At the same year, in 1979 he maintained a thesis about Akhmeteli direction problems to receive a PhD degree. Since 1979 he has been a teacher and scientist. In 1993 he maintained a thesis to get a doctoral degree of art study, with the work “The basic directions of Georgian theatre”. He is author of eighty theatrical and historical c haracteristic scientific publications and also Russian and French theatrical encyclopedia letters’. Nowadays he is the complete professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film in the direction of critics and theory.
112
FILM STUDIES
Lia Kalandarishvili
“THIS IS AN APPLE I.E. AMBIGUITY OF FILM IMAGE”
Summary
One of the characteristic error by the principle of reality of a Georgian film of the latest years is poverty of justified art thought or unexhistance of expressive cinematography.
Young authors are unable to distinguish from one another the notions: rality of film image. They confuse mechanical fixation and real facts with each other.
The letter – “this is an apple i.e. ambiguity of film image is dedicated to the matter of mutual relations of the film image and ambigious nature of cinematography, so called real and conditional reflecting problems. Actually the principles of reflection of reality of “social realism” are reviewed, that equals falseness of Soviet Georgian cinema methodology.
ABOUT AUTHORCinema historian, Ph. D. in Art History. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema in the field of cinema studies in 1977. Her publications appear in professional and scientific magazines from the year 1974. In the years from 1979 to 1980 is an intern in Moscow State Scientific Institute of Cinema Studies and Theory in the field of esthetics and theory. In 1999 received an award of Cinematographers’ Union for the best annual research in the field of cinema studies and criticism. Worked for a number of years in the scientific center for cinema theory and history. Lia Kalandarishvili is currently an assistant professor in Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema. Tel: +995 (32) 298 57 06
113
Manana Lekborashvili
STRIVING FOR DOCUMENTALISM AND ITS EXHAUSTION
Summary
Documental and art cinematograph were born, similteniously is just being developed and actively influence each other with exchanging expressive means.
Though in a recent space of time the very mutual sharing process lead us even to rub out boarders i.e. in the branch of art cinematography and TV.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Candidate of Art Science. Associated Professor in Film Studies at Shota Rustaveli Georgian State University of Theatre and Film. Graduated Moscow State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK, 1993). Area of interest: Genre Theory, Media Studies. Recent publications: Genre Tendencies of the Georgian Cinema - the Drama of the Stagnation Epoch (Caucasian Messenger, N9), From “Cult of Personality” to “Ottepel” - Features of Genre System of the Georgian Cinema (Theatre and Film Research works N1), Mechanisms of Formation of Genres in a Cinema (Theatre and Film Research works N2). Book: History of foreign cinema (Lectures), 2004. Tel: + 995 (32) 276 61 98 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
114
ANIMATION
Lado Sulaqvelidze
GERMAN MODERNISM
Summary
The part of European artists seeked shelter in Switzerland during the period of first world war, where they felt safely. They used to talk about, as for senseless disaster of this war,but also about the art. The part of groups decided to create a course, Which would announce protest against surroundings and current events by its content of work.
Once when painters met Tristan Tzara and turned over one of the pages of the dictionary, they chose the first word “Dada” then added ending “ism” to it, therefore a new course “Dadaism” was born.
After the end of the war, the part of artists moved to Berlin. They devided into different groups and continued their work. German vanguard of film had been deveped earlier than the rest of countries.
The part of painters weren’t content with seeing their abstract paintings in condition of statics. They decided to record works on tape and put in motion by the means of the film.They used to be pioneers in their work: Viking Eggeling, Hans Richter, Walter Ruttman, Bella Bartosh and later Oskar Fischinger.
The current work reviews the above mentioned creative features of art.
ABOUT AUTHOREducation: Iakob Nikoladze Art School, department of sculpture (1976); Georgian State university of Theatre and
115
Film, department of animation (1981);Filmography: The portret (1981), animation film; Earth demands its own (1983), - animation film. screenplay, director. Festival - “Amirani’’, Tbilisi (1985), festival - “Mladost’’, Ukrain (1984); The big wave and the small wave (1984) - animation film, director; The king and the bird (1985) - animation film, screenplay, director; Ochokochi (1986) - animation film. screenplay, director; Coming (1988) - animation film. screenplay, director; David the great’s chain-mail (1990) - animation film. screenplay, director; Georgian bell (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director; Future (2002)- documental film. screenplay, director; German diaspora (2002) - documental film. screenplay, director; Angalo (2007) animation film. screenplay, director; How the moon appeared (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director; A legend about vine (2007) - animation film. screenplay, director; Goldfish (2007)- animation film. screenplay,director, Festival - “tindirindis 2007”, - prise_the best internet film.
