Date post: | 19-May-2015 |
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The FACE and the SCALP
By: Dr. Pamela Josefina T. Fabie
I. LAYERS OF THE SCALP
Soft tissue covering the cranial vault
It is hair bearing area of the skull
Extends from supra orbital margin anteriorly to external occipital protuberance & superior nuchal line posteriorly
On each side to superior temporal line
S- Skin
C- connective tissue (superficial fascia)
A- Aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
L- Loose areolar tissue
P- Pericranium
The Five Layers of the Scalp
Layers of the Scalp
Layers of the Scalp
Skin A layer of thin skin containing numerous hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands covers the scalp.
Connective tissueA thick, dense, subcutaneous connective tissue is anchored firmly to the skin above and the membranous layer below. Fibrous and dense containing blood vessels and nerves
AponeurosisIs formed by the gales aponeurotica.
Loose Connective TissueAllows freedom of movement of the superficial three layers over the top of the skull
PeriocraniumThe periosteum of the skull. Firmly anchored to the underlying bone.
Layers of the Scalp
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissary veins
open here and carry any infections inside the brain (venous sinus)
Bleeding lead to black eye Caput succedaneum in new born
PERICRANIUM Injury deep to it take the shape of bone called
cephalhaematoma
II. REGIONS OF THE FACE
a. EYES
b. NOSE
c. EARS
The Face
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Boundaries:
1. Superior - Hairline2. Inferior- Lower border of the andible
Regions of the Face
1. Forehead2. Temporal3. Orbital4. External
nose 5. Zygomati
c6. Oral 7. Cheeks8. Mental9. External
ear
a. EYES
Eyelids (Palpebrae)- Form a curtain for the ocular globe or the
eyeball.
External features:1. Palpebral fissure - transverse elliptical opening
between the upper and lower eyelid.
2. Palpebral commissure (canthus( - the lateral and medial junctions of the upper and lower eyelids.
3. Superior palpebral margins - covers the superior 1/5 of the iris when the lids are open.
External features:
4. Inferior palpebral margins - cuts across the lower border of the iris when the lids are open.
5. Cilia or eyelashes - project from the palpebral margins intwo or three irregular rows.
6. Plica semilunaris - a cresent fold at the medial angle of the eye that separates the white of the eye from the medial, reddish-colored lacrimal lake.
External features:7. Lacrimal lake - small, raised, triangular are
bordered by the plica semilunaris; a raised, reddish area within the lake is the caruncle.
8. Superior and inferior papillae - are small, raised bumps at the junction of the ciliated hairless margins of the lids; at the apex of which is the lacrimal punctum.
9. Conjuctivum - mucous membrane inner lining of the lid.
b. NOSE
Tip
Ala
Dorsum
Anterior naris
(nostril)
Columna
Root
External Nose:-The framework is composed of the nasal bones, septal cartilage, lateral cartilages, and alar cartilages.
-Skin of the nose is continues beyond the external nares into the vestibule of the nose, with nasal hairs to filter larger particles of dusts in the air.
c. EARS
External Ear- Contains a single elastic cartilage which
provides support to the external ear.
- Skin is tightly bound to the cartilage with no intervening subcutaneous layer.
- Skin and cartilage is thrown into several folds.
III. CAVITIES OF THE FACE
A. ORBITAL CAVITY
B. NASAL CAVITY
a. ORBITAL CAVITY
Bones involved:1. Maxilla2. Zygomatic
Bone3. Sphenoid Bone4. Frontal Bone5. Palatine Bone6. Ethmoid Bone7. Lacrimal Bone.
Roof- orbital plate of the
frontal bone- lesser wings of
sphenoid.
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
Lateral wall- Zygomatic process
of the frontal bone- Orbital plate of the zygomatic
bone- Orbital plate of the greater
wings of sphenoid
Medial wall- Frontal process of
the maxilla- Lacrimal bone- Orbital plate of ethmoid
bone- Body of sphenoid
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
Floor- Orbital plate of the maxilla- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone- Orbital process of
the palatine bone
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
Base Superiorly – frontal bone Medially - frontal process
of the maxilla Laterally - frontal
process of the zygomatic bone
Inferiorly - Maxilla medially
- zygomatic bone laterally
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
Apex- Formed by the
convergence of the four walls
Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity
b. NASAL CAVITY
Bones involved:1. Nasal Bone2. Frontal Bone3. Ethmoid Bone4. Sphenoid Bone5. Vomer6. Maxilla7. Palatine Bone8. Lacrimal Bone9. Inferior nasal
Concha
Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
Anterior – pyriform aperture
Posterior - Pharynx through the posterior nares
Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
Superior Wall:1. Anterior
– nasal bone-nasal process of the frontal bone
2. Middle- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
3. Posterior- body of the sphenoid
Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
Median Wall:- Perpendicular plate
of ethmoid- Vomer.
Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
Inferior Wall:- Palatine
process of the maxilla
- Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Boundaries of the Nasal CavityLateral Wall:
a. Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone
b. Inferior nasal conchae
END