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Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“

School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A) School1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso School funded by:

Partners:

Book of Programme and Abstracts



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Organising Committee

-Prof. Dr. Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe, ANSOLE and BALEWARE Coordinator, Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria (Initiator and Director of SEA-Schools)

-Dr. Matthias Höher, Managing Director, Center for International Development and Environmental Research, Julius Liebig University Giessen (Financial Director)

-Dr. Daniel Yamegueu, Head of Laboratory of Solar Energy and Energy savings, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Host and Local Organiser)

- Prof. Dr. Michael Düren, Professor of Experimental Physics & Coordinator of SEPA (Solar Energy Partnership with Africa), Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany

-Prof. Dr. Dieter Meissner, Professor of Sustainable Energetics, University of Tallin, Estonia

-Prof. Dr. Angeles Lopez Agüera, CLRLA-UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Communities Development, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

-Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lang, Director of IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Prof. Dr. Veronika Wittmann, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austris

-Prof. Dr. Yezouma Coulibaly, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-Dr. Edem N´Tsoukpoe, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-Dr. Christoph Ulbricht, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Dr. Ferdinand Ndum, Universitätsklinikum Jena and ANSOLE e.V. Jena, Germany

-Dr. Moussa Soro, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

-Ms Jana Bauer, Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany

-Ms Gudrun Haider, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

-Ms Leonie Schoelen, University Paris Descartes, France/Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany



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Programme

-Travel to Ouagadougou and check-in in Pacific Hotel by participants: 25-26 February 2017

Monday, 27th February 2017

08:30 – 09:30

Registration & Networking

09:30 – 09:45

Welcome by organisers & organizational issues (Daniel Yamegueu, Daniel Egbe)

09:45 – 10:15

Opening address by the Prof. Alfa Oumar Dissa, Burkinabé Minister of Energy

10:15 – 11:00

VW-Stiftung and its activities in sub-Saharan Africa+ ANSOLE+JKU + SEPA+ UNIPID (D. A. M. Egbe)

11.00-11.30 Coffee break

11:30-12:30 African Energy Potentials and Energy Policies (Daniel Yamegueu)

12:30 - 14:00 Lunch break and visit of demonstration sites

14:00 – 15:30

Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics (Dieter Meissner)

15:30– 17:00 Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims (Reinhold Lang)

17:00– 17:30 Coffee break

17:30 -18:30 Raising awareness on sustainable energies through performing arts (Emelda Samba)

20:00-21.00 Dinner

21.00-22.00 Working on various projects (TFD project and others)

Tuesday, 28th February 2017

08:30 – 10:00

Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 2: Sustainable Development and the Nexus to Technologies & (Engineering) Education (Reinhold Lang)

10:00-11:00 Biomass and Bioenergy: Issues and Prospects for Africa (Marie SAWADOGO)

11:00 - 11:30 Coffee break

11:30 - 12:30 Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa? (Moussa SORO)

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch break and visit of demonstration sites

14:00 – 15:30

Integral Development in the Frame of the Sustainable Communities Project (Angeles López Agüera),

15:30 – 16:30

Thermal Comfort in Tropical Regions (Yezouma COULIBALY)

16:30 – 17:30

Potable Water for All: The Role of Renewable Energy (Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA

19:00- 20.30 Dinner

20.30-22.00 Working on projects



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Wednesday, 1st March 2017

Sustainable Energy Technologies

08:30 - 10:00 Renewable Energy Systems for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon (Emmanuel Tanyi)

10:00 – 11:30

Interests of Energy Efficiency in African Countries (Anne Riahle)

11:30 – 12:30

Concentrated Solar Power for Africa (Kokouvi Edem N TSOUKPOE)

12:30-14.00 Lunch

14:00- 15:30 World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: a Driving Force for Cosmopolitanism (Veronika Wittmann)

15:30-16:30 Energy Efficient Buildings+ Building Integrated Photovoltaics (Nolwenn HUREL)

16:30-18:00 From Past to Present: An Overview on Organic Photovoltaics (Harald Hoppe)

19:00-20:00 Dinner

20:00- 22:00 Working on projects

Thursday, 2nd March 2017

08:30 - 10:00 Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems (Veronika Wittmann)

10:00 - 12:00 Fondamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: How to Shape up ex ante Successful Proposal in the Field of Sustainable Energy (Emanuela Colombo)

12.30 – 14.00

Lunch

14:00 – 16:00

Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: How to Measure in-itinere and ex-post a Project in the Field of Sustainable Energy (Emanuela Colombo)

16:00-16:30 Coffee break

16:30- 18:00 Problem-Based Learning Approach for Teaching Photovoltaic Technologies from Device Technology to System Design (Arouna Darga)

20:00-21:00 Dinner

Friday, 3rd March 2017

08:30 – 10:00

E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa (Erick Tambo)

10:00-11:30 Materials Design in Organic Electronics (Daniel A. M. Egbe)

11:30-13:00 Coffee break + Poster presentations (3 minutes presentation each): selection of best 3 posters by a jury of 4 lecturers (2 males and 2 females)

13:00-14:30 Lunch break

14:30-19:00 Free time/rehearsals of TfD

19:00– 23:00 Summer school dinner: closing remarks by the organisers, award of the certificates of participation, award of poster prizes and performance of theater, dancing, etc.