116
U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D P R O G R A M
DRAMA DIRECTION
Nino LipartianiThird year PhD student
SOME POSTMODERNIST THEATRICAL ART ISSUES
Summary The artists of postmodern situation want to remove the
“pressure of the author” as much as possible with the following new methods: neutral letter, opened work and etc. They want to give the chance to the reader and the audience to complete the reading of the text themselves. The artists of this orientation think that everything has already been created in the world of art, all the art forms have been discovered and nothing is left but to repeat already discovered with definite combinations. The artist makes effects with removal of the author and demonstration of definite distance. This is a peculiar challenge, protest against uniformity of art.
According to Blanchot’s opinion: “It is desired to have existence of no “personal me” in art. This is not the spiritual state of the author but necessity of contemporary artistic culture. Later this event was named as “death of the author”. This is a process where the sense of self existence is lost. This is a “metaphysical Suicide”.
117
HISTORY OF WORLD THEATRE
Natia MefarishviliThird year PhD student
HOLLYWOOD: BEYOND THE COULISSES
Summary
The word Hollywood was associated, and still is associated, with worldly luster in many people’s minds. This is an artificially designed stereotype in part, in the creation of which a multitude of talented individuals have taken part and for the sake of which thousands of feet of film were sacrificed.
Due to the different political views, the names of a number of distinguished persons in culture and art wound up in the so-called Hollywood blacklist in the forties and fifties of the past century. Everyone with an unorthodox standing was considered a public enemy. People on this list were forced to co-operate with investigation.
While Hollywood has been the heart of the American dream and celebrity life, the Hollywood Ten trial remains a mystery and a black spot in the history of American movies.
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THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORY
Mariam ChubinidzeThird year PhD student
SOME ISSUES OF JOURNALISTIC THINKING IN GEORGIA
Summary
The history of press development started since 18th century in Europe. At the end of the same century the newspaper job was laid a foundation in Russia.
In spite of the fact that in those days the influence of the Empire of Russia was reflected upon all the spheres of life in Georgia, Georgian journals and newspapers wouldn’t be published till 1819
Ever since time by time various newspapers used to be published, one of them ”notification of Tbilisi” was distinguished from others.
Since 1832 when the edition of the above-mentioned newspaper was stopped, Georgian society still remained without press, till the foundation of the journal “Tsiskari” in 1852. Therfore in 50-ers in spite of particular experience Georgian journalists would have to start everything anew.
In defiance of the fact, that George Eristavi’s “Tsiskari” left the most important heritage indeed from the point of view of litaerary models, the journal couldn’t get wide response of the subjects of an actual society.
The very mission wasn’t perfectly fulfilled by Ivane Kereselidze either, Though progressive steps were evidently shown.
In the Georgian journalism the journal “Tsiskari” established different journalistic forms: newspaper satire, essay, private
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correspondence, reporting correspondences, journalistic investigation and since 1963 the forms got more and more refined and developed in the Georgian journal “Moambe.”
The newspaper “droeba established in 1866 was one more step made in the Georgian journalism. The main fact was that it became far more democratic, different, using the more understandable language for people.(about what Ilia Chavchavadze used to write in “Tsiskari.” Though it’s important that the journal “Droeba” at the same time gradually prepared readers for such a serious publicism as we met in the journal “Krebuli” (1871)
SInce 1877 the journal “Iveria” started informing and thinking of problematical matters for readers. Ilia Chavchavadze became the head of that journal.
In those difficulties were ceaused, from one hand, by severe censorship, and, from the other, poor technical possibilities and human resource.
In spite of the problems, Georgian periodical press was still skilled in filling in public informative,cognitive vaccume, and time by time if formed, improved those professional standards, which at present the Georgian journalistic branch based on.