17 -12.3 383 STANDAIRDIZED'EMCS ENERGY SAYINGS CALCULATIONS(U) 1/2NEWCOMB AND BOYD CONSULTING ENGINEERS ATLANTA GA
CORNELIUS SEP 82 NCEL-CR-82.838 N62474-8i-C-9382
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 Summary 1N 2.0 Field Survey Data 2
2.1 Field Information Checklist 6 -i
3.0 Data Development 11
3.1 Climate - Based Factors 113.2 Building - Specific Factors 28
8 3.3 Miscellaneous Factors 35
4.0 Savings Calculations Algorithms 36
4.1 Scheduled Start/Stop 38
4.2 Duty Cycling 444.3 Demand Limiting 45
5 4.4 Optimum Start/Stop 464.5 Outside Air Limit Shutoff 47
4.6 Ventilation And Recirculation 48
4 4.7 Economizer (Dry Bulb or Enthalpy) 50
4.8 Day/Night Setback 504.9 Reheat Coil Reset 52
4.10 Hot Deck/Cold Deck Temperature Reset 54
4 4.11 Hot Water Outside Air Reset 56
4.12 Boiler Optimization 57
4.13 Chiller Optimization 584.14 Chiller Water Temperature Reset 584.15 Condenser Water Temperature.Reset 59 "
4.16 Chiller Demand Limit 624.17 Lighting Control - ,. 624.18 Run Time Recording - ., 63
4.19 Safety Alarm rT T;" V 63 -, -
5.0 Sample Calculations ;.ot o 66
val-,iCodes No "" "
Dist I &pe~ax ,'::i::"
.- . : . . .. ... ... . .. .. ... .... . . ... . ... .
.- C r'r W V *.*.. U..' - .i
FIGURES
1 Building Description Data Form 3
2. System Description Data Form 4
3. Energy Conservation Program Applications 54. Climate-based Factors Form 13
5. Sample Weather Data - Cooling Season 146. Sample Weather Data - Heating Season 15
7. Percent Runtime (PRT) vs. Heating Degree Days 26
8. Building-specific Factors Form 29
9. Equipment Runtime vs. Heating Degree Days 33
for Light Construction
10 Equipment Runtime vs. Heating Degree Days 34
for Heavy Construction
11. DHW Offtime Temperature Drop 43
12. Percent Efficiency Increase of Chiller vs. 61
Reduction in Condenser Water Temperature
13. Primary System - Savings Calculations 64
and Costs Reference Form
14. Secondary System - Savings Calculations 65
and Costs Reference Form
APPENDICES
A.1 Blank Forms 133 -A.2 Enthalpy of Air at Given Wet Bulb Temperatures 140
A.3 Variable Glossary 141
-.° . -. . . .- .-
.... . " ..- .1"''
V - - -
"--- ". ";w .""
.........................................
Unclassified _____________
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS PAGE (II7N* DNS4 Fnte..d) READ____ INSTRUCTIONS_______
1REPORT NUMBER 2VACESSION NO. 13 1]f C ALOG NUMBER
4. TITLE (and S.sblSS.)S.TP OiRE RTA EIDCVRD
Standardized EMCS Energy Savings ___________
Calculations PEFRIGOGRERTNMR
7. AUTHOR(S) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)
Catherine Cornelius N27-1C98
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT. TASK
Newcomb &Boyd, Consulting Engineers AREA II WORK UNITNUBR
One Northside 75 Z0371-01-221DAtlanta, GA 301R __________
11. I CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Sep 1982Port Hueneme, CA 93043 UMEO
IA MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(it different ro- ConI,.Iiin# Offi-.) 1IS SECURITY CLASS. (.1 tis eoP.,r)
UnclassifiedS.DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
IS, DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (o.f this Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of IIh. abstract entered in, Block 20. it differentI fr~ Report)
10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19 KEY WORDS (Continue ort reverse side if nece*ssay nd idetlify by block number) C
Calculations, EMCS, Energy
20 A PSTRMACT7 (Continue. on reverse. sifi necessary .Snd idw~tify by block nim'S.')
/This report describes standardized methods for determining* energy savings obtainable from EMCS applications programs using
manual and computerized algorithms. The methods will providereasonable approximations of savings but not detailed energy
* analyses of building operations.
DD I Fj .0 M 1473 EDITION OF' I NOV 3 IS OBSOLETE UcasfeSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Date, .1 Entered)
loop3
%.
-. r lr r . r r . - .'-.
1.0 SUMMARY
This document is prepared in accordance with Contract
N62474-81-C-9382, Task 3, from the Civil Engineering Labora-
tory, Port Hueneme, California. It describes standardized
time-based and climate-based methods for determining energy
savings obtainable from EMCS energy conservation programs
utilizing manual and computerized algorithms. It is
intended that these methods will provide reasonable approx-
imations of savings and not detailed energy analyses of each
building. When applicable, computer methods are recommendedover manual methods to provide better accuracy.. For energy
conservation strategies, for which computer adgorithms exist
and manual methods are unreliable, use of a computer is
requiied. These circumstances are spelled out in Section 3of ths report. The methods are applied to typical examples
of the systems identified in the Tri-Service Design Manual
for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9. Field datarequired for these calculations and forms which may be used
in recording the field data and performing the savings
calculations are included. General information about Energy
Monitoring and Control Systems, descriptions of the energy
conservation programs, and schematics of the typical systems
may be found in the Tri-Service Design Manual referenced
above. Section 5 details a hypothetical installation and completed
sample forms using the manual methods discussed in this report.
. ~~ .. -. .1.
-771
2.0 FIELD SURVEY DATA
A field survey of the facility under study is required to
determine what systems are present in each building being
considered for EMCS connection. As-built drawings and
equipment lists obtained from facility personnel need to beverified. The operation of each system and the building it
serves must be determined in sufficient detail to determine
which EMCS functions may be applicable to each system.
These and other tasks to be performed during the field
survey are listed on page 200 of the Tri-Service Design
Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9. Build-
ing and system survey forms which may be used in this
endeavor are shown on the following two pages, in Figures 1and 2. Blank forms are also included in Appendix A.1.
Twenty-nine typical HVAC systems to which EMCS conservationprograms may be applied have been identified. System sche-
matics and I/O summary tables for these systems may be found
in the Tri-Service Design Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AEM
88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9, pages 105 to 163.
Figure 3 lists those energy programs which may be applied to
a particular system type and a page reference where the
calculation method may be found. Information, specific to
system type, which is required for calculation of energy
savings is shown on the checklist on pages 6 to 8.
2...... ...
2 .- • -- ,
FIGURE 1
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUMIBER:___________________________
-, ~BUILDING DESCRIPTION:__________________________
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):
MBER OF FLOORS:___________________________
TYPE CONSTRUCTION:____________________________
* APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGH' (FT):
* GLASS TYPE:
* ~CRITICAL AREAS:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: ____________________________
3.
FIGURE 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER_________
SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ SYS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MFGR. MOD. _________ MFGR. MOD. *__________
-~ CAPACITY __________ CAPAC ITY_____________
-HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
AREA SERVED_________ AREA SERVED____________
CONTROLS____________ CONTROLS________________
NOTES:___________ NOTES:_____________
SYS* _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MFGR. MOD. #________ MFGR. MOD.#__________
-: CAPACITY ______ _____ CAPAC ITY_ _____________
HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
* HP (TYPE)_ _____ HP (TYPE)_ _______
HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
AREA SERVED__________ AREA SERVED____ ________
* CONTROLS_______ ____ CONTROLS ___ __________
* NOTES: _______ ____ NOTES:______________
4.p
FIGURE 3
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM APPLICATIONS
REFER CE. E w .0A M I 0 a. en u. .1
+
40.4L'
a.. r -
. C .4 44 ., .4
In 0 0 X~gl ~ 4No. Syte Tvp V) a4
1 Single Zone 0 0
2 UTerminal Re- 'beat At33o teVariablev Air 0 • U
4 Multi-Zone 0 e0 • " -"0
*UU Zone. ' 0L 44 0 ~
6 Mul t-Zone
DX-Alc ••@••••• •-
7 Vaoribe Fanr
,. ~~~Coil Unit •••• •"
'. i " ~ ~8 F o u r P i p e F a n • • •• •" .. .".. ~~Coil Unit ".!9 Heating ent.Ilatin Unit.
i 10 steam unit-: |8eat - :""
-* .. 10 teamUni
11 Electricunit Heater
12 Not WaterUnit Heater
13 SteamRadiation S .
14 ElectricRadlation 0 0 0
Radiation 0 "16 Stem - -.-- -
l iler -,-'-
17 Not Water" l o l l e r '
e18 rect Fired * * O * O •Furnace
19 Direct Fired * * * * * *Roller -
20 Stem H"
converter 021 3WSen - - - - - - - - - - -
Converter '22 3711W NW 0
Converter 0 0
23 Water CooledDX Compressor 0 0 0
24 Air CooledDX Coupresmo, 0
2 55Air Cooled 0Chiller
26 Water Cooleo '
Chiller - -- - - - - .27 Lighting * *
Control26 Domestic HUOlectric 0 0 • 0
29 Doametic Mw
Gas or Oil
*Select Economizer or Enthalpy4Cmetrifugal Chiller$ only
5.
2.1 FIELD INFORMATION CHECKLIST
All Systems
--- area being served by the system
required schedule of operation if different from
normal building occupancy schedulereliability and schedule of any existing start/stop
K: control (manual or timeclock)manufacturer's model number
Types 1 to 6 Air Handlers
--- required summer setpoint if different t 78°F
--- required winter setpoint if different t' "8°F
--- required unoccupied low temperature limit it
different than 55°F
--- sources of heating and cooling media
cfm capacity
--- percent minimum outside air--- OA damper control and revisions necessary to
convert to economizer control
--- supply and return (if any) fan horsepower .
--- required unoccupieu period setpoints if system
cannot be shutdown*--- reasonable reheat system reset (OF) based on coil
capacity and space loads or use suggested estimates
from Section 4.+ reasonable hot and cold deck resets (OF) based on
coil capacities and space loads or use suggestedestimates from Section 4.
+ percent of system cfm passing through hot and cold
decks
* Terminal Reheat AHU only
+ Nultizone AHU and DX-A/C systems only
|6.
Types 7, 8, 11, 14 Systems with no outside air
--- required summer setpoint if different than 78OF
--- required winter setpoint if different than 68OF
required unoccupied low temperature limit if
different than 550F
--- sources of heating and/or cooling media-supply fan horsepower
--- required unoccupied period setpoints is system
cannot be shutdown
Types 9, 18, 19 Heating only fan units
--- required winter setpoint if different than 68cF
--- required unoccupied low temperature limit if
different than 550F
--- source of heating medium
--- cfm capacity--- percent minimum outside air
--- OA damper control
--- supply and return (if any) fan horsepower
required unoccupied period setpoints if system
cannot be shutdown
Types 10, 12, 13, 15 Heating Systems
--- required winter setpoint if different than 680F
--- source of heating medium
required unoccupied period setpoint*--- total maximum output of hot water radiators
* Only needed for consideration of hot water tempera-
ture reset on an independent hot water radiation loop;
otherwise, it will be reset at the hot water source.
7.V
Types 16, 17 Steam or Hot Water Boiler
--- maximum capacity of each boiler
--- type of energy source (fuel)
--- conditions of operation for estimation of efficiency
Types 20, 21, 22 Converters
--- maximum heat transfer capacity of converter
--- horsepower rating of all associated pumps--- source of steam or hot water
--- conversion efficiency (or assume 90%)
Types 23, 24, 25, 26 DX Compressors and Chillers
--- type of compressor(s)
--- horsepower of compressor motor(s) and any auxiliary
pumps
--- staging control
--- refrigeration capacity (tons)--- entering condenser water temperature setpoint
--- cycling or continuously running tower fan
S*-- cold water setpoint
• *- capacity control
--- double bundle condenser
• Water cooled systems only
•* Chillers only
Type 27 Lighting Control
--- total KW per lighting zone
8.
Type 28, 29 Domestic Hot Water
--- type energy source (fuel)--- tank height and diameter--- insulation thickness--- hot water temperature setpoint
--- average temperature of surroundingspossible shutdown schedule
9.
. . .
The savings calculations use motor horsepowers in calcula-
tion of auxiliary savings. If horsepower is not listed onthe motor nameplates then calculate it based on the electri-
cal data as follows:
HP = V x A x x 0.851000 watts/kw x 0.746 kw/hp
where,
V = voltage
A = full load or rated amperage
= number of phases
For motors 25 HP or greater, it is preferable to take field
measurements of the electrical consumption.
The air handling capacity in cubic feet per minute (cfm) is
required for analysis of most air handler systems. If this
information cannot be determined from the equipment name-plate, catalog data or as-built mechanical plans, thenassume a cfm value equal to the square feet of area being
served.
10.
-n-v-*V r-Sr ~ V~ r o. .,..