Departure as from Saturday 4th of November 2017



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Abstract and Biography of Lecturers



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Solar Cookers Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria & African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V.), Ebertstr. 14, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected] Abstract Solar cooking is a means to alleviate energy poverty and deforestation caused by wood burning for cooking, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia. It can also eradicate the several million of premature deaths every year caused by inhalation of smoke.1

Based on the lectures held during CONSOLFOOD 2016 in Faro, Portugal,1 this presentation depicts the various types of solar cookers and shows the advantages and disadvantages of using them in the African context. Reference

1) Neumann, A. L. et al, Proceedings of CONSOLFOOD 2016 − International Conference on Advances in Solar Thermal Food Processing Faro-Portugal, 22-23 January, 2016

Materials Design in Organic Electronics Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz,

Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract Since the discovery of electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene by Shirakawa et al.,1 enormous progress has been achieved in the design, synthesis and detailed studies of the

properties and applications of -conjugated polymers. 2

In the first part of the lecture, the materials design principles will be presented with main focus on how to tune the bandgap of conjugated materials and adjust their HOMO and LUMO energy levels for different applications.2

The second part of the lecture will look into the type of polymeric materials called poly(arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(arylene-vinylene)s (PAE–PAVs) which constitute a class of conjugated compounds combining the intrinsic properties of both poly(arylene-ethynylene) (PAE) and poly(arylene-vinylene) (PAV) into a single polymeric backbone with additional structure-specific properties. New insights gained from this class of materials since 2000 through systematic study of the effect of alkoxy side chains will be presented.4 This is based on so-called conservative research approach. Acknowledgement: FWF is acknowledged for financial support through grant N° I 1703-N20 References

1. Shirakawa, H et al. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1977, 578-580 2. a) Cheng Y.-J et al. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868. b) H. Zhou et al. Macromolecules

2012, 45, 607-632, c) Chochos, C. L. et al. Prog. Polym Sci. 2011, 36, 1326-1414.



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3. a) Egbe, D. A. M. et al. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 1023-1067. b) Egbe, D. A. M et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 1338 – 1349.

4. a) Bouguerra, N. et al. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 455-464. b) Boudiba, S et al.

Journal Polym. Sci: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 129–143.

Biography: Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe

Prof. Daniel A. M. Egbe was born in Mambanda Cameroon on May 20, 1966. He received his Bsc in Physics and Chemistry (major Organic Chemistry) in 1991 from the University of Yaounde, Cameroon. In 1992, he moved to Germany where he obtained a MSc and PhD in Chemistry in 1995 and 1999, respectively, from the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena. He completed his Habilitation in Organic Chemistry at the same institution in 2006. From 2006 to 2008, he spent postdoctoral stays at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, the Technical University of Eindhoven in Holland, and at the Technical University of Chemnitz, Germany. Since 2009, he researches and lectures at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. Egbe’s main research interest is the design of semiconducting materials for optoelectronic applications.

He is a member of the German Chemical Society (GDCh), Organic Electronics Association (OE-A), and a board member of the World University Service (WUS). Egbe is the initiator of the German-Cameroonian Coordination Office, initiator and international coordinator of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE), initiator and chairperson of ANSOLE e.V., an institution legally representing ANSOLE, and initiator of the Cameroon Renewable Energy Network (CAMREN). In May 2015, he initiated the research platform BALEWARE (Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications), which was officially launched on the 12th of December 2016 at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania. . In 2015 he was an independent evaluator for the World Bank Group in higher education issues and was appointed member of the scientific council of the newly created “Ecole Supérieure des Métiers des Energies Renouvelables (ESMER), in Benin. He is part of the team developing research programs at the Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences and Climate Change (PAUWES) in Tlemcen, Algeria. He also acted as an independent evaluator of the Association of African Universities in 2016. In the same year, he was appointed the first Distinguished Brian O´Connell Visiting Fellow of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. He is the initiator and director of the VolkswagenStiftung-sponsored “Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)” schools. He has published more than 110 peer-reviewed articles and coauthored a book on renewable energy in Sub-Saharan Africa. He speaks more than 5 languages, is married, and is father of 4 children. Email: [email protected]/ [email protected], sykpe: danielegbe1

mailto:[email protected]/



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African Potential and Policies in Renewable Energy

Daniel YAMEGUEU

Assistant professor in Energy Engineering, Head of the Laboratory for Solar Energy and

Energy Savings (LESEE), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering

(2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Promoting Renewable Energies is a key pillar for achieving the Sustainable

Development Goals SDG), especially in the domain of energy. In fact, renewable

energy solutions can expand electricity access, increase productivity, create jobs,

improve water security and bolster poverty alleviation efforts, in particular in Africa

where the energy access rate remains the lowest in the world. However, setting

renewable energy targets and formulating dedicated policies to implement them is

not yet a reality in many African countries.

The African Renewable Energy potential and Renewable Energy Policies are

assessed in this presentation. First a review on the renewable energy potentials in

the different regions of Africa is exposed with a focus on the main technologies that

could be implemented in each region. Then, a review on the renewable policies

adopted in some regions of the Africa is presented with their impacts on the installed

renewable-based power capacities. Finally, some suggestions for accelerating

renewable energy development in Africa are made.

Biography: Dr. Daniel Yamegueu

Dr. Daniel YAMEGUEU has a MSc and a Ph.D in energy Engineering. He is Assistant Professor in Energy Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso. He has been the adjunct director of Education in charge of the Bachelor Degree and is actually the head of Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE) at 2iE. Dr. YAMEGUEU is also the national representative of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) in Burkina Faso and is member of many scientific networks in the energy area.

