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School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
Writing development in children with language
difficulties – An analysis of product and process.
Vincent Connelly & Julie Dockrell Kirsty Walter & Sarah Critten
Funded by Leverhulme TrustPsychology & Human Development
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
2
Why might spelling support written text production? – evidence from children with specific language impairment (SLI)
• Children with SLI – Specific problems or disorders in comprehending or producing speech
and a delayed learning of language– Problems associated with limited processing, grammar, phonology & the
lexicon– Poor at transcription (Spelling & Handwriting) as well as Text Generation
(Connelly, Dockrell & Barnett, 2011)
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
3
Production of written text
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
4
Participants
SLI -Specific language impairment N = 34 with a specific language impairmentPrimary/elementary school 10.1 years oldSignificant gap between language and non-verbal abilityLiteracy difficulties – including reading, spelling and text production
CA – matched on chronological ageN = 34 Primary/elementary school 10.1 years old
LA – matched on CELFN = 34No significant differences in spelling raw score No significant differences in non-verbal ability standard scoreSignificantly younger Primary/elementary school 8.2 years old
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
5
Example Essays Age 11 SLI
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
6
Example Essay at age 11 CA Match
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
7
Text measures
sli la ca
comparison groups
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
95
% C
I C
mp
Wd
s.T
Total number of words produced
sli la ca
comparison groups
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
95
% C
I n
o o
f d
iffe
ren
t w
ord
ro
ots
Lexical Diversity
No difference in overall scores for the compositions between SLI and LA match.Trends in lexical diversity and total number of words produced.
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
8
SpellingTotal Spelling Errors
(SLI=LA)>CA
Large amount of spelling errors in texts of SLI and LA group.
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
9
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
10
Pause and Burst Analysis
6
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
11
Pause & Writing Burst Analysis
Number of Writing Bursts Number of Pauses > 2 sec
12.7(4.1)
12.6(3.9)
13.6(3.2)
17.1(5.6) 14.6
(5.0)
16.8(4.6)
F(2,101) < 1 F(2,101)=2.5, p>0.05
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
12
Pause & Writing Burst AnalysisNumber of words written Average burst length in words
Correlation: Number of words written with Av burst length. r(102)=0.80, p<0.01
4.3(3.1)
6.7(3.7)
3.9(2.1)
53.4(25.9)
76.1(19.5)
51.8(18.4)
F(2,101)=13.7, p<.001 F(2,101)=8.5, p<.001
Significant diff in number of words reflects similar difference in average burst length
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
13
Pause & Writing Burst Analysis
No Significant difference in writing time (trend only).
No Significant difference in number of bursts
No Significant difference in number of pauses
Spelling errors (SLI=LA)>CA
Total time writing (minus >2 sec pauses)
64.1(17.6)
73.5(15.4) 68.1
(14.7)
F(2, 101)=3.01, p>0.05
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
14
Hayes & Chenoweth (2007)
Burst length constrained by translator in adults.
Not related to copying skills
Our results would indicate that the transcriber (as measured through spelling and handwriting) significantly linked to burst length in children.
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
Questions?
Vincent Connelly, Oxford Brookes University Email [email protected] Dockrell, Institute of Education, LondonEmail [email protected] Psychology &
Human Development
School of Social Sciences and Law
Department of Psychology