3.0 DATA DEVELOPMENT
Many factors which affect the magnitude of energy savingsachievable from the conservation programs are only dependent
on the climate of a particular location or the building
design and load characteristics. The determination of these
constant factors is discussed in this section.
3.1 Climate-based factors
Before beginning the savings analysis at a particular loca-
tion, those factors which are solely related to climateshould be calculated. The derived values of the climate-
based factors may be entered into the table shown in Figure4, for easy reference while performing the system analyses.A blank form is also included in Appendix A.I. The page
reference indicates the page in this report where a methodof determining the data is outlined. If actual weather data
for the facility under study is available it should be used
in preference to calculated data. For example, if a base
has a yearly schedule for turning central cooling equipmenton May 20 and off September 30 then that time period should
be used for the weeks of summer (WKS).
Several factors may be derived from weather data located inChapter 3 of the Engineering Weather Data, NAVFAC P-89/AFM88-29/TM 5-785. The following pages demonstrate methods for "
calculating each of the Climate-Based Factors using weather
. . . . . . . . . . . . .~ p~** . ; *.,.
data for Springfield MAP, Missouri. In each case, the
columns in the data tables are derived from the weather data
reproduced in Figures 5 and 6, from Chapter 3, pages 3-20and 3-21, of the Engineering Weather Data. The columnletter indices in each procedure correspond to the letters
on the columns in Figures 5 and 6. The Climate-Based
Factors for any location in the Engineering Weather Data can
be derived in a similar fashion.
Ire-
12.U U
FIGURE 4
CLIMATE BASED FACTORS
LOCATION: -_-_-_
PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS
ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 *F
AND Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 Days/Yr.
AST* Average Summer Temperature 19 OF
AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19
CFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 Hrs/Yr.
HFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. for Heating 22 Hrs/Yr.
HS Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 Hrs/Yr
BW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 Hrs/Yr
OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy , 24 Btu/lb.
PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25
WKS* Weeks of Summer 27 Wks/Yr.
WKW* Weeks of Winter 27 Wks/Yr.
* Data not necessary if computer methods are used.
13.IV
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* . - . -o--.--.
Average entering condenser water temperature (ACWT):
The purpose of this procedure is to find the average enter-
ing condenser water temperature which can be obtained from a
cooling tower during the cooling season at a given location.
This value can then be used in the Condenser Water Temper-
ature Reset savings calculations for any cooling tower in
the same geographic location.
Using the Engineering Weather Data, compile a data table
like the one below for Springfield, Missouri. Find the Mean
Coincident Wet Bulb Temperatures corresponding to Temper-
ature Ranges above 550F. (Column A). Assume an approach
temperature (the difference in temperature between the
outside air wet bulb temperature and the entering condenser
water temperature) of 100F. Add this to the Mean Coincident
Wet Bulb Temperatures (Column B). For normal office hours
of operation consider the annual hours of occurrence during
the 09 to 16 period (Column C) and perform the following
calculations:
1'6
16.
, . i . . .
A. Mean B. Condenser C. 09 to 16 D. Temperature
Coincident Water Temp. Hours of HoursWet Bulb OF (A + 00° ) Occurrence (B x C)
77 87 0 0
74 84 1 84
74 84 4 336
74 84 39 3276
74 84 121 10164
72 82 232 19024
70 80 295 23600
68 78 279 21762
66 76 272 20672
62 72 228 16416
57 67 204 13668
52 62 181 11222
1856 140224
Average condenser water temperature = ACWT
•= Total of D/Total of C
= 140221/1856 = 75.60F.
- 3
U V-.:
F 1 .+
Annual number of days requiring morning warmun (ArID):
Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-
tions for Ventilation and Recirculation and Optimum Start/
Stop. Assuming the start-up time is early morning consider
only those hours of occurrence 01 to 08 for temperatures
below 600F. (Column F). Derive the following information
from the weather data:
E. Temperature F. 01 to 08 G. Annual
Range OF Hours of No. Of
Occurrence Days
(F 4 8)
55/59 235 30
50/54 208 26
45/49 206 26
40/44 219 28
35/39 235 30
30/34 237 30
25/29 195 25
20/24 107 14
15/19 74 10
10/14 46 6
5/9 19 3
0/4 13 2
-5/-1 4 1-10/-6 1 1
-11 & below 0 0
Total 232
The annual number of days that warmup is required is thetotal of column G: AND = 232.
18.
Average summer temperature (AST):
Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-
lations for Scheduled Start/Stop. Find the annual hours
observed for time periods 01 to 08 and 17 to 24 (Columns F
and I), which correspond to the mean temperature in the 50
ranges (Column H) above 750F. Compile a table as follows:
H. Mean OF F. 01 to 08 I. 17 to 24 J. Annual Summer
In Range Hours of Hours of Degree Hours
Occurence Occurrence (H + I) x G
112 0 0 0
107 0 0 0
102 0 0 0
97 0 9 873
92 0 32 2,944
87 4 78 7,134
82 29 151 14,760
77 105 252 27,489
TOTALS 138 hr. 522 hr. 53,200 hr0 F
The average summer temperature is equal to: .
AST = Total of J/(Total of F + Total of I)
= 53,200/(138 + 522) = 80.6*F -:
Average winter temperature (AWT):
Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-
lations for Scheduled Start/ Stop and Ventilation/Recircula-
tion. Find the annual total hours observed (Column K) at
temperatures below 650F (column H) and compile a data table
19.-- * .. * .* 1
as follows:
H. Mean OF K. Annual L. Annual Winter
In Range Total Hours Degree Hours
62 768 47,616
57 619 35,283
52 598 31,096
47 608 28,576
42 603 25,326
37 606 22,422
32 577 18,464
27 412 11,124
22 240 5,280
17 141 2,397 I
12 85 1,020
7 39 273
-*2 21 42
-3 6 -18
-8 1 -8TOTALS 5,324 hr/yr 228,893 OF-hr/yr
The average winter temperature is equal to: 640.
AWT = Total of L/Total of K
- 228,893/5,324 = 43.0*F
Annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling (CFLH):
Cooling full-load hours (CFLH) will be used in savings
calculations for Chiller Water Temperature Reset and and
Condenser Water Temperature Reset. A value can be chosen
from Table 3, p. 43.11, in the 1980 Systems ASHRAE Handbook,
or the following procedure can be used to determine the
value of the parameter. FInd the 2.5% Summer Design Data
Dry Bulb temperature for the location under study in Chapter
20.
L
1 of the Engineering Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/NAVFAC
P-89. For Sprinfield MAP, Missouri it is 93*F. For daytime
operation of the cooling systems consider the annual hours
of occurence above and equal to 650F for the 09 to 16 period
(Column C), as in the example. For 24-hour operation
consider the total observed annual hours of occurrence
(Column K). Develop the following data table from the
weather data:
H. Mean OF C. 09 to 16 M. Degree
In Range Hours of Hours
Occurence C(H-650 )
112 0 0
107 1 42
102 4 148
97 39 1,248
92 121 3,267
87 232 5,104
82 295 5,015
77 279 3,348
72 272 1,904
67 228 456TOTAL 20,532 OF-hr.
Annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling is calculated
as follows:
CFLH = Total of M
Cooling design temperature - 650
20,532/(93*-650) 733 hr/yr.
21.
.. .. . . ' ... u ° I I ... I I - °
Annual equivalent full-load hours for heating (HFLH):
Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-
tions for Hot Water Outside Air Reset. Find the 97.5%
Heating Design Data Dry Bulb Temperature for the location
under study in Chapter 1 of the Engineering Weather Data,
AFM 88-29/ TM5-785/ NAVFAC P-89. For Springfield MAP,
Missouri the heating design temperature is listed as 90 F.
For daytime operation of a heating system consider the
annual hours of occurrence below 65*F for the 09 to 16
period; this was assumed for the example. For 24-hour
operation consider the total observed annual hours of occur-
rence. Develop the following data table from the weather
data:
H. Mean OF C. 09 to 16 N. Degree
In Range Hours Of Hours
Occurence C(65 0-H)
62 204 612
57 181 144852 182 2366
47 191 3438 6
42 173 3979
37 160 448032 149 4917
27 92 3496 6
22 54 2322
17 28 1344
12 18 954
7 8 464
2 4 252
-3 1 68
-8 0 0
Total 30140 OF-hr.
22.
Annual equivalent full-load hours for heating is calculated
as follows:
HFLH = Total of N650 - heating design temperature
- 30140/(650 - 90) = 538 hr/yr
Hours for outside air temperature shutoff (HS and HW):
Results of this procedure will be used in savings calcula-
tions for Outside Air Shutoff Limit. For the heating sav-
ings consider the months during which heating auxiliaries
such as hot water pumps are scheduled to operate at the
facility under study and from the weather data determine the
total number of hours during that period that the tempera-
ture is above or equal to 650F. In a similar fashion deter-
mine the number of hours below the cooling season tempera-
ture limit. Cooling season shut off should only be con-
sidered for small skin-dominated buildings (low internal
heat gains compared to heat transfer through walls and roof)
and the temperature limit should be chosen accordingly. For
the Springfield example assume the heating pumps operate
November through April based on the 23.4 week winter deter-
mined on page 27. Assume the chiller for a skin-dominated
building with operable windows is turned on the 15th of May
and runs through September. A summer temperature limit of
750F is used. Only the 09 to 16 time periods are considered
for the example. The actual seasonal schedule for heating
equipment and cooling equipment should be used when known
for a facility.
Hours in summer outside temperature is below summer limit -
HS = 1/3 (144) + 64 + 31 + 31 + 99 = 273 hr/yr
Hours in winter outside temperature is above winter limit .
HW = 40 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 35 + 107 = 204 hr/yr
23.
q
Average outside air enthalpy (OAH):
The results of this procedure will be used in the savingscalculations for Scheduled Start/Stop. For normal daytime
hours of operation of the HVAC equipment consider the hoursof occurrence for the time periods 01 to 08 and 17 to 24
above 750F dry bulb temperature. Develop the following data
table from the weather data:
A. Mean F. 01 to 08 I. 17 to 24 0. Degree
Coincident Hours of Hours of Hours
Wet Bulb (OF) Occurrence Occurrence Ax(B+C)
77 0 0 0
74 0 0 0 I
74 0 0 0
74 0 9 666
74 0 32 236872 4 78 5904
70 29 151 12600
68 105 252 25276
Totals 138 hrs. 522 hrs. 45814 hrs-0 F
Average wet bulb temperature =
Total of O/(total of F + total of I) -
45814/(138 + 522) = 69.4 0 F.
The corresponding outside air enthalpy (OAH) can be obtained
by consulting Appendix A.2. For this example the OAH which
corresponds to 69.4 0 F - WB is 33.34 Btu/lb.
24.
Percent runtime for low temperature limit (PRT):
THe percent runtime (PRT) is the percentage of scheduled off
time during unoccupied periods when the fans and pumps must
come back on in order to maintain a 550F setback tempera-
ture. The determined value will be used in Scheduled Start/
Stop savings calculations. Find the annual Heating Degree
Days for the location under study in Chapter 1 of Engineering
Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/ NAVFAC P-89. The corres-
ponding percent run time (PRT) can be found on Figure 7,
page 26. For the Springfield example the number of heating
degree days are 4570, and the corresponding PRT is 15%.
40.
2 .
25.
us 20%-
zad'
* IL
* 1-0Z w
4c0 10%-
*0 2000 4000 6000 6000 10.000 12.000 *
HEATING DEGREE DAYS
FIGURE 7
26.2
-:.
Weeks of summer (WKS) and
Weeks of winter (WKW):
Results of this procedure will be used in the savings calcu-
lations for Scheduled Start/Stop, Ventilation/Recirculation,
Day/Night Setback, Reheat Coil Reset, and Hot Deck/Cold Deck
Temperature Reset. Find the annual total hours observed
below 550F (Column K) and make the calculations shown below:
E. Temperature K. Annual
Range, OF Total Hours
50/54 598
45/49 608
40/44 603
35/39 606
30/34 577
25/29 412
20/24 240
15/19 141
10/14 85
5/9 39
0/4 21-5/-l 6--
-10/-6 1
Total 3937 hr/yr
The weeks of winter are equal to:
WKW = (Total of K ) hr/yr
(24 hr/dy)(7 dy/wk)
= 3937/(24)(7) = 23.4 wk/yr
The weeks of summer are equal to:
WKS = 52 wk/yr - WKW
= 52 - 23.4= 28.6 wk/yr
27.IU
• r-.- rr .. rI
h.|
3.2 Building-specific Factors
Before beginning the savings for each system in a given
building it is best to calculate those factors which are
constant for that building. It is important when deriving
thermal parameters of a building to take account of any
proposed architectural modifications. These factors may be
entered in forms like the one shown in Figure 8 for easy
reference. A blank form is included in Appendix A.1.
Following is a discussion of those factors and their deriva-
tions.
Building thermal transmission (BTT):
This factor is not needed if computer methods are used.