Dr. YAMEGUEU's research is actually focused on solar PV and hybrid energy systems. Contact: [email protected] / [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



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Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics

Dieter MEISSNER

Faculty of Chemical and Materials Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. [email protected]

Abstract Whereas it took decades to even establish some principles of sustainability in Western economics there is not enough time to follow this path for developing countries. Here industrialization has to happen already in a sustainable way. Therefore engineers, playing a central role in this process, have to be educated on the most advanced level possible. Since until 2050 power supply based on fossil energy carriers has to be replaced by CO2-free means, which means basically by solar energy. So, energetics, the "the study of energy under transformation" (Wikipedia), plays a key role. However, a profound understanding of energy and its sustainable use is still rudimentary in science and engineering. Whereas individual energy conversion devices such as solar cells, wind energy converters or pumps are highly efficient, energy utilization systems such as hydraulic systems installed in industry allow reduction of energy input by 80 to 90 % when optimized [1]. But the problem starts even earlier when trying to define "energy" itself or to explain, why electricity production from thermal energy reaches far less than 50 % efficiency while electricity generation in hydro power plants is at least twice as efficient. A profound understanding of the theoretical basics of energetics as well as system thinking and analysis are needed to really understand and handle energy in an optimized way. Additionally, environmental, social and institutional knowledge is needed to design "sustainable" energy systems. Here a new "breed" of engineers is needed, generalists rather than specialists, but at the same time understanding the fundamentals of engineering to really talk to the specialists and use their knowledge to optimize systems. In order to further develop these ideas a new curriculum fit for a University of Applied Sciences in Austria was developed and then it was designed a University curriculum specializing on materials science for energetics for both Estonian Universities, Tartu University and Tallinn University of Technology [2]. After a few year of experience, an analysis of our achievements is given together with ideas how to implement corresponding curricula in developing countries in order to create the knowledge base for a sustainable development of industry and society worldwide. Key words: Sustainability, Energy, Energetics, Education References

1. P. Hawken, A. B. Lovins, L. H. Lovins: "Natural capitalism", Little, Brown & Company, 1999

2. Dieter Meissner, Enn Mellikov, Andres Öpik, Ilmar Koppel, E. Lust; J. Mat. Education 2009, 31,23-32




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Biography: Prof. Dieter Meissner

Prof. Dieter Meissner obtained his PhD at the University of Hamburg in Germany. He is a Professor of Sustainable Energetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. He is also a FH-Professor of eco-energy technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Wels, Austria; Chief Scientist at Crystalsol GmbH, Austria and Crystalsol OÜ, Estonia. Meissner's main research interests are photoelectrochemistry, photovoltaics, and materials research and development. Meissner published more than 170 papers in top refereed scientific journals, and 150 papers in proceedings volumes. He has more than 150 patents. He edited and co-edited two

books. During his academic career, Meissner developed two universities curricula: the eco-energy engineering curricula at the University of Applied Sciences, Austria, and the sustainable energetics curricula of the international master course of both Estonian universities, Tartu University, and Tallinn University of Technology. He taught at many universities, including: the University of Hamburg, Germany, Osaka University, Japan, University Buenos Aires, Argentina, Technion Haifa, Israel, Linz University, Austria, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. Meissner is the initiator, founder and co-founder of five universities spin-out companies, namely AQR consulting, Wels, Austria, ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH (fuel cells), Graz, Austria, Solar Surface (Selective Absorbers), Linz, Austria, crystalsol OÜ (PV solar cell powders), Tallinn, Estonia, crystalsol GmbH (PV modules), Vienna, Austria.

Sustainable Development in Context – The Nexus to Technologies & Materials

Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims Part 2: The Key Role of Technologies & (Engineering) Education

Reinhold W. LANG

University Professor and Director of the Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing,

Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

To identify some of the key technological challenges from a global perspective, reference is

made to the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs), adopted by the UN General

Assembly in September 2015. Thus, it is generally accepted that eradicating the global

disparity in welfare and meeting the desire of the growing global population for prosperity,

adequate technologies along with proper choices of materials are needed as key element of

any Sustainable Development scenario. Indeed, among the total of 17 SDGs, numerous may

be linked directly to technologies and materials (e.g., SDGs 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13), others perhaps

more indirectly (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 11, 14, 15). As technologies and materials pervade all aspects of

human life, in a broader sense, they may be considered to also pervade and touch upon all

SDGs, at least to some extent. The present lecture series, consisting of two lecture units (Part




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1 and Part 2), aims at highlighting the important role of technologies and materials along with

needed innovations in achieving the SDGs 2030. Special attention will be given also to

aspects related to engineering education.

Part 1 (lecture 1) will cover the overall scope of this lecture series in an interactive teaching

mode, simultaneously pursuing the following aims:

To enhance and deepen the knowledge and awareness towards the grand global

challenges, crucial to the near-future development of human society (next 40-50 years).

based on an evolutionary and historic perspective along with recent scientific findings.

To foster a better understanding for the potential role of technologies and materials (in

particular polymeric materials based technologies) in helping to resolve some of these

grand global challenges of human society.

Considering the overall topical scheme of the Summer School, in Part 2 (lecture 2) a special

focus will be given to the key role of the transformation of the energy system. As to the case of

energy, it is now increasingly acknowledged that the transformation of the current fossil fuel

and nuclear based energy system to an energy system substantially-to-fully based on

renewable resources within the next decades is at the core of any future Sustainable

Development path. Here it is quite obvious that the selection of adequate materials is of prime

importance for the entire energy transformation chain in general, and for the primary

conversion of solar energy into electricity or heat in particular. Following the trends in other

fields of technology and application (i.e., packaging, buildings and construction, automotive,

electrical and electronics industry), there are strong indications that polymeric materials

(plastics, elastomers, composites, hybrid materials) will also be the key motor for

technological advances and innovations in future solar energy technologies.

