Expert vs. Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - II Layperson Evaluation: also defined as “subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002) Layperson Evaluation: also defined as “subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002) It relies on self-report tools through which people express their judgment on EQ (i.e.: the quality of an environmental object as it is experienced) Evaluation as by-product of daily psycho-social processes of knowledge, interpretation and use of the environment by the persons who experience it.
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SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT: INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT: A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL STRUCTURES STRUCTURES Marino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, Mirilia Bonnes Marino Bonaiuto, Ferdinando Fornara, Mirilia Bonnes University of Rome “La Sapienza” University of Rome “La Sapienza” Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione 18th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 2004 18th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 2004
Transcript
SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY SCALES ON PERCEIVED URBAN RESIDENTIAL QUALITY INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT: INDICATORS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD ATTACHMENT:
A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL A CONFIRMATORY ANALYSIS OF FACTORIAL STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
University of Rome “La Sapienza”University of Rome “La Sapienza”Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e
SocializzazioneSocializzazione
18th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 200418th IAPS Conference. Wien, 5-10 July 2004
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - Iof Environmental Quality - I
Expert EvaluationExpert Evaluation: also defined as “objective” or : also defined as “objective” or “technical” (Gifford, 2002)“technical” (Gifford, 2002)
It involves tools and “hard” measures such as It involves tools and “hard” measures such as mechanical monitoring or objective indexes and mechanical monitoring or objective indexes and estimates (e.g.: building density) to quantify EQestimates (e.g.: building density) to quantify EQ
EvaluationEvaluation as by-product of as by-product of processes of analytic processes of analytic measuremeasure elicited from coded systems in the realm elicited from coded systems in the realm of technical-scientific knowledgeof technical-scientific knowledge
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IIof Environmental Quality - II
Layperson EvaluationLayperson Evaluation: also defined as : also defined as “subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002)“subjective” or “observer-based” (Gifford, 2002)
It relies on self-report tools through which people It relies on self-report tools through which people express their judgment on EQ (i.e.: the quality of express their judgment on EQ (i.e.: the quality of an environmental object as it is experienced)an environmental object as it is experienced)
EvaluationEvaluation as by-product of as by-product of daily psycho-social daily psycho-social processesprocesses of knowledge, interpretation and use of of knowledge, interpretation and use of the environment by the persons who experience it.the environment by the persons who experience it.
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IIIof Environmental Quality - III
Both kinds of environmental evaluation Both kinds of environmental evaluation aspire to aspire to objectivityobjectivity by getting reproducible measures by getting reproducible measures which are valid, reliable, sensible and usefulwhich are valid, reliable, sensible and useful
As well, both As well, both share subjectivityshare subjectivity, since also , since also expert evaluation relies on choice about which expert evaluation relies on choice about which environmental dimensions and elements to assess, environmental dimensions and elements to assess, which sample of place and time to select (Uzzell, which sample of place and time to select (Uzzell, 1989)1989)
Expert Expert vs.vs. Lay Evaluation Lay Evaluation of Environmental Quality - IVof Environmental Quality - IV
Different values, ideas and goals about the Different values, ideas and goals about the environment underlie expert and lay evaluation: environment underlie expert and lay evaluation: this can produce discordance between the two this can produce discordance between the two kinds (e.g., the evaluation of urban green areas: kinds (e.g., the evaluation of urban green areas: wilderness wilderness vs.vs. usability; see Bonnes & Bonaiuto, usability; see Bonnes & Bonaiuto, 1995)1995)
For that, it is important to compare and integrate For that, it is important to compare and integrate expert and lay evaluation data for improving expert and lay evaluation data for improving environmental design and managementenvironmental design and management