The resultant answer for BTT in Btu/hrOF-ft2 is used in the
Scheduled Start/Stop and Day/Night Setback savings calcula-
tions.
BTT = [(Uo x AW) + (I x 1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr)]/AF
Where,
• Uo = combined U-factor for all exterior surfaces
(walls, windows, doors, roof) in Btu/ft2hrOF
AW = total area of exterior surfaces in ft2
•I = total infiltration for building in cfm
AF = total floor area of the building in ft2
• The values for these factors may be calculated by methods
discussed in ASHRAE Handbook, 1981 Fundamentals, Chapters 22
and 23.
28.
.U
FIGURE 8
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING: _______ ____
*BTT Building Thermal Transmission
(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
-(Btu/hr*F-ft 2 x ft2) + (cfm X 1.08)/ ft2
____Btulhx? F-ft2
ERT =Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days ________F-days
- ~Combined U-factor, Uo - ______Btu/hrOF-ft2
From Figure 9 or 10 ERT -_ ____ hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
*Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
7.~
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
*Sys. No System Typ Systems Served HEFF 11V
- * Data not necessary if computer method is used.
29.
"7
Annual equipment runtime for morning warmup (ERT):
The equipment runtime (ERT) is the number of hours per year
that a system must run in the mornings before occupancy to
bring the temperature up to comfort conditions. The calcu-
lated value will be used in savings calculations for Optimum
Start/Stop. Calculate the combined wall Uo factor by stan-
dard methods such as described in the ASHRAE Handbook
1981 Fundamentals, Chapter 23. Find the annual HeatingDegree Days for the location under study in Chapter 1 of
Engineering Weather Data, AFM 88-29/TM 5-785/NAVFAC P-89. Lg
The corresponding equipment runtime (ERT) can be found on
Figure 9 or 10, page 33 or 34. For a brick building with an
overall U-factor of .21 in Springfield, Missouri (HDD of
4570), the corresponding ERT from Figure 10 is 290 hours per
year.
Following are factors which may sometimes be the same for
all systems in a given building.
CPT = rate of energy consumption per ton of refrigera-
tion in kw/ton or lb/ton-hr.
This figure will be the same for all air handling
systems using chilled water from the same central
chiller. DX units or package units will be excep-
tions. Use a value derived from manufacturer's 0
catalog or nameplate data for the particular model
if available; or use the approximate power inputs
for compressors listed in Table 2, p. 43.10 of the
ASHRAE Handbook, 1980 Systems.
30.
For steam-driven refirgeration machines use:
steam absorption machine - 18 lb/ton-hr --
steam turbine driven machine - 40 lb/ton-hr
K' ' HEFF = heating efficiency of the system
When calculating heating savings for boilers and
domestic hot water heaters, use manufacturer's
data on efficiencies if available. Typically, the
seasonal efficiency of an oil or gas fired boiler
and hot water heating system is between .60 and
.70, and for coal fired boilers, somewhat lower.
For separate domestic hot water heaters, seasonal
efficiencies are about .70 for oil fired heaters,
.75 for gas fired heaters, and .95 for electric
water heaters.
When calculating heating savings for converters,
heat exchanger effectiveness must be included.
Use a factor of 0.90 combined with the efficiency
of the boiler which serves the converter if actual
equipment data is not available. For example, if
a boiler with an efficiency of 0.65 supplies steam
to a steam/hot water converter, then the total
heating efficiency (HEFF) of the converter will be.65 times .90 or .585.
When calculating heating savings for secondary
systems, the distribution losses also must be
taken into account. The distribution efficienciesof hot water systems may be estimated based on the -flow rate and the temperature difference between
the outlet of the boiler or converter and the
inlet to the air handler heating coil. If thisiI data is not available, assume a distribution --
31.
,Q A
efficiency of 0.90. This must be multiplied by
the boiler or converter efficiency to determinethe combined heating efficiency (HEFF) of the
secondary system.
For electrical resistance duct heaters assume a
heating efficiency of 1.0.
HV = heating value of fuel.
Actual heating values should be used when known;
otherwise, use the following values to convert
heating load in BTU's to actual fuel consumed at
the building. These numbers will be used for66 calculating the actual amount of fuel saved in
gallons, cubic feet, etc., which then will be used
to determine dollar savings, based on the priceper unit of fuel. Therefore, the numbers listed
below for Purchased Steam and Electrical Source
Fuel must be differentiated from the values for
off-site generated fuel (1390 Btu/lb and 11,600
But/Kwh), which are recommended for calculation ofenergy to cost (E/C) ratios in Energy Conservation
Investment Program (ECIP) economic analyses.
Distillate Fuel Oil ................. 138,700 BTU/gal
Residual Fuel Oil ................... 150,000 BTU/gal
Natural Gas ....................... 1,031,000 BTU/1000 cu.ft
LPG, Propane, Butane ................. 95,500 BTU/gal
Bituminous Coal .................. 24,580,000 BTU/Short TonPurchased Steam ....................... 1,060 BTU/lb S
Electrical Source Fuel ................ 3,413 BTU/KWH
32.
9 .I
600
U=.?25500-
U=.18S 400-
LI.I IJ=15
S 300 U=-
200
Or
* 100-
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
HEATING DEGREE DAYS
LIGHT CONSTRUCTIONFIGURE9
33.
U=. 25600 U=. 23
U=. 21
U=.18 4
500-
U=. 15
U-. 1
300-
L&J 200- 1 ,00
100
200 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
6 HEATING DEGREE DAYS -
HEAVY C0NSTRUCTIUNhFIGURE 10
34.
3.3 Miscellaneous Factors
L = load factor
This takes into account the efficiency and partial
load of motors. For conservation savings estima-
tion use 0.8 based on,
L = partial load = .68 0.8efficiency at part load .85 0.8
Other values should be used if information on a
particular motor indicates such.
LTL = low temperature limit in OF for shutdown periods,
usually is 50°F or 550F.
SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in OF; 78°F is recommended
for normal occupancy
WSP = winter thermostat setpoint in OF; 65OF is recommended
for normal occupancy
35
35.
* - -. * . -.
4.0 Savings Calculation Algorithms
When calculating energy savings for systems on which more - n
than one EMCS function may be applied, care must be taken
not to duplicate savings. For example, the potential cool-ing savings from cold/hot deck reset is affected by the
operation of an economizer cycle. Therefore, it is neces- 0
sary to include an economizer cycle in the computer simula-
tion runs used for considering hot/cold deck reset savings
if the economizer cycle program is also going to be used on
the system. These type considerations are discussed with -wthe savings calculations for each energy saving function.
Also, care must be taken not to calculate the same heating
or cooling savings for both the secondary system and primary -
system serving it. For example, both an air handler and the
chiller providing chilled water to the AHU coil may be
considered for Scheduled Start/Stop. The cooling savings
for the space being served may be calculated in the savings '
analysiL for either system but not both.
The time event programs Scheduled Start/Stop, Day/Night
Setback, Ventilation/Recirculation, and Optimum Start/Stop
are closely related and the savings attributable to each is
dependent on how the function is defined. An attempt has
been made in the development of standard methods of deter-mining energy savings to differentiate among these programs
based on the descriptions found in Section II of the
Energy Monitoring and Control Systems(EMCS) Technical Manual,
TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9.
Scheduled Start/Stop may be applied to systems which can be
shut down during unoccupied hours, such as chillers and air
handlers serving non-critical areas. Day/Night Setback is
to be applied to systems which cannot be completely shut
down during unoccupied hours, but can have thermostat set-
36.
points set back. Optimum Start/Stop calculations are ap-
plicable only in conjunction with Scheduled Start/Stop for
systems having auxiliary pumps and/or fans. Some heating __Wand cooling energy may be saved by Optimum Start/Stop ap-
plied to night setback scheduling, however, estimation of
these savings would be difficult; therefore, only auxiliary
savings are considered. The Ventilation and Recirculation
program is applicable in conjunction with Scheduled Start/
Stop or Day/Night Setback for air handlers which have or are
to be retrofitted with outside air damper control.
Standard methods for calculating yearly savings from eachenergy conservation strategy, as they apply to individual
systems, have been developed. Computer methods are re-
commended for better accuracy, when a building energy simu-
lation computer program is available. The standard methods
are discussed in the following pages. A master variable
glossary of all the parameters used in the calculations is
included in Appendix A.3.
Each equation below results in an answer with units of
energy per year. In most cases, cooling savings will be in
kwh per year, except where an absorption or steam turbine
driven chiller is in ope;.ation. In that case, cooling
savings will be in pounds of steam per year and needs to beconverted to the primary fuel source units for the on-site
boiler, taking boiler efficiency into consideration. Heat-
ing savings calculations will result in an answer with units
of fuel consumption per year. The units could be cubic feet
of natural gas per year or gallons of fuel oil per year orany other primary source of heat on the facility. &
37.
4.1 SCHEDULED START/STOP
Manual Method:
The following savings calculations for HVAC equipment assume
a low temperature override to system shutdown. If no low
temperature limit is desired than use the average winter
temperature (AWT) in place of the low temperature limit
(LTL) and let percent runtime (PRT) equal zero.
Cooling savings =
BTT x AZ x (AST-SSP) x (168 hr/wk - H) x WKS x CPT x F12,000 Btu/ton-hr
Heating savings =
BTT x AZ x (WSP-LTL*) x (168 hr/wk -H) x WKW x FHEFF x HV
Ventilation cooling savings =
[CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (OAH-RAH) x (168 hr/wk - H)
x WKS x CPT x F]/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
Ventilation heating savings = U[CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (WSP-AWT)
x (168 hr/wk - H) x WKW x F]/(HEFF x HV)
Auxiliary savings =
HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (168 hr/wk - H)
x [WKS + (WKW x (l-PRT)] x F
Where,
AST = average summer temperature in OF (See page
19)38
38.
AWT = average winter temperature in OF (See page
19)
AZ = area of zone being served in ft.2
BTT = building thermal transmission in Btu/hr°F-ft2
(See page 28)3CFM = air handling capacity in ft /min
CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration
in Kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)
F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (See
page 42)
H = hours of operation per week (use present time
clock schedule or occupied hours plus two
hours each morning).
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total
system, including converters, transmission
system, boilers see page 31).
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of conti-
nuously running fans and pumps).
HV = heating value of fuel (in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, -W4
etc. See page 32).
L = load factor (See page 35)
LTL = low temperature limit in OF; usually 50OF or
550F. *Use the average winter temperature in
place of LTL if AWT > LTL.
OAH = average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (See
page 24)
POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed
as a decimal 7
PRT = percent run time during heating season shut-
down period required to maintain a low limit
temperature of 55*F expressed as a decimal W
(See page 25). Use PRT = 0 if no low tempe-rature limit is planned.
RAH = return air enthalpy during normal operating
hours. Use 29.91 Btu/lb for 78OF and 50%
humidity. For other conditions, obtain
values from a psychrometric chart.
39.
*6"
SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in *FWKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per
year (See page 27) 7WKW = length of winter heatng season in weeks per
year (See page 27)
WSP winter thermostat setpoint in °F
Computer Method:
Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-
erized energy analysis program. In the initial run assume
that the systems run 24 hrs/day, 7 days/week. In the second
run, assume that systems run only during occupied hours plus
two hours in the morning for warm up or cool down. .Include
desired low limit temperatures when applicable. Do not
include fan KW in computer runs so that the difference in
results is representative only of heating and cooling energy
reduction. This heating and cooling energy savings can then
be proportioned on a per ft2 basis to other similar systems "
serving zones with similar building loads.
Cooling Savings = Difference in electrical consumption
of computer analysis runs.
Heating Savings = Difference in heating consumption
of computer analysis runs.
Auxiliary Savings = (See manual method)
The following procedure determines the yearly savings from
Scheduled Start/Stop of a domestic hot water heater.
w1. Calculate tank volume and surface area:
V = 0.785 x D2 x HT
A = (1.571 x D2 ) + (3.14 x D x HT)
40
40.I
2. Use Figure 11, page 43, to determine the quantity:
E T - Ts
To- Ts
3. Calculate the energy savings:
DHW heating savings =[(A x (To-Ts) x LSD x (.285 Btu-in/ft2hrOF/INS))
3- (V x 62.4 Btu/ft OF x (To-Ts) x (1-E))] x NSDx F/(HEFF x HV)
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each different length of
shutdown period and then total the savings.
Where,
A surface area of tank in ft2
D = diameter of tank in ft
E = parameter determined from Figure 11F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (See
page 42)HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (See page
31)
HT = height of tank in ft
HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh,etc. (See page 32)
INS = thickness of insulation in inches
LSD = length of shutdown period in hours
NSD = number of shutdown periods per year of a
given length
T = water temperature at end of shutdown period
in OFTo = hot water temperature setpoint in OFTs = average temperature of surroundings in °F
V = volume of tank in ft3
41.