Biography: o.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.mont. Reinhold W. Lang

Professor Lang graduated in 1978 at the University of

Leoben (A) with a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Polymer

Engineering and Science, and he obtained a PhD degree

in 1984 at Lehigh University (USA). He then joined BASF

AG (D) from 1984 to 1991, holding a research and group

leader position in the field of advanced composites. In

1991 he became Full Professor at the University of

Leoben (A). Acting also as Director of the Polymer

Competence Center Leoben (PCCL) from 2002 to 2008,



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he had a leading role in establishing and developing the PCCL to about 100 employees.

Since September 2009 he holds the Chair of Polymeric Materials and Testing at the

Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz (A), also heading the institute with the same name.

The research focus of Professor Lang is in the fields of “Mechanics , Fracture and Fatigue of

Plastics and Polymer Composites” and “Polymeric Materials & Sustainable Development”.

He is author and co-author, respectively, of more than 230 papers. In his role as initiator and

coordinator of large, multi-partner collaborative research projects (science and industry), he

has successfully applied for and directed a publically funded research budget of about EURO

65 Mio. over the past 15 years. Thus he currently acts as Project Director of the Austrian

research project platform SolPol, focusing on polymer related innovations for solar

technologies. Contact: [email protected]. Websites: www.jku.at/ipmt, www.solpol.at

Theatre for Development

Emelda Ngufor SAMBAa & Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBAb

aDepartment of Arts and Archaeology, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon bWomen of Tomorrow Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon

[email protected]

Theatre for development, variously known as theatre for social change, theatre for

conscientisation, and theatre for awareness-creation, etc. is a form of theatre that emanates

from community participation. As opposed to mainstream theatre where a theatre troupe

rehearses a play and performs it to a passive audience, it lends itself to Paulo Freire’s

progressive education that sees both the student and the teacher as learners. Also known as

process theatre, Theatre for Development creates opportunities for communities to reflect on

some pressing challenges and to seek alternative ways of doing things. Community

members cease to be passive executors of decisions taken in high offices and become

decision makers in the re-writing of their history. The revolution is rehearsed in the theatre

creation process and the real revolution is carried out when faced with the same or similar

situation in real life.

The workshop/lecture on Theatre for development will provide an alternative perspective of

communication. Moving away from the traditional lectures in the classroom, the course will

take student participants into a world of dialogue, reflection, and action, what Paolo Freire, in

his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has termed praxis. Students will have the opportunity

to reflect on the various concepts and theories that have so far guided this flexible theatre

form

The lecture/workshop shall be divided into two main phases. In Phase I students shall be

introduced to concepts and theories on which theatre for development, especially in Africa,

are founded. These include applied theatre, pedagogy of the oppressed and hope,

appreciative inquiry, and theatre of the oppressed. Part two shall focus on practical work

where students will have hands-on experience on the use of theatre for development as a

tool to create awareness on the benefits and challenges of renewable energy. The play

created (of an open-ended nature) shall be presented to an audience, who, following Agusto




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Boal’s precept of forum theatre shall be able to invade the stage and determine the outcome

of the story. Finally, there shall be room for discussions between performers and spec-actors

for more reflections and a better understanding of renewable energy.

Biography: Dr. Emelda Ngufor SAMBA

Emelda Ngufor Samba is senior Lecturer and Head of the

Performing Arts and Cinematography Section of the

University of Yaounde I, Cameroon where she offers

courses in Performing Arts. She has facilitated and co-

facilitated several workshops in and out of Cameroon.

Her interest and participation in Theatre for development

as a tool for bringing about transformational change in

society dates back to 1997 when she first assisted in

running a TFD workshop on early pregnancies, forced

marriages, and the education of the girl child. Since then

this interest has taken her to rural communities, centres

for the disabled, rehabilitation centres for juveniles,

prisons, secondary schools and universities where she

has challenged workshop participants and later on

audiences to rethink their present situations and dare

alternative approaches to resolve existing problems. She has written numerous research

papers on Theatre for development and her book, Women in Theatre for Development in

Cameroon, Participation, Contributions and Limitations, highlights her interest in

different societal issues and how she has used TFD to address them. Presently she is

researching on David Cooperrider’s Appreciative Inquiry as an alternative approach to

Theatre/cinema for Development as opposed to the problem-posing approach that TFD

practitioners have adapted from Paulo Freire. No Bills with the Sun a play on solar energy

was the outcome of her first TFD workshop on renewable energy, a workshop that took place

at the University of Yaounde I during ANSOLE DAYS, 2010. Her interest has also extended

in developing a concept for Cinema for Development practice in Cameroon. Contact: Tel:

(+237) 677975249), Email: [email protected]

Biography: Mercy Mafor Ngekwik Neba

Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBA is a holder of a Post

Graduate Diploma in Education from the National

Teachers’ Institute Kaduna, Nigeria after completing her

Bachelor’s degree in Performing Arts and Cinematography

from the University of Yaoundé 1. Her Passion in

transforming the lives of vulnerable people dates as far

back as 2003 when she founded the Women of Tomorrow

Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon, for the

empowerment and emancipation of the girl child. Mercy

has co-facilitated and facilitated a number of T.F.D

workshops on HIV/AIDS and Adolescent Girl Crisis in 2004

and 2005 and is in the process of sharpening her skills as

a Theatre for Development facilitator. Her interest in these

workshops has encouraged and taken her to rural

communities where she is currently working with minors

who are prostitutes, teenage mothers and victims of




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domestic violence to name but these few. She is a peer support provider to victims of gender

based violence trained by LUKMEF under U.N Women Project of “Ending Violence against