What are PEQIs?What are PEQIs?……a standard set of (perceived) indicators for a a standard set of (perceived) indicators for a specific environmental object or place (e.g.: specific environmental object or place (e.g.: residential PEQIs), which can also be used for residential PEQIs), which can also be used for policy and monitoring functions (Bonaiuto, in policy and monitoring functions (Bonaiuto, in press)press)
Initial goal (Craik & Zube, 1976): to set valid and Initial goal (Craik & Zube, 1976): to set valid and general standards of perceived environmental general standards of perceived environmental quality for environmental elements such as air, quality for environmental elements such as air, water and lightwater and light
Limits of the earliest approach:Limits of the earliest approach:
- no focus on contextual specificity of person-- no focus on contextual specificity of person-environment relationshipenvironment relationship
- ignoring social construction processes which - ignoring social construction processes which influence lay evaluationinfluence lay evaluation
- molecolar units of analysis- molecolar units of analysis
Residential Satisfaction (RS) - IResidential Satisfaction (RS) - I
What is RS?What is RS?……an evaluative response which regards the an evaluative response which regards the experience of pleasure or gratification deriving experience of pleasure or gratification deriving from living in a specific place (Amerigo, 2002)from living in a specific place (Amerigo, 2002)
RS is a construct of multidimensional nature which RS is a construct of multidimensional nature which include cognitive, affective and behavioural include cognitive, affective and behavioural aspects (Francescato, 2002) aspects (Francescato, 2002)
Residential Satisfaction (RS) - IIResidential Satisfaction (RS) - II
Focus on cognitive aspectsFocus on cognitive aspects- - PEQIs of urban neighbourhoodsPEQIs of urban neighbourhoods::residents’ evaluation of the degree of quality possessed residents’ evaluation of the degree of quality possessed by salient attributes of residential environmentby salient attributes of residential environment
Focus on affective aspectsFocus on affective aspects- - Neighbourhood Attachment Neighbourhood Attachment (refers to the broader (refers to the broader construct of Place Attachment , see Giuliani, 2003):construct of Place Attachment , see Giuliani, 2003):feelings and emotions that people develop over time feelings and emotions that people develop over time and come to experience with reference to home and and come to experience with reference to home and their neighbourhood their neighbourhood
PEQIs of urban neighbourhoodsPEQIs of urban neighbourhoods
Canter (1983), Guest e Lee (1984), Bonnes et al. (1991):Canter (1983), Guest e Lee (1984), Bonnes et al. (1991): SpatialSpatial features (architectural and town- features (architectural and town-
planning)planning)
Human-socialHuman-social features (kind of neighbours and features (kind of neighbours and neighbourhood life)neighbourhood life)
FunctionalFunctional features (services and facilities) features (services and facilities)
In addition (Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonaiuto et al., 1999):In addition (Bonnes et al., 1997; Bonaiuto et al., 1999):
Contextual Contextual featuresfeatures (pace of life; pollution; (pace of life; pollution; environmental maintenance)environmental maintenance)
PREQ and NA indicators for urban PREQ and NA indicators for urban placesplaces
Setting up scales measuring indicators of Setting up scales measuring indicators of Perceived Perceived Residential Environment Quality (PREQ) Residential Environment Quality (PREQ) and and Neighbourhood Attachment (NA)Neighbourhood Attachment (NA)
A long period of a step-by-step research process, A long period of a step-by-step research process, including the consequential phases of:including the consequential phases of:- scales’ creation- scales’ creation- empirical verification- empirical verification- scales’ refinement- scales’ refinement- new empirical verification- new empirical verification
Data have been gathered mainly in Data have been gathered mainly in neighbourhoods of a neighbourhoods of a great city (i.e., Rome).great city (i.e., Rome).
Length of residence in Rome
Presence of socialrelationship r²=0.02
Buildings’s aestheticPleasantness r²=0.02
Quietr²=0.01
Lack of opportunities
r²=0.02
Lack of green areas r²=0.05
Length of residence inthe neighborhood
Estimated socio-economic level
Number of persons living together
NeighbourhoodAttachment
r²=30
Inadequacy of cultural activitiesand meeting places r²=0.01
0.15
-0.15
0.20-0.25
0.20
-0.08-0.08
-0.08
0.08
-0.13
-0.23
0.15
-0.12
0.17
0.15
Final path analysis model including the best predictors (>0.15) from each one of the four content areas and neighbourhood attachment as criterion. Χ2 = 25,91 (20), p=0.17, GFI =0.99, AGFI=0.97, CFI =0.99.