If the system is currently started and stopped by a time
switch or manually, full credit cannot be taken for the
above savings for the EMCS. Determining what savings may be -
attributed to the EMCS becomes a function of the reliability
of the time switch system. Time switches can be effective
devices for the reduction of energy consumption; however, 4
they have several disadvantages. They do not take into
account holiday operation, seasonal changes, or daily weath-
er variations. They are also easily tampered with, bypass-
ed, or overridden. The pins which activate actions mayslide, thus causing system operation and energy consumption
at unnecessary times. They must be checked often to ensure
proper operation and must be reset manually every time a
power outage occurs for any appreciable time period. Manual
operation is subject to human error and forgetfulness.
The EMCS is capable of performing the same operations but
without most of the difficulties described, since it is not
within the reach of tampering, and system operations are
monitored constantly by the console operator. Therefore,
the EMCS should be credited with some portion of these
savings due to the increased reliability and the EMCS'
ability to adjust and optimize start and stop times.
The fraction of savings attributable to the EMCS (F) shall
be used to account for present timeclock or manual operation
and future use of extended service capability of the system.
Let F equal 1.0 if the system is presently operating around
the clock and no extended service is projected. Otherwise,
the value shall be between 0 and 1.0 depending on extension
of operation and the reliability of the present control as
determined during the field survey.
42.
-4 7
LA
00
.LHDIaH >XNV 1L
00
En H
0
U-1-
E-4 E- $4
E-4-E-4
4-444
OD 0
43.
-7- - -1
4.2 DUTY CYCLING
This function is applicable to electrical loads under 30 hp
nameplate rating; however, the savings calculations apply
only to constant loads. Duty cycling of loads which already
cycle under local controls may save energy by essentially
overriding the local thermostat setting, but these savingswould be difficult to estimate and so are not included in
the analysis. For motors above 30 hp, the savings are
offset by added maintenance cost due to excessive wear on
belts and bearings caused by frequent cycling.
Manual method:
Assume the system may be shut down for an average of 10
minutes per hour. The savings resulting from this function
are fan or other auxiliary energy and outside air heating
and cooling energy. Outside air loads are difficult to
determine since they actually depend on space load condi- Vtions. If there is a net cooling load in the space, and the
outside air is below 750F, the outside air actually reduces
energy consumption, which is often the case in commercial
buildings during the heating season. Therefore, ventilation g
savings will not be credited by the manual method.
Auxiliary savings =
HP x L x 10/60 x (.746 Kw/hp) x H x (52 wk/yr)
Where,
H = Hours of operation per week (use number of hours
of occupancy assuming duty cycling is not desir-
able during warmup)
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of all con-
tinuously running fans and pumps)
44.iS
L = load factor (see page 35)10/60 = fraction of time system is shut down (assumes ten
minutes out of each hour)
Computer Method:
Simulate building loads and systems operation using a comput-
erized energy analysis program capable of calculating annual
energy consumption. In the initial run schedule the system
to run during occupied hours plus two hours in the morning.
On the second run, schedule the system to run for only 50 W
minutes of each hour except the first two. It is important
to use accurate actual ventilation air quantities as inputto the program if possible. Include dry bulb or enthalpy
economizer in both runs if either exists or is to be imple-
mented for the system by the EMCS. Do not include fan KW
input in the computer runs so that the difference in results
only represents heating and cooling energy reductions.
Cooling Savings = Difference in electrical consump-
tion of computer analysis runs.Heating Savings Difference in heating consumption
of computer analysis runs.Auxiliary Savings (See manual method)
4.3 DEMAND LIMITING
Assume by using a rotating group load shed scheme that the
system can be shed 25% of time under peak load conditions.
KW Savings = HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x 0.25 V
Where,
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of all motors
in system)
L = load factor (see page 35)
45.
-4
4.4 OPTIMUM START/STOP
Auxiliary savings from this function are derived by mini-
mizing the necessary warm-up or cool-down time prior to
occupancy and by shut down of the system as early as possi-
ble before the end of the occupancy period. Early shutdownis applicable only where ventilation is not critical and
most of the occupants vacate the building at the scheduled
time. Cooling and heating savings obtainable by keeping OA
dampers closed during warm-up/cool-down times are accounted
for in the Ventilation and Recirculation savings calcula- -]
tions. While a small amount of energy may be saved due toless run time of cycling loads (cooling tower fans or unit
heaters), it is difficult to estimate and is not included in
this analysis.
Warm-up Auxiliary Savings -
HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x ((WH x AND) - ERT) x (DAY/7 dy/wk)
* Cool-down Auxiliary Savings =
HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (CH - .75 hr/dy) x (365 dy/yr -
AND) x (DAY/7 dy/wk)
Where,
AND =annual number of days total that warmup is re-
quired in days per year (See page 18)
CH = present cool-down time before occupancy in hours
per day. Use either the actual time presently
scheduled for cool-down by an existing timeclock
or 2 hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/Stop
savings calculations.
DAY = equipment operation in days per week
ERT = equipment run time total required for warm up in
hours per year (See page 30)
46.
____ ___ ____ ___ __ _ __ _ ___ ____ ____ ___
-u
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of continuously
running fans and pumps)
L = load factor (See page 35)WH = present warm-up time before occupancy in hours per
day. Use either the actual time presently sche-
duled for warmup by an existing timeclock or 2
hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/Stop sav-
ings calculations.
*This calculation assumes a 45 minute (.75 hours) cool-down
time is required per day during the days of the year not
requiring warmup. This is a conservative estimate; in most
parts of the country, a fifteen minute purge would probably
be sufficient in mild weather.
4.5 OUTSIDE AIR LIMIT SHUTOFF
Savings are derived from reduced hours of operation of
auxiliary equipment and reduction of system losses (heat ' V
transfer through pipe walls, leaking steam traps, etc.).
Whenever the system loss savings can be identified they
should be included in the analysis. However, generally it
is not possible to reasonably estimate what those losses
are. Auxiliary savings are derived from the shutting off of
pumps, fans, etc. The auxiliaries may be shut down whenever
the outside temperature crosses limits which, according to
the time of year, indicate that heating or cooling is not
required. Fans which provide necessary ventilation should
not be considered for these savings. Also cooling to inte-
rior zones should not be shutoff by this function.
S
Auxiliary Savings = HP x L x (0.746 kw/hp) x (HS + HW)
47.
Where,
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (total of continuously
running fans and pumps)
HS = hours in summer outside temperature is below
summer limit in hours per year (See page 23)
HW = hours in winter outside temperature is abov,,
winter limit in hours per year (See page 23)
L load factor
4.6 VENTILATION AND RECIRCULATION -
Savings from this function are a result of control of OA
dampers. All calculations assume that a 15 minute purge of
ventilation air is necessary prior to occupancy.
The following calculation is applicable to systems which are
shut down by the Scheduled Start./Stop function and is re-
stricted to the period of time during warm-up or cool-down
prior to occupancy. No cool-down ventilation savings is
included in the analysis based on the assumption that early
morning outside air adds a negligible amount to the cooling
load and in fact may lessen the load through an economizer
effect.
Warmup ventilation heating savings -
CFM x POA x (WSP-AWT) x (1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr) x AND x (WH-.25 hr/day)HEFF x HV
The next two calculations are applicable to fan systems
* which must maintain environmental conditions but may elimi-
nate outside air during building unoccupied periods.
Ventilation cooling savings =
[CR4 x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (OAH-RAH) x (UH-(.25 hr/dy x DAY))
x WKS x CPT]/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
48.
Ventilating heating savings =
[CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (WSP-AWT) x (UH-(.25 hr/dyx DAY)) x WKW)/(HEFF x HV) U
Where,
AND = annual number of days total that warmup is re-
quired in days per year (See page 18)AWT = average winter temperature in OF (See page 19)
CFM = air handling capacity in ft3/min.
CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)DAY = equipment operation in days per week
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total system,
including converters, transmission system, -U
boilers. See page 31)
HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.
(See page 32)
OAH = average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (See page
24)POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed as a
decimalRAH = return air enthalpy during unoccupied hours. Use
29.91 Btu/lb for 780F and 50% humidity. For otherconditions obtain values from a psychrometric
cha t.
UH = uncccupied hours per week
WH = pre ent warmup hours before occupancy each day.
Use either the actual time presently scheduled for
warmup by an existing timeclock or 2 hours tocorrespond to Scheduled Start/Stop savings calcu- w
lations.
WKW = weeks of winter per year (See page 27)
WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year
(See page 27)WSP = winter thermostat setpoint temperature in OF
49.W
4.7 ECONOMIZER (DRY BULB OR ENTHALPY)
Either the OA dry bulb economizer strategy or the OA en-
thalpy economizer strategy is applicable to air systems with
outside air and exhaust air dampers Use of a computer
simulation is required for accurate determination of savings
from economizer control; therefore, no manual method is
discussed here. Economizer control will not be economically
feasible for air handlers below about 12,000 cfm and may not
be feasible for systems even as large as 300,000 cfm. More
savings are obtained from economizers installed on energy
inefficient systems such as reheat systems, and also in
large buildings with high internal gains.
Computer Method: 6
Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-
erized building energy analysis program. In the initial run
assume that no economizer is operable. In the second run,
simulate savings either from a dry bulb or enthalpy econo-
mizer operation. The runs should be made assuming the
system is operating the minimum number of hours necessary.Savings may be proportioned for similar systems serving
zones with similar building loads on a per ft2 basis.
Cooling Savings Difference in electrical consump-
tion of computer analysis runs.
Heating Savings Should be negligible
4.8 DAY/NIGHT SETBACK
This strategy would be applied, instead of Scheduled Start/Stop, to systems with no auxiliaries such as steam radia-tion. It is also applicable to systems which serve critical
• areas with temperature, humidity, or pressure requirements
50.S
that will allow a small setpoint adjustment, but the systemcannot be stopped altogether. If OA dampers can be closed
during the setback period, ventilation savings are possible
and should be calculated under the Ventilation and Recircu-
lation strategy.
Manual Method:
Cooling savings = BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x WKS x CPT12,001 Btu/ton-hr
Heating savings = BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H) x WKWHEFF x HV
Where,
AZ = area of zone being served in ft2
BTT = building thermal transmission in Btu/hroF-ft2 (see
page 28)
CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)
H = hours of operation per week during which the
normal setpoint applies
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total system,
including converters, transmission system,
boilers. See page 31)
HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh etc.,
(see page 32)
SD = thermostat setdown for unoccupied periods during
the heating season in OF
SU = thermostat setup for unoccupied periods during the
cooling season in OF
WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year
(See page 27)
WKW = length of winter cooling season in weeks per year
(See page 27)
51. U
-.
Computer Method:
Simulate building loads and system operation using a comput-
erized energy analysis program. In the initial run assume
the systems run 24 hrs/day, 7 day/week at present heatingand cooling setpoints. In the second run, assume that the
systems operate under control of the setback temperatures
during unoccupied hours plus one hour for warm-up or cool-
down. This heating and cooling energy savings can be pro-portioned on a per ft2 basis to similar systems serving
zones with similar building loads and the same setback
requirements.
Cooling savings = difference in electrical consumption
of computer analysis runs
Heating savings = difference in heating consumption
of computer analysis runs
4.9 REHEAT COIL RESET
Manual method:
A computer simulation is recommended for these savingscalculations and is required for accurately determining the
savings from Reheat Coil Reset, when economizer control isalso applied to the system. The cooling savings with an
economizer will be one-third to four-fifths of the savingswithout an economizer due to the reduction of mechanical
cooling already obtained by the economizer control.
*Cooling savings (no economizer) =
H x CFM x (4.5 min.lb/hr.ft3) x WKS x RHR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
52.
** Heating savings
H x CFM x (1.08 Btu/cfm-hr°F) x (52 wk/yr) x RHRHEFF x HV
Where,I
3CFM = air handling capacity in ft /minCPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration (see
page 30)
H = hours of operation per week (assume hours of
occupancy plus one per day)
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system, (total system,
including converters, transmission system,
boilers. See page 31)
MV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/Kwh, etc.
(See page 32) JRHR = reheat system cooling coil discharge reset in IF.
Up to 50 or 60 is possible, dependent on the
system. If a better estimate of possible reset is
not available use 30F.
WKS length of summer cooling season in weeks per year
(see page 27)
*This equation assumes a IF cooling coil temperature in-
crease is equivalent to a 0.6 Btu/lb change in enthalpy.
**To account for holiday shutdown or for a system that does
not operate year-round, the 52 wk/yr term can be adjusted
accordingly.
Computer method:
Simulate building loads and system operation with a comput-erized energy analysis program. Preferably the program used
should have simulation routines for selecting the zones with
53.
7
the greatest cooling demand and calculating the necessary
cooling coil leaving air temperature or at least the capa-
bility of a reset schedule. In order to approximate the
savings from this function, run the program once using a
constant cooling coil setpoint temperature and then a second
time simulating variable reset based on a discriminator
scheme or a reset schedule. Be sure to include economizer
control when applicable.