Women in Anglophone Cameroon”. Her Commitment in Community Development Activities

earned her the position of coordinator of a Community Mediation Association known as

Community Initiative Development Association “C.O.M.I.N.D.A” in 2016. She is one of the

pioneer recently trained Community Mediators under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic

Education. Contact: Email address: [email protected], Tel : (+237) 671542682

Biomass and Bioenergy: Issues and Prospects for Africa

Marie SAWADOGO

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina

Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Biomass is one the feedstock available for energy production in Africa. The energy situation

in Africa is characterized by low rates of access to energy and a high dependence on

traditional biomass for cooking. The region's energy balance shows that almost 78% of total

energy demand comes from traditional biomass, i.e. wood and charcoal, which are used by

more than 90% of the population for domestic cooking. Furthermore, there is a large amount

of industrial wastes as well agricultural residues that can be converted to energy. Moreover,

since recent years, African countries are developing policies for biofuel production from

jatropha, balanites aegyptiaca, sweet sorghum…

One of the issues of biomass to energy in Africa is to collect this biomass, to transform it and

make it accessible for people when ensuring a sustainable development. Each country has

its particularity in term of biomass availability and policy for bioenergy development.

The goal of the present contribution is to present the different sources of biomass available

for energy production in Africa. Biomass conversion to energy by combustion, gasification,

transesterification, pyrolysis, and briquetting…will be presented.

Then, challenges of bioenergy development in Africa in terms of sustainability, cost

efficiency, food security, and land occupancy will also be addressed.

Biography: Dr Marie Sawadogo

Dr. Marie SAWADOGO is an assistant professor in Industrial

Engineering at 2iE (International Institute for Water and

Environmental Engineering). She has a Ph.D. in process

control obtained at “Université de Lorraine” in France. After a

post-doctoral position at “Ecole des Mines de Nantes”, she

joined the Biomass Energy & Biofuel Laboratory (LBEB) of 2iE

since 2012.

Her research field is biomass and bioenergy sector

development, industrial integration of waste as energy,

biomass supply chain assessment and optimization,

sustainability of bioenergy sectors regarding the context of

Africa. Contact: [email protected]




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Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa?

Moussa SORO, Alain TOSSA, Daniel YAMEGUEU

LESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International

d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina

[email protected]

Abstract

The performances of photovoltaic modules strongly depend on the environmental conditions

where the modules are installed. For example, the electrical power is reduced when the

temperature of the PV cells is high. Furthermore, a high level of solar radiation enhances the

energy yield, but the aging of the modules can be unfortunately accelerated depending on

the semiconductor material. However, the manufacturers provide in their datasheets PV

performances measured in lab under optimum conditions (STC conditions: AM 1.5; Solar

radiation of 1000 W/m² and cell temperature equal to 25 °C) that cannot be met in real

operation conditions of photovoltaic systems. When one need to obtain the real performance

of a given PV technology installed in a certain climatic zone, three approaches can be used.

First, the module can be characterized on-site under the real conditions through an outdoor

measurement facilities. Secondly, the module can be characterized by creating the climatic

conditions of the site in a climate simulation chamber. Thirdly, the behavior of the module

can be numerically modeled from the solar irradiance and climatic parameters (temperature,

wind velocity and relative humidity). In the present lecture session we propose an approach

that combine the first and third methods for three PV silicon technologies (monocrystalline,

polycrystalline and micromorph thin films). Indeed, an I-V bench facility is installed at 2iE in

Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for the outdoor characterization of PV modules. The

performance ratio (PR) is calculated form I-V data measured under real operating climate

conditions. The real performance obtain can then, be used to validate the numerical models

we proposed for the calculation of the performance ratio in a climate areas where outdoor

characterization facilities are not available. Two simulation methods based on PV cell

equivalent electrical circuits and artificial neural networks respectively have been analyzed.

As the last method gives the most accurate results we use it to determine the performance

ratio of the modules in the other regions of West Africa when weather data are available.

Thus, for each PV technology considered, performance ratio mapping can be built by means

of modeling for West Africa region.

Biography: Dr. Y. Moussa Soro

Dr. Y. Moussa Soro is a specialist in solar photovoltaic

energy, renewable energy and energy policy. He is now

associate professor at 2iE where he is also the Head of

the department of electrical, energy and industrial

engineering. He studied physics, electrical and

electronic systems before taking his PhD diploma on

photovoltaic solar cells characterization at University of

Paris Sud XI. Before join 2iE he has worked at IRDEP,

a joined lab of EDF (Electricité de France) in Paris area



16

as junior researcher. His research issues were focused on chalcopyrite solar cells (CIS and

CIGS) deposition and characterization for the enhancement of their performance by reducing

the recombination in the buffer layer. Now, his research activities at 2iE address the impacts

of the weather and environmental parameters on the photovoltaic generators performance in

hot countries. The purpose is to achieve accurate results on different photovoltaic

technologies in order to determine the most suitable photovoltaic technologies to hot and

harsh climates. Moreover, in so far as the electrification rate is very low in African countries,

especially in rural areas, his research combine technical and political aspects in order to offer

low cost energy services to African rural and peri-urban populations. Contact:

[email protected]

Integral Development in the Frame of the Sustainable Communities Project

Angeles López AGÜERA

Physics Faculty. Campus Vida.University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de

Compostela. Spain. [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of the Sustainable Communities Project (SCP) is take the lead in the achieving of

UN´s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by contributing to design future sustainable

development. SCP is being carried out since 2014 by the Special Committee for Local and

Regional Leaders Appointment (CLRLA) sponsored by UNESCO.