Source: Bonaiuto et al., 1999
0.12
Research objectiveResearch objective
Validation of the factorial structure of theValidation of the factorial structure of the most most
recent recent version of PREQ and NA scales in middle- version of PREQ and NA scales in middle- and low-and low- extension urban environmentsextension urban environments
Research hypothesisResearch hypothesis A Confirmatory Factor Analysis will confirm the A Confirmatory Factor Analysis will confirm the
scales’ scales’ factorial structure and the reliability of factorial structure and the reliability of PREQ and PREQ and NA NA indicators emerged in a previous indicators emerged in a previous Exploratory Factor Exploratory Factor Analysis on the same data (see Analysis on the same data (see Bonaiuto et al., in press)Bonaiuto et al., in press)
ToolsTools
The 4 Generative Criteria and The 4 Generative Criteria and the 11 PREQ Scales (items = 150) and 1 NA Scale (items = 8)the 11 PREQ Scales (items = 150) and 1 NA Scale (items = 8)
- Architectural and town-planning space - Architectural and town-planning space (22 items)(22 items)
- Organization of accessibility and roads- Organization of accessibility and roads(14 items)(14 items)
- Green spaces (10 items)- Green spaces (10 items)
Social relations featuresSocial relations features (1 scale): (1 scale):- People and social relations (24 items)People and social relations (24 items)
Context featuresContext features (3 scales): (3 scales):- Pace of life (16 items)- Pace of life (16 items)- Environmental health (8 items) - Environmental health (8 items) - Maintenance and care (12 items)- Maintenance and care (12 items)
Punctual and in-network Punctual and in-network servicesservices (4 scales):(4 scales):
SampleSample1488 residents in different neighbourhoods of 11 1488 residents in different neighbourhoods of 11
Italian Italian medium- and low-estension urban contexts medium- and low-estension urban contexts (i.e. (i.e. Palermo, Latina, Cesena, Pescara, L’Aquila, Palermo, Latina, Cesena, Pescara, L’Aquila, Grosseto, Grosseto, Agrigento, Firenze, Bologna, Matera, Agrigento, Firenze, Bologna, Matera, Salerno)Salerno)
Data analysisData analysis
Exploratory FA: Principal Component AnalysisExploratory FA: Principal Component AnalysisConfirmatory Factor Analysis on each PREQ and Confirmatory Factor Analysis on each PREQ and
NA scale:NA scale:- - 3 (multi-factorial scales) or 4 (mono-factorial 3 (multi-factorial scales) or 4 (mono-factorial
scales) scales) item aggregates were created for running item aggregates were created for running CFACFA
- - Sample split (males vs. females) in order to get a Sample split (males vs. females) in order to get a cross-cross- sectional validation of structuressectional validation of structures
- - Comparison of nested models in order to choose Comparison of nested models in order to choose the the best fitting solution (Test best fitting solution (Test ΧΧ22 , , =.05)=.05)
Results of Principal Component Analysis on PREQ and NA Results of Principal Component Analysis on PREQ and NA indexes:indexes:number of items and Cronach’s Alfa number of items and Cronach’s Alfa (Source: Bonaiuto et al., (Source: Bonaiuto et al., in press)in press)GenerativGenerative criterione criterion
Architectural/town planning featuresArchitectural/town planning features Organization ofOrganization of accessibility and roads – PREQ accessibility and roads – PREQ
Next validity developmentsNext validity developments- Comparison between PREQIs and expert - Comparison between PREQIs and expert
assessmentsassessments- Test PREQIs’ discriminant validity (different - Test PREQIs’ discriminant validity (different
neighbourhoods)neighbourhoods)- Test PREQIs in different countries- Test PREQIs in different countries- Test relationship between PREQIs, - Test relationship between PREQIs,
neighbourhood neighbourhood attachment and attachment and SatisfactionSatisfaction