Cooling savings = Difference in electrical consump-
tion of computer analysis runs
Heating savings = Difference in heating consumption
of computer analysis runs
4.10 HOT DECK/COLD DECK TEMPERATURE RESET
Manual Method:
A computer simulation is recommended for these savings
calculations, and is required for accurately determining the
savings from Hot Deck/ Cold Deck Temperature Reset when
economizer control is also applied to the system. The
cooling savngs with an economizer can be as little as one-
fifth of the savings without an economizer due to the reduc-
tion of mechanical cooling already obtained by the econo-
mizer control.
* Cooling savings (no economizer) =
H x CFM x CD x (4.5 min.lb./hr.ft ) x WKS x SCDR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT
(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
54.
Heating savings =
H x CFM x HD x (1.08 min. Btu/hr ft3 ,F) x (WKS x SHDR + WKW x WHDR)HEFF x HV
Where,
CD = fraction of total air passing through the cold
deck. Assume .50 if no other information is avail-
able.
CFM = air handling capacity in ft 3/min-
CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)
H = required number of hours of operation per week
(assume hours of occupancy plus one per day)
HD = fraction of total air passing through the hot
deck. Assume .50 if no other information is
available.
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (total including
converters, transmission system, boilers. (See
page 31)
IV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/Kwh etc.
(see page 32)
SCDR = summer cold deck reset in °F (The average reset is
a function of the system. If an estimate is not
available, use 2*F.)
SHDR = summer hot deck reset in *F (The average reset
that will result from this function is dependent
on the air handler capacity relative to the loads
in the space it serves. If an estimate of the
possible reset is not available use 3OF.)
WHDR = winter hot deck reset in °F (Again, the average
reset is a function of the system. If an estimate
is not available use 20F)
WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year
(See page 27)
55.!V
WKW = length of winter heating season in weeks per year
(See page 27)
*This equation assumes a 1F cold deck temperature increase
is equivalent to a 0.6 BTU/lb change in enthalpy.
Computer method:
Simulate building loads and system operation with a comput-
erized energy analysis program. The program used should
have simulation routines necessary to select the zones with
the greatest heating and cooling demands and then calculatethe necessary hot and cold deck leaving temperatures. In
order to approximate the savings from this function, run theprogram once using constant deck setpoint temperatures and
then a second time simulating variable deck temperatures
based on a discriminator control scheme. Be sure to include
economizer control when applicable.
Cooling savings = Difference in electrical consumption
of computer analysis runsHeating savings = Difference in heating consumption
of computer analysis runs
4.11 HOT WATER OUTSIDE AIR RESET
Boiler temperature reset saves energy by reducing heat
losses through the heating system and flue gases and by
providing more exact control at the end use point. This
last item provides savings by reducing overheating of spaces
at less than maximum loads due to control valve insensitiv-
ity in those operating ranges. Reset of hot water supply
temperature from a converter produces savings similarly. No
exact means of quantifying these savings is known, however
experience indicates these savings should be a function of
56. 2
the annual equivalent full load hours of system operation
and the total capacity of the system.
Heating savings = HFLH x EI x CAP/(HEFF x HV)
Where,
CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hour.
EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal.
(use .01 if no better estimate is available.)
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system.
(Total system, including converters, transmission
system, boilers. See page 31)
HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in
hr/yr (see page 22)
HV = heating vaue of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.
(see page 32)
4.12 BOILER OPTIMIZATION S
EMCS monitoring of boiler operation aids the maintenance
personnel in keeping the boilers operating at peak efficien-
cy.
Heating Savings = HFLH x EI x CAP/(HEFF x HV)
Where,
CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hour.
EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal.
(use .01 for one boiler and .02 for multiple W
boilers, if no better estimate is available.)
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system.
(efficiency of boiler(s). See page 31)
HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in U
hr/yr (See page 22)
57.
HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh, etc.
(See page 32)
4.13 CHILLER OPTIMIZATION
These savings are applicable only to chilled water plants
with multiple chillers. The calculations assume a 1% in-
crease in efficiency attributable to the EMCS.
Cooling savings = CPT x TON x CFLH x 0.01
CFLH = annual equivalent full-load hours for cooling in
hr/yr (See page 20)CPT = consumption of energy per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)
TON = total capacity of chilled water plant in tons
4.14 CHILLER WATER TEMPERATURE RESET
Reset of chilled water supply temperatures results in energy
savings due to the increased efficiency of the refrigeration
machine. Check to be sure that a chilled water controller
may be applied to the particular manufacturer's chiller
being considered. The savings will vary depending on the
machine, the amount of reset, and the load on the equipment.
The amount of reset generally ranges between 20F and 50F, so
a conservative estimate of 20F was used in the calculation.
Cooling Savings = TON x CPT x CFLH x 20F x REI
Where,
CFLH = equivalent full-load hours for cooling in hours/
year (See page 20)CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in ]
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)REI = rate of efficiency increase per *F increase of
chilled water temperature.
58.
Use for:
screw compressor machine - .024 per OF
centrifugal (elec. or turbine) machine - .017 per OF
reciprocal machine - .012 per OF
absorption machine - .006 per OF
TON = chiller capacity in tons. If chiller capacity is
not available and nameplate electrical data on the
chiller motor is, use the full-load KW input in
place of (TON x CPT).
4.15 CONDENSER WATER TEMPERATURE RESET
Decreasing the condenser water temperature also increases
the efficiency of chillers, but care must be taken not to
exceed the equipments' limitations, particularly in absorp-
tion machines. The implementation of condenser water reset
may result in greater fan energy consumption. If a coolingtower fan cycles on and off, the on time will be increased
* consuming more auxiliary energy. If it runs continuously
l- with valve bypass control to maintain constant entering
condenser water temperature and can be cycled when the EMCS
function is applied, then additional auxiliary energy can be
saved. An adjustment to account for these conditions has
been included in the savings analysis.4Q
The calculation procedure requires four steps:
1. Calculate the average reduction in condenser water
temperature which is achievable:
RCWT = PCWT - ACWT
2. Use Figure 12, page 61, to determine the percent effi-
ciency increase (PEI) of the chiller based on RCWT from
above.
59.
3. Determine the adjusted efficiency increase (AEI) of the
chiller: 7_
If fan runs continuously, but will be cycled,
AEI = PEI + 5.5
100
If fan cycles,
AEI = PEI - 2.8
100
4. Calculate the cooling savings:
Cooling savings = TON x CPT x CFLH x AEI
Where,
ACWT = average condenser water temperature possible in OF
(See page 1G)
AEI = adjusted efficiency increase of the chiller due to
condenser water reset.CFLH = equivalent full load hours for cooling in hours/
year (See page 20)
CPT = consumption of energy per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ton-hr (See page 30)
PCWT = present condenser water temperature in OF (usually
set at 850F.)PEI = percent efficiency increase of the chiller
TON = chiller capacity in tons. If chiller tonnage is
not available for compression refrigeration
machines, but nameplate electrical data is, then
use the total full-load KW rating of the com-
pressor and auxiliary motors in place of
(TON x CPT).
RCWT = reduction in condenser water temperature which is
achievable, in OF
60. 9.
0
IU I
AD
Il-
ww
REDUCTION IN CONDENSER WATER TEMPERATURE (RCWT)
FIGURE 1
61.
-g,
4.16 CHILLER DEMAND LIMIT
These savings may be considered for centrifugal chillers
that are equipped with an adjustable control system for
limiting the available cooling capacity. The calculation
assumes by using a rotating group load shed scheme that the ""
chiller can be stepped down by 20% of its maximum cooling
capacity 25% of the time under peak load conditions.
* KW savings = (HP/0.9) x (0.746 KW/hp) x 0.20 x 0.25--S
Where,
HP = motor nameplate horsepower (of compressor)
*The 0.9 factor accounts for a 90% motor efficiency.
4.17 LIGHTING CONTROL
This function is applicable to relay operated zoned light-
ing. The following calculation is for one zone of lighting.
Electrical savings = KW x (168 hr/wk-H) x 52 wk/yr x F
Where,
*F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (see page 42)
H = hours of operation per week (use hours of occupancy)
KW = total KW consumption of lights in the zone
*This factor is a subjective measure of how diligently the
lights are turned off manually at the present.
62.
4.18 RUN TIME RECORDING
By scheduling maintenance based on actual operation, assume
the EMCS is able to save one man-visit per year to thesystem being monitored by the EMCS. Assume this man-visit
is 2 hours in duration. To which systems these savingsshould be applied, if any, is a judgement decision based on
present facility maintenance procedures.
Labor savings = 2 man-hours
4.19 SAFETY ALARM
The EMCS can save facility personnel from time spent con-
veying alarm information and diagnosing problems. Assume a
total of 2 hours per system per year. Whether credit is
taken for this savings is dependent on the individual system
and on facility policies.
Labor savings = 2 man-hours
To aid in the use of the calculation methods, forms have
been designed to simplify the analysis of each system. 0
There is one form to be used for primary systems, such as
boilers and chillers and one for secon&Ary (or unitary) air
distribution systems. Blank Savings Calculations and Costs
forms are included in Appendix A.2. 0
The forms provide a simplified version of each equation used
in the manual methods with blanks to be filled in with the
appropriate values. The variable symbols have been inserted
in the blanks of sample forms in Figures 13 and 14 on the
following two pages. They can be used for reference, along
with the Variable Glossary, while filling in the blank
Savings Calculations and Costs Sheets.
63.
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5.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
In order to demonstrate the manual analyses methods dis-
cussed in this report, sample calculations have been per-
formed on each type of system discussed in the Tri-Service
Design Manual for EMCS, TM 5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9,
assuming a hypothetical Navy facility located in
Springfield, Missouri. It is not possible to describe
completely all activities involved in an engineering design
process. For this reason, this section is meant only to be
used as a framework for EMCS analysis. Every military base
is different, and parts of the process described herein must
be adapted, added to, or ignored as the situation requires.
The judgement required to make these decisions requires
professional engineering personnel familiar with the mech-
* anical and electrical systems an EMCS is to control and how
that control is to be accomplished.
, 6
I 66.
The buildings which comprise the hypothetical NavalBase and the systems within each building are listedbelow:
BUILDING NUMBER: 100USAGE: PUBLIC WORKSSYSTEMS: Electric Unit Heater
Electric RadiationMultizone DX-A/CWater Cooled DX CompressorDirect Fired Boiler
BUILDING NUMBER: 200USAGE: BASE PERSONNELSYSTEMS: HTHW/Steam Converter
Heating and Ventilating UnitSingle Zone DX-A/CMultizone Air HandlerAir Cooled DX CompressorDomestic HW - GasDirect Fired Furnace
BUILDING NUMBER: 300USAGE: BASE HEADQUARTERSSYSTEMS: HTHW/HW Converter
Water Cooled Chiller "Single Zone Air Handler45 Two Pipe Fan Coil UnitsHot Water Unit HeaterDomestic HW - Electric
BUILDING NUMBER: 400USAGE: WAREHOUSESYSTEMS: 4 Steam Unit Heaters
Steam RadiationSteam Boiler
BUILDING NUMBER: 500 -USAGE: ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGSYSTEMS: Steam/HW Converter
Air Cooled ChillerTerminal Reheat Air HandlerVariable Air Volume AHU15 Four Pipe Fan Coil Units WHot Water Radiation
BUILDING NUMBER: 600USAGE: HEATING PLANTSYSTEMS: 3 Hot Water Boilers (High Temp.)
Completed survey forms for the hypothetical facilityare included on the following pages.
67.
The first step in the procedure is to derive the climate
based factors. The location of the hypothetical Navalfacility was chosen as Springfield, Missouri to correspond -
with the factors derived on pages 11-27 from weather data.
These values and the other climate-based data have been
entered in a sample form shown on page 69.
Next, the climate-based and miscellaneous factors should be
substituted into the equations for calculating savings. The
equations can be simplified and the constants entered onto
standard Savings Calculations and Cost sheets. This process
. is demonstrated below for those conservation strategieswhich can be simplified. The Savings Calculations and Costs
sheets with the simplified constants for the example are
shown on pages 73 and 74.
OA
68.'I
CLIMATE -BASED FACTORS
LOCATION:
PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS
ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 75.6 O
AN4D Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 232 Days/Yr.
AST* Average Summer Temperature 19 80.6
AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19 43.0 O
CFLH Annual Equiv. Fsall-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 733 Hrs/Yr.
BFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hirs. for Heating 22 538 Hrs/Yr.
HS lUrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 273 Hrs/Yr
HW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 204 Hrs/Yr
OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy 24 33.34 Btu/lb._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0
PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25 15
WK*Weeks of Summer 27 23.4 Wks/Yr.
WK*Weeks of Winter 27 28.6 Wks/Yr.
*Data not necessary If computer methods are used.
69.