During last years, initiatives as the Climate, Land, Energy and Water systems (CLEWs)

approach which integrate the resource assessments into one framework demonstrates how

are a positive factor on the eradication of poverty but clearly insufficient. The people suffering

poverty, in a multidimensional sense, continue to rise, the global electricity access levels

remain low, water access is sometime rudimentary and land and malnourishment issues

persist.

In this context, a more ambitious approach born: the Sustainable Communities Project

(SCP). As a distinctive feature to any previous initiative, the SCP handles the concept of

integral development in their actions, establishing seven interdependent intervention areas,

ranging from socio economic development to education, the access to safe food, health

services and, of course, access to clean water and energy .

The sustainable communities Project (SCP) focuses on the assessment of the effects of Low

External Dependence Distributed Model (LEDD) implementation by Development

Cooperation in isolated communities, independently on their idiosyncrasies (ethnic,

geographic, economic and otters).The global objective is ensure the fulfilment of the needs

and expectations through responsible and self managed value of their own resources,

ensuring their sustainable development, increasing their resilience and stimulating

reproducibility in adjacent communities.

SCP is mostly about the design and development of a widely applicable LEDD that will be

validated experimentally in a total of 200 SCP carried out in six different regions of the globe

(Central America and Caribbean, South America, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, Southern

Africa and Palestine). Each initiative will be implemented in communities smaller than 20000




17

inhabitants constituted by a set of residential structures (villages, nomadic populations, etc.)

independently of their cultural, climatic and socio-economic context.

Biography: Professor Angeles López Agüera

Actual professional situation:

Doctor in Physics 1986, Full Professor at the University of Santiago de

Compostela (Spain), Chairman of the CLRLA-Unesco for Sustainable

Communities Development. Member of the International Panel for

Climate Changes, Coordinator of the Sustainable Energy Application

Group (SEAG) at the Santiago de Compostela University (Spain).

Previous Experience

Dean of the Physics Faculty at USC, Associated Research at CERN

(European Centre for Nuclear Research, Geneva), Coordinator of

Master on Renewable Energies and Sustainability USC, Associated

Professor at the Padova University (Italy).

Research main results

More than 290 international publications, 32 international financed projects, 12 Doctoral

Thesis, 45 graduated-thesis. Actually is leading the Sustainable Energy Application Group

(SEAG) at USC a multidisciplinary team formed now by 16 members coming from 8 different

nationalities developing work on 3 research lines:

•Photovoltaic Solar Energy, in particular in the field of characterization of both solar panels

and batteries. The main activity is centred on the development of algorithms focused on the

control of ageing effects. The SEAG, in the figure of the IP is responsible for the monitoring

and Control of the Photovoltaic Power System of the Pierre Auger Observatory, an

International Collaboration dedicated to basic research in the field of Astroparticle Physics.

Moreover, from 2012, the SEAG has a Characterization Laboratory (LACEM) which offers

service to the University and the Industry.

•Development of Adequate Technologies in the field of solar energy. In particular, solar

dryer, thermal solar panels, water disinfection systems and others.

•Design and implementation of Sustainable Community Project (SCP). This lines is

being developed in the framework of a Mundial UNESCO initiative. The IP of the SEAG

group, take the responsibility of the SCP as Chairman on 2015. At this moment, the SEAG

leads 43 SCP in Latin America, financed by UNESCO. In the same frame, the group has

participated in a European Project financed by the European Social Fund (Symbios Project).

Contact: [email protected], [email protected],

Thermal Comfort in Tropical Regions

Yezouma COULIBALY


Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

Thermal comfort is the situation in which an individual feels neither hot nor cold. It depends on subjective parameters such as age, health status, geographical origin, and clothing. It also depends on objective parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In Africa and tropical areas in general the objective parameters are such that individuals require air conditioning to be comfortable. Air conditioning can be achieved by passive air




18

conditioning and/or active air conditioning. This leads to a more or less high energy consumption depending on cases. This course describes thermal comfort and different methods to achieve it, with minimum energy consumed. It consists of the following parts: Thermal comfort, comfort zones, assessment and comfort index, building materials and thermal comfort, habitat response to external climate stress, and design of bioclimatic habitat.

Biography: Professor Yezouma Coulibaly

Prof Yezouma Coulibaly: Scientific advisor to the

General Director of 2ie, and co-director of the joint

centre 2iE/Penn State, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Prof Yezouma Coulibaly devoted his professional career

to training and research at the International Institute for

Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE) where he

started as a lecturer and researcher since 1985. Since

then he has been successively appointed: “Study

Inspector”, Head of the department of Energy for Rural

Development, Head of the department Infrastructure of

Energy and Sanitation Engineering, head of the Training and Research Thematic Unit

“Energy and Industrial Engineering” at 2iE. Currently he is the scientific advisor to the

General Director of 2ie since June 2014. Contact: [email protected]

Potable Water for All: The Role of Renewable Energy

Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA

Department of Water and Sanitary Engineering - Laboratory of Water, Depollution,

Ecosystem and Health, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering,

Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]

Abstract

The course entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable Energy” will first

introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer. Because,

potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will introduce

the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after transport and

treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed before ending

the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy.