SCHEDULED START/STOP
Cig: BTT x AZ x (80.60F-780 F) x (168-H) x 23.4 wks/yr
x CPT x F/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
= 0.00507 x BTT x AZ x (168 - H) x CPT x F
Htg: BTT x AZ x (650F-550 F) x (168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr
x F/(HEFF x HV)
= 286 x BTT x AZ x (168 - H) x F/(HEFF x HV)
V-clg: CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (33.34 - 29.91 Btu/lb)
x (168 - H) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT x F/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
= .0301 x CFM x POA x (168-H) x CPT x F
V-htg: CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm°F-hr) x (650F-43.0F) x
(168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr x CPT x F/(HEFF x HV)
= 679 x CFM x POA x (168-H) x F/(HEFF x HV)
Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (168-H) x [23.4 wks/yr
+ (28.6 wk/yr x (1-.15))] x F
= 28.5 x HP x (168-H) x F
DUTY CYCLING
Aux: HP x 0.8 x 10/60 x (.746 Kw/hp) x H x (52 wk/yr)
= 5.17 xHP xH
DEMAND LIMITING
KW: HP x .8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x 0.25
= 0.149 x HP
70.Se
OPTIMUM START/STOP
WU Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x ((WH x 232) - ERT)
x (DAY/7 day/wk)
= 0.0852 x HP x ((WH x 232) - ERT) x DAY
CD Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (CH-.75 hr/day)
x (365-232 day/yr) x (DAY/7 day/wk)
11.3 x HP x (CH-.75) x DAY
OUTSIDE AIR LIMIT SHUTOFF
Aux: HP x 0.8 x (0.746 Kw/hp) x (225 + 164)
= 0.597 x HP x (273 + 204)
VENTILATION AND RECIRCULATION
WT V-htg: CFM x POA x (650 - 43.00) x (1.08 Btu/cfm0 F-hr)
x 232 days/yr x (WH-.25 hr/day)/(HEFF X HV)- 5512 x CFM x POA x (WH-.25)/(HEFF x HV)
V-clg: CFM x POA x (4.5 lb/cfm-hr) x (33.34-29.91 Btu/lb)
x (UH-(.25 hr/day x DAY)) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT
/(12,000 Btu/ton-hr)
- 0.0301 x CFM x POA x (UH-.25 x DAY) x CPT
V-htg: CFM x POA x (1.08 Btu/cfm *F-hr) x (65-43.0*)
x (UH-(.25 hr/day x DAY)) x 28.6 wks/yr/(HEFF x
HV)
- 679 x CFM x POA x (UH-.25 x DAY)/(HEFF x HV)
71.
I.
DAY/NIGHT SETBACK
T"Cig: BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x 23.4 wks/yr x CPT12,000 Btu/ton-hr
= .00195 x BTT x AZ x SU x (168-H) x CPT
Htg: BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H) x 28.6 wks/yr/(HEFF x HV)
=28.6 x BTT x AZ x SD x (168-H)/(HEFF x HV)
REHEAT COIL RESET
3-
Cig: H x CFM x (4.5 min.lb/hr-ft) x (23.4 wks/yr) x RHR
x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT/(12,000 Btu/Ton-hr)
= .00526x H xCFM xRHR xCPT
Htg: H x CFM x (1.08 Btu/crm-hr0 F) x (52 wk/yr)
x RHR/(HEFF x liV)
=56.16 x H x CFM x RHR/(HEFF x IIV) A
HOT DECK/COLD DECK TEMPERATURE RESET
Cig: H x CFM x CD x (4.5 min.lb/hr-ft 3 x (23.4 wks/yr)
x SCDR x (0.6 Btu/lb) x CPT/(12,000 Btu/Ton-hr)
= .00526x H xCFM xCDx SCDR xCPT
Htg: H x CF4 x HD x (1.08 min.Btu/hr-ft 3 .F) x (23.4 x SHDR
+ 28.6 x WHDR)/(HEFF x HV)
=1.08 x H x CF4 x HD X ((23.4 x SHDR) + (28.6 x
WHDR))/(HEFF x HV)
72.
00
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74.
The usual procedure would be to step through the analysisbuilding by building; first, deriving tne building specificfactors and then proceeding through the system savings forthat building. However, for ease of reference to the samplecalculations, all of the Building-specific Factors sheets
* are grouped together after the Field Survey Data. Then, theSystem Savings Calculations and Costs sheets follow, bysystem type, in the same order as in the EMCS Desig Manual,TM5-815-2/AFM 88-36/NAVFAC DM-4.9.
75.
75.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING N-UMBER: /00
BUILDING DESCRIPTION: PZMic l/-*s
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): /4 060 (/140t X A9W)'
NIMBER OF FLOORS: / _Ile
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: r1-/< e,/ '/f, e/ a 5 r / /krac "
I "-tI
, r e-; Vd5 ()'kA le,
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT): /,
GLASS TYPE: 5;Aae va e, e_1&9r
* CRITICAL AREAS: . M-
OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: '7 3 0 _ O /616 3 0 " . " " , e n -0 .
* 76.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER /00"
sys / sYs # 2
TYPE elec rc ri1/kakr TYPE Eec/r,'c aa '' y
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #___
CAPACITY CAPACITY Z, r4/z'r" ez/t
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) ___
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED 5kraye room /oz AREA SERVED 2.m ,- , 5out) eO"
CONTROLS 7 y-,'*s0 / /,'-/ CONTROLS Te 1'r, d A e /ekZp e-n
K. NOTES: 710 e NOTES: e,'~AAd /19P jS
SYS # 3 SYS# 4TYPE 41 1 DX-A/ TYPE Wat/r 6m/,d i-e
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. # 7")CAAIC R'IL4 020-I ::C1/.
CAPACITY 49 n(%64) CAPACITY ;? C. Sc CT/7-T
HP (TYPE) , ., e!PD/ Afl HP (TYPE) / hp ,ntumZ I.
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) h __ __ __ __ __ __ ___-
HP (TYPE)________ HP (TYPE) /I ht' CgV[e5,5br
AREA SERVED 5 el2d (740 -414) AREA SERVED 5 4s. # 3 ,, /4 4 ,t/tt
CONTROLS 19k7dy/CONTROLS Au'$,~(/tC
PY eodo a 7 A 7 Ae
77.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTTON DATA BUILDING NUMBER /t20SYS # 5 SYS #
TYPE Dir Cc i'rc / TYPE
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD.
CAPACITY 70X C/i (5% A) CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) .hP 5up/ f-41 HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _"_
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED ,lo. e,,nd (670074z) AREA SERVED
CONTROLS 7er,-oStL /5 r CONTROLS
.550F ~l7 SKme/ 6~A _______h _________
etuced d1azun no/; daypr enn/e________________
NOTES: A- q h tjte ; , ( . NOTES:_ _ _ _ _ _
bQ
SYS # SYS #
TYPE TYPE
MFGR. MOD. #_MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED AREA SERVED
CONTROLS CONTROLS
NOTES: NOTES:
78.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUMBER: zoo
BUILDING DESCRIPTION: d -
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): / £0O (4'" /66")
NUMBER OF FLOORS: 2 /i,_ ,4__ n,'A
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: /5" / e w. 4" .*'. C-nc. 6/ck4 I" ks; .
Z-5 .. e V. s
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):
(norl- a/erae- )GLASS TYPE: la,~/ - A?~~d~W D/27e'd
CRITICAL AREAS: 5,ndl' rAl',*i e, ..-&..I
aY ir Atd/fe 400
OCCUPANCY SCIEDULE: 7-3o _,i /A & -d @.
.9
1 79. *
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER zoo
SYs # / sYs #
TYPE m// 6 lvo, .ler TYPE #e r Z/id
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #___
CAPACITY (t 00 S/v/Ar- CAPACITY _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) '2 Dt// I
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) z I2d/ / ./u,
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED . Z, 5 AREA SERVED /s/ d -(It/o" rCJ7ronARE SEVD3/,,zd lorr.1-CONTROLS CONTROLS Ak o -,'k (J4$/ / / J
NOTES:/7"/W "/r'm iier; NOTES: e/6w_ /5Cr'ed A Svs.i/ -"
he,/,4 7 vlal A hea"1 4 OA
SYS # $' SYS # 4
TYPE , / ,,e. 14-A/c TYPE Ai- (/ed ZX 6' er ssr
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY40 CA CAPACITY__
HP (TYPE) h /p Hcpl/ 4 HP (TYPE) 2 hP' nRre5ssr .t
H P (T Y P E ) _ __ _ _ _H P ( T Y P E ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) .__
AREA SERVED AMA AREA SERVED lla. 3 4/tI
CONTROLS_ _ .Qnr (,I,£- / CONTROLS
NOTES: NOTES:
I., 80.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER Z"c
SYS # 5 SYS #TYPEA TYPE
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__
CAPACITY 90O0 4 O/Woi eX) CAPACITY 4 ,/ih ldeeer' ! "s.
HP (TYPE) &2 ~~/ci HP (TYPE) _ ______1
HP (TYPE) / 6/rj,11/ HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) __
AREA SERVED 7340 _/z AREA SERVED e'sfr-om3 (zoria/ccduanze)
CONTROLS Mth)cC d~jfr; CNRL 30Psef ~~)I, I
6,0o ei/ct deckc a. 46V 2/, hl ______17__17___
d k air 4O7t'. /vr, ,e' o/ /d,-Ao#
NOTES: eal' NOTES: .
m, n eL e Kut 1 -on Agm . o ,o,
SYS # 7 SYS # _ __"
TYPE TYPE ""_"_
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _
CAPACITY ,,4&Vo c ( 2& 4oA) CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) l iD SUo#)/i /1 HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) '_I
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED 1 (400 40) AREA SERVED
CONTROLS A/0 d'amL'- -/* CONTROLS
NOTES: 8O.5 mq o4e#e'5 Coo/eo NOTES:
win fiidow umits; ___-______-___
81.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUMBER: 15,00
BUILDING DESCRIPTION: ___ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): /O 00 36/" _ -
NUMBER OF FLOORS: 2
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: /'// 4" ImAP? 4/ // i7Sat/if4 4" 1lC.
-mock. o W,,~dⓈ eCxf* bu#42 vl
lo-id 51eel, s dam awvsA--4 1e. -
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT): /#
GLASS TYPE: 6Mille- gal4r; cleat-4dWdO()
CRITICAL AREAS: ,._
* OCCUPANCY SCILEDULE:- 7X I /0 30, wee'daj5.,7o5/ /.
24411, 7-etdj {ccaparo i 4 cc-'a
04,e 530 1500 we,,
82.
82.
, - , , ".. .. . . . . . . - . . . . - .. ;,>. ,- -- • - . . = . - .' i . " .. . . . - -"
"i .
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER --
sYs # / sYS # 2
TYPE AlrimL/VZ#//1 a4 w vetler TYPE Wa/kr d/1ed Chi/rMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _
CAPACITY 350 , i5A'/A4Y CAPACITY 56 -n,:
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) 50 e1141/Dz m
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) -Oqtn ce2 I
AREA SERVED Sam.# 34,5 AREA SERVED #3.4CONTROLS CONTROLS /A 6.j -alt , -.,
/7-NOTES:/rW 4 NOTES: ~n~
SYS 3 sYs# 4SYSTYPE TYPE rWo
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY 5000 C&, (501e' CA) CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) . h --Spt'/q " HP (TYPE) A41 (e
HP (TYPE) -4h hD eqcA o HP (TYPE) 4/0DZID eah ell
I I,
AREA SERVED~' r(3 AREA SERVED.65 '
CONTROLSa 1/r-c/ts24 ' JQ/ CONTROLS Some. manual shub.axwn akt , ./ o ora~/e. D/-se/)# 5uvsle,-/W,,1/eC" t'a'e tald t
* oTES: eif,., o/-e-,,, ,$,. i N oTEs: ioe u47 r/$ ec utily .e ,ll/,r: Aet i /,%m SrS #i (/. 64zi / -4'Ws• i , --
83.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER g0
SYS _ sYs# # SYS#
TYPE /l 1a k e/- ar l'atle" TYPE A~m4esl 11 1- l/dJ'c .,
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__
CAPACITY CAPACITY /. l 2 /A "
> HP (TYPE) i<,,t' -1k (cc e5) h o.,__ __ __J _ ._t4~ /?cJ COdY.il
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) __I_
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) "l,_
AREA SERVED AREA SERVED__
CONTROLS CONTROLS 4 -t 1/,ecck, 400 A /14o -"ir.
___<_,/_."_140_/5 S__o, >/. • .s rl'cs
NOE:/ 4n& , NOTES:dev e 661Ufld l 75,e&Ie a-.g 44717' X.y
SYS # SYS # "__
TYPE TYPE ""-_,"
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #__
CAPACITY CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) ___
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED AREA SERVED
* CONTROLS CONTROLS L __ _
NOTES: NOTES: _
6 84.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUMBER: 400
BUILDING DESCRIPTION: W/re -
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): 320) o 4 (40 x ,go')
N'IIBER OF FLOORS: _
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: MeAtl onel walS ,,d c /t / p
-s/ooe4LP07 in hk t1d a w 4 /I .
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):
GLASS TYPE: .
CRITICAL AREAS: None.
OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: 73 0 " 1630 weeI n 2da ys /2 o7 4 C-
Zrea, k " f t'i d&Crn 0cc,2cn A4-
- dad~ in wareeu6se vrvPer
85.
rq I 85.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER __ _ _
SYS # / SYS #
TYPE 5/ 4, L4,/ // jS (4) TYPE i, ,
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #_ _ _ _ _ _
CAPACITY CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED 5,el) .- AREA SERVED L- 77
CONTROLS dt4i.3d~kZm CONTROLS 444 a 1,e .5c71Adck $-
NOTES: /'_Z l nf ,rS., 3 NOTES: - 4t7 7 S. &,.3 " '
SYS # 3 SYS #
TYPE 5f4 / TYPE
MFGR. MOD. __MFGR. MOD. #__CAPACITY 225 L4I / /Ar- CAPACITY
HP (T'I&E) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED j/I AREA SERVED
CONTROLS CONTROLS__
NOTES: Feled nai lz/ NOTES:__
86.
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUNBER: _ _ _ _ _---_
BUILDING DESCRIPTION: Adivi> 5/- 4 lIdn jGROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET): I,5X P (36'" "
NTJBER OF FLOORS: 3
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: W 4/ 4/I htyifll ,' k /",hs'e/Id". 4"c-nc.
2'", . e " :..7C ,/
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR 1fEIGHT (FT): /2
GLASS TYPE: l4AClu/lf
CRITICAL AREAS:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
OCCUPANCY SCiMDULE: 730 /u.36. I UJ edtUs ra
of bul'I y: $/ur.Sl 4w'eieed XCU,,P4Ay .
87.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER 5c-
sYs # / sYs# 2TYPE ett/W &,,verie r TYPE 41r (oe (//rMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY CAPACITY '5 7n
* HP (TYPE) z )/lPHP (TYPE) Mc h~p (each f? e~2HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) 5 hD Ce/4) DwPu'2
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED /.5 &! /Ar14A 60//3 AREA SERVED 52 s ' 5 .CONTROLS ANo .ldn 4 CONTROLS__ _ _
pnr(.e I e xcep, Pr- .5 wcnal _ _
NOTES: 561mm zm X - NOTES: 2 ,,ve-i/ Dr .5 "3
$1s. # 3 bSo,/er ___________
SYS # __SYS# 4
TYPE 7" lmjn/ i&hoc 6#0L TYPE Vt7'a6/ 4-41r hIh/l e-/
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY V5oo C4() CAPACITY 4000 Cffn kn 00Xy.HP (TYPE) ?lk2- h42 Sv/2y- 14 HP (TYPE) 2 /112 '4 1a
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED 2fdz ax- RE SEVE
____________ R SEED " sel ivr(&~A~CONTROLS,$,ncvk
OTOS~s~ -~e~~k erm'nt ~~e ~c/'tks cQ~ 430 Iv /6
U NOTES:7/CU ip NOTES: V77kV 4;~ AM~~ 2 dlL
V 1 1A/- C$Ak) -;m ei A'w.y Ja. of 2-
v 88.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER 5o49
SYS #6 sYs#
TYPE fw,- &e a e/1n/(/)YElt!M k tda4~iMFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. # -
CAPACITY CAPACITY Id rad,k/ors 0 25/-
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) _
AREA SERVED ,c 1 /Po' 4~') AREA SERVED 24d-A4 oor - norH (115Lcvy)
CONTROLS ,9 Z9e't/ ,VudOaW A'! CONTROLS -a c4 M '
d/ /4 t o 1,010 1W14 Aa
SYS # SYS #
TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MFGR. MOD. #_MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED AREA SERVED__
CONTROLS CONTROLS___ _
NOTES: NOTES:
89.
*4
BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
BUILDING NUIBER: _ _ _ _-__ _
BUILDING DESCRIPTION:
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):
NUMBER OF FLOORS:
TYPE CONSTRUCTION: 6oncr"/. b/oc /St ""
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):0
GLASS TYPE:
CRITICAL AREAS:
OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: 24- , c zaD/, & , /eJ'y/ ee
* S
90.0 5
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER _
SYS # / SYS #
TYPE A/( Ii/aI/r ) l/-s (3) TYPE
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
* CAPACITY 150, 606 /oh4~i CAPACITY__________
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE) -"__
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
f,0- Z,37i 3c -,, IAREA SERVED 500- 3 AREA SERVED
CONTROLS CONTROLS
14 NOTES:_________ NOTES:_ __________
wAcel il /t S ~ ilA-Aie/ ,,iI _______________
SYS # SYS #
TYPE TYPE
MFGR. MOD. # MFGR. MOD. #
CAPACITY CAPACITY
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
AREA SERVED AREA SERVED
CONTROLS CONTROLS
NOTES: NOTES:
91.
NENCOMB AND BOYD CONSULTING ENGINEERS ATLANTA GAC CORNELIUS SEP 82 NCEL-CR-82.936 N62474-81-C-9382
UNCLASSIFIED F/G 12/1 N
END
UL 1
lm
1.25 I. 11.
MICRjOCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CH.ART
NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARS1963-A
. .. ~ _____.~-~. -7
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING: /00
* BTT - Building Thermal Transmission
- (U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
" (.172 Btu/hrOF-ft2 X_/9,7,Oft2 ) + ( lZ cfm X 1.08)/14,000 ft'.
- .3/3 Btu/hr*F-f t2
ERT - Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days 4571) OF-days
Combined U-factor, Uo - .172 Btu/hrOF-ft2
From Figure 9 or 10 : ERT- 2 8 hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
A DX &ECP. (oMP Uoi) __. KiJ
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV
5 DiREr PiRpED &ILERx _67____ .1OA10) sly /4:
-L E_ R I- /JzAEAT- /. 34)3 8stiKwhI
* Data not necessary if computer method is used.
92.
41)
.H 44-"44J
'4.-'
o 40 ~4.)i...
44. 0 OD
.H.:3 41 NII$4- 'NI
4JJ w4 0.
'44 4-)O
%DO %r4 44 CD4
44 .. u~(4 '
4. n0 0 %D 0 04to r- nC4 0 Voo4 4O
r 0 ;m0 E 0u 00F
4+nT-
Ii.(A o-~ -4 0 . LnV ~iO4U I4 mfIU Ocn~O
0 t o~li - ' ~ ~ , 4 e 4 . 1 4 0 ~ , -0~~oo~rv~ oo-f A 0 % '
to 3 k4- 0in o)4+
0 4) U V ).-
0H $4 tOW W 4
4JJ 0A4)0 (4444- = r . 9:34-) N. ODf4000
4.D 1-4 0 u-0Fr- *.H,-4l0.4M
4 1 .4 41 Ni 4 4 *
to ~ 040(0f 4 0 t
-q 0 -a r. I. 1
BUILDiNG-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING:20
* TT -Building Thermal Transmission
-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
- /e Btu/hr*F-ft 2 Xd j ft 2 ) + /57 J~fm X 1.8)/g.OWft2
- tu/hr*F-f t2
ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days 45 42.. F-days
Combined U-factor, Uo .10 Btu/hroF-ft2
From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT m hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
A A i COOwn DX OOM? 44 &LIAIn W
Sii k.~2£c44Are L~t~ALE eAmuzew __94_______
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV
Z mec nFmv rogyAceJ 7 /DiLJA
*Data not necessary if computer method is used.
-W /NCLOAC UDbP/57r2,8077A 1-055e7 OF P/P&$5 470AKI 70 4# v!S
94.
I144
M 44
4J
4J ~ 0
to
4J4.oH 0*' - l
to.) .. 0 -0
0 44 0 l +n Oif 4-J4-)U 04 OD J 4
'Uq 4U 44*9 *~ 4t
r-40'-4
r-4 N n Go-4
0
OD0%L N-Chl"~-'0 C-O.DO r-Lno L(V cD %oI='.O4OO-c0 0o'.N 0C OD .0 ODOMCD-4 %
-i 04 L - o oH 0 40 C%0 N c - %
'4-4 O
r-4 N-
A In 4
to -r 0 41 a 14
7A 4J44 1rr4 4
'444 r0144 #a toUI?14 r-'e4 r-4414 a * 4
w aU 4~- 3iE
444 to~w to -4r4( 4M -or4 p0 ~ 4L to41 t 4 -,OD- W k
Hr Cl C4.
* '4-I- 04J10 ON Irq 4~ iLn 4.4 0rO 0 0 ro 0 0
95.
-A
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING: _____,0_
9 .
* BTT - Building Thermal Transmission 5
" (U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
" (., 7Btuhr'F-ftXL14 ft2) + (( )cfm X 1.08)/&. _ft2
- ~ . Btu/hr°F-ft2
ERT - Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days 4-570 F-days
Combined U-factor, Uo / 7 Btu/hrOF-ft2
From Figure 9 or 10 : ERT = 250 hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
2 Wr~6'ote £~/EZ4 ~ 0~14A Ld
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV
* Data not necessary If computer method is used.
'~ /CJ~~5 IS~I~Ufl~J LSS FRO~M P,/Pr5 6c&4 70 MUiJ!.
96.
. " _" " .' ' " ." - . ." "- .'. ." " "_ _- -t "."'.. ........ .... .... .•. .".. ."." ". .'. .-.. ." -.. . ..-.. . • " • .. .. . T • , *
'4.4N
1 '44
0 444-))
OD N
40) N0-
Eu4 04O 00 0r +
0)_4 - 441.r4 '4. 4.4 --
rA0 1.4'4- 0 44 F 0 ifl
r- -4 N + 40
4)~~V- I,-VU'"4
04. LI n Ln0 L % n r
o -4r-4 ** -4 %D %D*.D 4 - - 0 0 - % 0 + -
0 14'I V 0 C; .4 C; C; ; 00~~ HN O U 0iV(
044
to"
tv07-'
W) 0 ) ) -
44il4 0fU' 00o44 M44 a 0 -4w -rlr4 44 W 4 4w9N- r A 4
to 0- or4 r-4 0 to 4
8 m -4 C En n N
V 61
V-1 Vu li0 44 aO- r-4G 0r4V 0 H~-
*1 to P4A Nu~ Eu 61n14 '4 00 0 "4 Eu '.4 ~ ~ ~ '4
97.4rr44
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING: 400
*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission
-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
P - Q23L.Btu/hr*F-ftXI t)+ ( cfm X 1. 08XO~t
- ~Btu/hrFft2
ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days 457 *_______F-days
Combined U-factor, Uo -Btu/hrOF-ft 2
From Figure 9 or 10 ERT - _ 100___ hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV
5 5IEAM 8AWLR ~_ _ &,ac
Data not necessary if computer method is used.7
V- NU4W IA( PAX"W7?ES /MCLL)DC-S 0/57-9/807709 405565
OF PPAMI 7V *H/jj)5
98.
4-)144
~44
r-4d.5,..
4
0 m :I
44 0 r- -
0- 0 eD .
.. 1.4 O -I f I
.5.4
44-.Pf a 44
r-I 0.
* 4 -)
.. ,,, o 1.40-i
m 0 N N4
o 4 o4° o
5. 0 N--
4,
444~
IdI 444y 0 t0 - 0 4 44
4)-
-a - I H rO,- - 4 r-4 o -
4 .4 to I H to.4t-d H M -
:3 4) a C) = 90 .to 0 r- X X:
o 0 44 045. 54 4* r4Uo * G4)1 . 4-1 1.
r4 - ~-4 Wl rII WN
I -04 r-I4 0 44-H r-4 r0 I 1i4-4
(a4' CDr~' 0 0
44 W~~r4 0r4 99. 0.4s )
- -)4 -) -)4 - - - -
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
BUILDING: _________
*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission
-(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X l.08)/Tcotal Floor Area
- .. d~Btu/hrF-ft 2XL40. ft2 ) + ( c mXl0)/. _ft2
ZA jBtu/hrF-ft 2
ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days = 45~70 _ F-days
Combined U-factor, Uo 141____ Btu/hrOF-ft2
From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT - 26 hr/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
2 A _______ etil'z k'W/1VAI
* Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served HEFF HV
BO 60t)l M W &1a (3 .5 4 )13-7,
*Data not necessary if computer method is used.
* ~ ( /NC40PES P/57RI8U77Co,1-05SES OF PiPIAl16 7D AHO!5.
100.