Biography: Dr Harínaivo Anderson Andrianisa

Dr Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA is an Assistant-Professor

of Water and Environmental Engineering at 2iE since April

2012. He is Responsible of the Sanitation course of study at the

Department of Water and Sanitation and Lecturer of several

water supply and sanitation systems-related courses. He is

actively involved in the supervision of MSc researches on the

design of water supply, pumping stations, sewer and drainage

systems for urban African municipalities. His other research



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interests are focused on low-cost wastewater treatment systems, cyanide pollution in

artisanal gold mining affected areas and in the role of the informal sector in solid waste

management in sub-Saharan Africa.

Prior to being at 2iE, Dr ANDRIANISA was in Madagascar to managing a consulting firm

specialised in water and environmental engineering for 4 years and Project Manager of

Environmental Education for an environmental training center for 2 years.

Dr ANDRIANISA his owner of a PhD a Master of Engineering from Japan and a Hydraulic

Engineer Degree from Madagascar.

Dr ANDRIANISA’s presentation entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable

Energy” will first introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer.

Because, potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will

introduce the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after

transport and treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed

before ending the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy. Contact:

[email protected]

Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon

Emmanuel TANYI

Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Cameroon

[email protected]

Abstract

Rural electrification is the most urgent developmental problem in Cameroon. The national electricity grid is limited to the urban centers, to the almost total exclusion of the rural areas. The rural areas, which cover 70% of the surface area of the country and account for over 60% of the population, have no access to electricity. This is a decelerator of rural development and an impediment to the attainment of the millennium development goals.

Renewable energy, especially Solar Energy, has a huge potential to accelerate the rural electrification of Cameroon. The translation of this potential into tangible and sustainable rural electrification systems requires a multi-stakeholder approach combining the efforts of universities, industries, governments and organizations like ANSOLE.

This paper highlights the author’s experiences as a major stakeholder in the deployment of renewable energy systems in Cameroon. Four experiences are reported in the paper:

The development of a Renewable Energy Map for Cameroon. Establishment of a partnership for Renewable Energy between the University of Buea

and thirty-one Local Authorities in Cameroon. Experimentation with alternative micro-grids for stand-alone solar systems. Case Studies of Renewable Energy Systems, designed and built by the author.

The Renewable Energy Map identifies the various Renewable Energy resources in different parts of the country. These include Waterfalls, for mini-hydro stations, Wind Energy on highland areas; sustainable biomass in the equatorial rainforest regions of the country and Solar Energy-everywhere!



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The partnership for renewable energy between the university of Buea and thirty-one Local Authorities is a typical example of the multi-stakeholder approach needed to accelerate rural electrification.

Micro-grids based on Direct Current (DC) transmission have been developed as an alternative to AC transmission to get round the cos(phi) problem and to reduce systems cost through the elimination of inverters or a significant reduction in the number of inverters used.

The case studies show some of the practical Renewable Energy Systems already designed and deployed.

Biography: Professor Emmanuel Tanyi

Professor Emmanuel Tanyi is the Dean of The Faculty of

Engineering Technology at the University of Buea, in Cameroon.

He has been active in technological education in Cameroon for

thirty years during which time he has occupied several

administrative positions, including Head of Department of

Electrical Engineering at the National Advanced School of

Engineering (Polytechnic), in Yaounde, Deputy Director of the

College of Technology in Bandjoun, University of Dschang and

Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at the

University of Buea.

He carried out his university studies in Britain: Bachelor of

Engineering at the University of Liverpool; Master of Engineering at the University of

Sheffield; PHD at the University of Sheffield.

His current research interests include Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Micro-Grid

Design. Contact: [email protected]

Interests of Energy Efficiency in African Countries

Anne RIAHLE

Alternatives pour l’énergie, les énergies renouvelables et l’environnement (AERE), 3

impasse de la Retourde - 73100 Aix les Bains, France. [email protected]

Abstract

Introduction will insist on the role of energy efficiency, as energy efficiency is one of the key

sofar renewable energy sources development, of climate change mitigation. Energy

efficiency has numerous positive impacts, for the countries, for the electricity utilities, for the

inhabitants, for the companies. Energy efficiency is also a support for adaptation to climate

change, as one of its consequences is a broader access to energy, for all users.

Projects and experiments in several countries demonstrate that public effort, put together to

promote energy savings, success to offer better services using less energy. Measures with a

return on investment of less than 3 years are saving on average up to 30% of the energy

consumption. The Conseil Mondial de l’Energie and ADEME, the French energy for energy

savings and RES, estimate that global savings in West Africa can even be higher, up to 40%

of the current consumption of the energy.




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Examples of different actions in different energy usages will be described. We will first

present state of the art on West Africa on this topic. Then we will present different actions,

already implemented, or on going, actions for energy savings for buildings, appliances,

cooking, etc.

Then the question of implementation and follow up of actions will be questioned and a

method will be suggested, the aea®, African energy award®, to be discussed with students.

The lecture will include a discussion on how to push energy efficiency, considering that

despite its huge benefits, it is not yet really implemented. Barriers and solutions will be

discussed.

Biography: Dr. Anne Riahle

Dr. A. RIALHE has a PhD in Energy (Ecole des Mines de Paris,

France, 1991) and an engineer diploma at the Ecole Supérieure de

l'Energie et des Matériaux (Orléans, France, 1988). In 2001, she

has created the company AERE, “Alternatives pour l’énergie, les

énergies renouvelables et l’environnement”.