44-)
3~ VI0-
0- 0NL
0 U n
N 004. 0
4J- 44-004 H O
N CD0 N .JJ4+o HW 4-)N
r4 - 444f-'-
4141.161) U UU + 0o4 Ln to~ ) W0
r-f Nn 0 Go 11lif U (4.~
LA
co +Lo L 0 L 0 k (H
44,- O O OI 9-f
&4 0 cv
U u 0 4) t
4400 e Vr-l 4)044 to-4 e 0Ub 0y
14 444 i 44 .0~ a 0- 0o t (a to :1 4 4)44 1.4-r 0-f- -4 40 1.4-4)0 *t-4 9 $ 144-) ,. H0D(U (a tU) r-4 (D0U 40 4 0 a r HV0- 4
4J TO Ul (A r4fA 0%--4t *-fq 4 H N- 4- 4.)04 :fO 0 Vr- 01 "-, V O '*-, M .)4w0 W U U. *'-4 Vile V)U C1 ) y0rCI 0 -
N -41 11 4J101.
-Cz
01x rI-
0U2Qlof
b. Za o__ %
* enWIN
inx -
0
o
t., In6 4. %66%94 *0 L
x x I I x! 4'.- 1 fA ttwj
-4~~ b* i aK
II -
a I.~j1 wKcCO
v a -4 "d 0 a P-'a~~ I ' b.
44 .. u 0 v4 o U *.. *.. W. 0 >1
Pa 661 0 z IfC 50
ta 3) 4 al 9 at on
102.
I-ZIA
UI.
x .04x0
or-.
'0 00 a*41 x.3 x
%V V,01 x 4 -4
;A; -j (r. z IL n cc I--0*
C; co m 00Iz 916 m" w I
0 x.
In~i am .hi N b.
L2 L . 0..6-
.44 .s s ' U * 0 -C7. eS J N N0 #A U0 00 c 00 I- 1.
:1 1U - "3 3
C
0 a -C
-1 01 0 A a 062~~-. -. .,' ' 4
00 C6U &i ~ w
oi me "nol o w =0 Il
103.
u --
I--
4 - -4
0 .u
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129
Bldg. 300, System #6 DHW Savings:
1. V =0.785 x (21)2 x (6') =18.84 ft3
A [ 1.571 x (21)2 + (3.14 x 2' x 6') =43.9 ft2
2. Weekday shutdown (1530 to 430)
LSD =13 hour/night
NSD =(4 nights/wk)(52 wk/yr) -(2x6 holidays) =196
E =.94
Weekend shutdown (Fri at 1530 to Mon at 330)
LSD = 60 hours/weekend
NSD = 52 weekends/yr
E = .73
Holiday shutdown
LSD = 36 hours
* NSD = 6 holidays/yr
E =.83
3. [43.9 x (140-75) x LSD x (.285/2) -18.84 x 62.4 x (140-75)x (l-E)] x NSD x 1.0/(.95 x 3413 Btu/Kwh)
-[(406.1' x LSD) -(76,415 x (1-E))] x NSD/3242
Weekday shutdown savings=((406.6 x 13) - (76,415 x (1-.94))] x 196/3242 =42.3
Weekend shutdown savingn1. (406.6 x 60) - (76,415 x (1-.73))] x 52/3242 = 60.3
Holiday shutdown savings=((406.6 x 36) -(76,415 x (1-.83))] x 6/3242 = 3.0
total =105.6 Kwh/yr
* 130.
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131.
Bldg. 200, System #6 DHW Savings:
1. V = 0.785 x (1.51)2 x (4') = 7.065 ft3
A = [1.571 x (1.51)2] + (3.14 x 1.5' x 4') = 22.3 ft2
2. Weekday shutdown (1530 to 630)
LSD = 15 hour/night
NSD = (4 nights/wk)(52 wk/yr) - (2 x 6 holidays) 196
E .87
Weekend shutdown (Fri at 1530 to Mon at 530)
LSD = 62 hours/weekend
NSD = 52 weekends/yr
E = .55
Holiday shutdown
LSD = 38 hours
NSD = 6 holidays/yr
E = .70
3. [22.3 x (130-70) x LSD x (.285/1.5) - 7.065 x 62.4 x (130-70)
x (1-E)] x NSD x 1.0/(.75 x 1031 Btu/cf)
= [(254.2 x LSD) - (26,451 x (1-E))] x NSD/774
I
Weekday shutdown savings =
(254.2 x 15) - (26,451 x (1-.87))] x 196/774 = 94.8
Weekend shutdown savings =
[(254.2 x 62) - (26,451 x (1-.55))] x 52/774 = 259.3
Holiday shutdown savings =
[(254.2 x 38) - (26,451 x (1-.70))] x 6/774 = 13.3
total = 367.4 cf/yr
132.!0
APPENDIX A.1
BLANK FORMS
133.
* BUILDING DESCRIPTION DATA
* .* BUILDING NUNBER:___________________________
* ~~BUILDING DESCRIPTION:__________________________
GROSS AREA (SQUARE FEET):
NUNBER OF FLOORS:___________________________
TYPE CONSTRUCTION:___________________________
APPROX. FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT (FT):
GLASS TYPE:______________________________
CRITICAL AREAS: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE: ____________________________
134.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DATA BUILDING NUMBER_________
SYS, # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- MFGR. MOD. *________ MFGR. MOD. *__________
CAPACITY _______ ____ CAPAC ITY_______________
* HP (TYPE) HP (TYPE)
HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
* AREA SERVED AREA SERVED
* CONTROLS___________ CONTROLS______________
NOTES: _________ ___ NOTES:_______________
* SYS# _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SYS # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-TYPE __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TYPE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- MFGR. MOD. _________ MFGR. MOD. *__________
- CAPACITY ___________ CAPAC ITY______________
HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
HP (TYPE) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ HP (TYPE)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
* AREA SERVED__________ AREA SERVED_____________
CONTROLS____________ CONTROLS_______________
- NOTES: ____________ NOTES:______________
135.
CLIMATE -BASED FACTORS
LOCATION: ______________
PAGESYMBOL DESCRIPTION REF. VALUE UNITS
*ACWT Average Condenser Water Temperature 16 O
AND Annual Number of Days for Warmup 18 Days/Yr.
*AST* Average Sumer Temperature 19 O
*AWT* Average Winter Temperature 19 O
*CFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. For Cooling 20 Bra/Yr.
HFLH Annual Equiv. Full-Load Hrs. for Heating 22 Hrs/Yr.
HS Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Summer 23 Ers/Yr
UW Hrs. of Temp. Limit Shut-off for Winter 23 Bra/Yr
*OAH* Average Outside Air Enthalpy 24 Btu/lb.
PRT* Percent Run Time for Low Temp. Limit 25 %
WKS* Weeks of Sumer 27 Wks/Yr.
WDW* Weeks of Winter 27Wk/r
4 *Data not necessary if computer methods are used.
136.
BUILDING-SPECIFIC FACTORS
* ~~~BUILDING: ___ _____
*BTT -Building Thermal Transmission
* -(U-factor X exterior area) + (Infiltration X 1.08)/Total Floor Area
I-(Btu/hr*F-ft 2x ft2) + (cfm X 1.08)/ ft2
____Btu/br0 F-ft2
ERT -Annual Run Time of Equipment for Morning Warmup
Heating Degree Days ________F-days
Combined U-factor, Uo - ______Btu/broF-ft2
* From Figure 9 or 10 :ERT h _____ r/yr
Primary Sources of Cooling Medium
Sys. No System Type Systems Served CPT
Primary Sources of Heating Medium
Sys NoSstem Type Systems Served HEFF HV
*Data not necessary if computer method is used.
137.
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138
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139.
APPENDIX A.2
ENTHALPY OF AIR AT GIVEN WET BULB TEMPERATURES
WET BULB (OF) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb) WET BULB (OF) ENTHALPY (Btu/lb)
40.0 15.20 70.0 34.0041.0 15.66 71.0 34.8642.0 16.14 72.0 35.7443.0 16.62 73.0 36.6444.0 17.11 74.0 37.56
45.0 17.61 75.0 38.5046.0 18.12 76.0 39.4747.0 18.64 77.0 40.4648.0 19.17 78.0 41.4749.0 19.71 79.0 42.50
50.0 20.26 80.0 43.5751.0 20.82 81.0 44.6552.0 21.39 82.0 45.7753.0 21.97 83.0 46.9154.0 22.57 84.0 48.08
55.0 23.17 85.0 49.2856.0 23.79 86.0 50.5257.0 24.42 87.0 51.7858.0 25.07 88.0 53.0759.0 25.73 89.0 54.40
60.0 26.40 90.0 55.7661.0 27.09 91.0 57.1662.0 27.79 92.0 58.5963.0 28.51 93.0 60.0664.0 29.24 94.0 61.57
65.0 29.99 95.0 63.1266.0 30.76 96.0 64.7067.0 31.54 97.0 66.3368.0 32.34 98.0 68.0169.0 33.16 99.0 69.73
100.0 71.49
140.
o - I _ _.
-J .- .. . - L - - - i ; -- - - - - - -. . . .j ; i - - *- .* - . . .. j ,
APPENDIX A.3
VARIABLE GLOSSARY
A = surface area of tank in ft2
ACWT = average condenser water temperature possible, in OF
(See page 16)
AEI = adjusted efficiency increase of the chiller due to
condenser water reset
AND = annual number of days total that warmup is required
in days per year (see page 18)
AST = average summer temperature in OF (see page 19)AWT = average winter temperature in OF (see page 19)
AZ = area of zone being servied in ft2
BTT = building therme1 transmission in Btu/hrOF-ft 2 (see
page 28)
CAP = maximum capacity of device(s) in Btu/hr
CD = fraction of total air passing through the cold
deck. Assume .50 if no other information is avail-
able.
CFLH = equivalent full-load hours for cooling in hours/
year (see page 20)
CFM = air handling capacity in ft3/min
CH = present cool-down time before occupancy in hours
per day. Use either the actual time presently
scheduled for cool-down by an existing timeclock or
2 hours to correspond to Scheduled Start/ Stop
savings calculations
CPT = energy consumption per ton of refrigeration in
kw/ton or lb/ ton-hr (see page 30)
D = diameter of tank in ft.
DAY = equipment operation in days per week
E = parameter determined from Figure 11
EI = efficiency increase expressed as a decimal
ERT = equipment run time, total required for warm up in -.
hours per year (see page 30)
141.
II
F = fraction of savings attributable to EMCS (see page
42)
H = hours of operation per week.
' HD = fraction of total air passing through the hot deck.
Assume .50 if no other information is available.
HEFF = heating efficiency of the system (see page 31)HFLH = annual equivalent full load hours for heating in
hours/year (see page 22)
HP = motor nameplate horsepower
HS = hours in summer outside temperature is below summer
limit in hours per year (see page 23)
HT = height of tank in ft.
HV = heating value of fuel in Btu/gal, Btu/kwh etc. (see
page 32)
HW = hours in winter outside temperature is above winter
limit in hours per year (see page 23)
INS = thickness of insulation in inches
KW = total kw consumption of lights in the zone
L = load factor (see page 35)
LSD = length of shutdown period in hours
LTL low temperature limit in OF; usually 50°F or 550 F.
Use the average winter temperature in place of LTL
-if AWT > LTL.
NSD number of shutdown periods per year of a given
length
OAH average outside air enthalpy in Btu/lb (see page
24)
PCWT present condenser water temperature in OF usually
set at 85°F
PEI = percent efficiency increase of the chiller
POA = present percent minimum outside air expressed as a
decimal
PRT = percent run time during heating season shutdown
period required to maintain a low limit temperature
of 55F (see page 25). Use PRT = 0 if no low
temperature limit is planned.
142.
--4
RAH = return air enthalpy. Use 29.91 Btu/lb for 780F and
50% humidity. For other conditions obtain values
from a psychrometric chart.RCWT = reduction in condenser water temperature which is
achievable, in OF
REI = rate of efficiency increase per OF increase of
chilled water temperature
RHR = reheat system cooling coil discharge reset in OF.Up to 50 or 60 is possible, dependent on the sys-
tem. If a better estimate of possible reset is not
available use 30F.
SCDR = summer cold deck reset in 'F (the average reset
that will result from this function is dependent on
the air handler capacity relative to the loads in
the space it serves. If an estimate of the pos-
sible reset is not available use 30F)
SD = thermostat setdown for unoccupied periods during
the heating season in OF
SHDR = summer hot deck reset in OF (the average reset that
will result from this function is dependent on the
air handler capacity relative to the loads in the
space it serves. If an estimate of the possible
reset is not available use 36F)
SSP = summer thermostat setpoint in OF
SU = thermostat setup for unoccupied periods during the
cooling season in °F
T = water temperature at end of shutdown period in OF
To = hot water temperature setpoint in °F
TON = chiller capacity in tons
Ts = average temperature of surroundings in OFUM = unoccupied hours per week
V = volume of tank in ft3
WH = present warmup time before occupancy in hours per
day
WHDR = winter hot deck reset in OF
143.
WKS = length of summer cooling season in weeks per year
(See page 27)
WKW = length of winter heating season in weeks per year
(see page 27)
WSP = winter thermostat setpoint in OF
'U.
14
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