She has more than 25 years experience on sustainable

development, rational use of energy (RUE) and renewable energy

sources (RES) development in Europe (Western and Eastern), in

China and Northern, West and East Africa. The projects realised

are analysing the technical and institutional aspects (the resources

and the technologies available in a specific context) as well as the economic, behavioural

and cultural aspects, in order to develop the promotion and dissemination of RUE and RES

projects.

She has executed and coordinated studies in the field of energy efficiency, in the housing

sector, services, and transports, as well as in the field of energy production based on the use

of renewable energy sources in the perspective of environmental sustainability. These

projects are research projects (simulation exercises for consumption and energy production,

for an electrical equipment, or for a country), infield applications, like the co-ordination and

the funding of thermal rehabilitation of dwellings in Ostrava, in the Czech Republic. She has

worked on implementation plan for RUE and RES based projects, on local and national

(French, Tunisian, Baltic countries) level. For these projects, she proposed strategies and

action plans to promote RUE and RES to specific actors (institutional, industrial, etc.) and

general public.

She has been a partner in the Seea-WA project, with ECREEE (ECOWAS countries), for the

Facility Energy of the European Union. The SEEA-WA project is contributing to access to

energy services in West Africa, through a regional programme to improve energy efficiency.

The project aims to overcome the technical, financial, legal, institutional, social, gender and

capacity related barriers that hinder the implementation of cost effective energy efficiency

(EE) measures and systems. SEEA-WA is developing initiatives for Standards and Labeling,

Lighting. Contact: [email protected]



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Concentrated Solar Power for Africa

Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOE

Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE)


Fas. [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract

Concentrating solar power technology is one of the emerging sustainable technologies

for electricity generation. The first part of this lecture introduces the participants to the

fundamentals of concentrating solar power (CSP) and provides an overview of the four

majors corresponding technologies, which are parabolic through, power tower, linear Fresnel

and parabolic dish systems. Because thermal energy storage is one of the most significant

advantages of CSP technologies compared to photovoltaic, the topic of thermal energy

storage integration to CSP is briefly covered with the presentation of the three main options:

sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage.

Many African countries, especially in the Sahelian region, which currently exhibits a very

low electricity access rate, show high potential for CSP plants because of high direct solar

irradiation: Africa is located in the heart of the solar belt. The currently installed plants

worldwide have capacities in the order of hundreds of megawatts and are not suitable to

small communities’ electrification, where the required capacities are in the range of a few

hundred or even a few tens of kilowatts. The initial capital cost, combined to the technology

is considered as the two main barriers to CSP development in developing countries. The

second part of this lecture focuses on through the presentation of the challenges faced and

lessons learned in the framework of the CSP4Africa project. The objective of the CSPAfrica

project is the development of a cost effective micro-CSP plant for mini-grid electricity

generation by designing and experimenting their components using local low cost materials.

The project is specifically designed to address energy access challenges in rural areas in the

Sub-Saharan region. A solar tower technology has been retained in order to use locally

available mirrors for the heliostats and gain experience with small scale solar tower

technology. The solar field is made of 20 small scale multifaceted heliostats. We have

designed and built “human scale heliostats”, which are easy to be handled and do not

necessitate work at high, as it is the case with common heliostats. The power block is an

ORC generating 8.6 kWe, coupled with a dry-cooler. Jatropha curcas vegetable oil, a locally

produced oil, has been demonstrated as a promising heat transfer fluid and storage medium.

It offers significant environmental benefits, biodegradability, and economy and has excellent

thermal storage properties, compared to the current most cost-effective and practical

commonly used organic oils in CSP plants. The solar receiver is a coil heat exchanger, made

of galvanised steel. These design simplifications have made possible the manufacturing of

most of the components by local mankind using locally available materials and, therefore,

have increased local contents.

A field visit of the CSP4Africa plant at 2iE-Kamboinsé will conclude the presentation.

Reference

K.E. N’Tsoukpoe, K.Y. Azoumah, E. Ramde, A.K.Y. Fiagbe, P. Neveu, X. Py, M. Gaye, A.

Jourdan. Integrated design and construction of a micro central tower power plant. Energy for

Sustainable Development 20



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Short Biography: Dr.-Ing. N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem

N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem is an Assistant Professor in Thermal Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE). He is the Training Manager for Energy Engineering Sciences and Techniques, which is coordination of training matters including curricula, examination and marks at the Department of Electrical, Industrial and Energy Engineering of 2iE.

Dr. N’TSOUKPOE, who is a member of the African Network of Solar Energy, earned his Diploma of High-level Technician and a Master of

Engineering in Water Sanitation, Energy and Civil Engineering at two undergraduate and graduate schools which were amalgamated to form 2iE. After completing his PhD in Energy and Process Engineering at Université de Grenoble (France), he has spent two years in Germany as a Research Associate at the Innovations Incubator of Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, prior to returning to 2iE in 2013.

His lectures include Thermodynamics, Refrigeration, Solar Thermal Energy, Thermal Storage and Materials for Thermal Energy Engineering, some of which have been developed by him.

His primary research interests are in the field of Solar Thermal Engineering and Thermal sorption processes. Specifically, he is interested in Thermochemical energy storage, Solar cooling and Concentrated solar power.

Edem lives with his wife and three children in Ouagadougou. Although he has neither smartphone nor TV at home, he manages to regularly watch movies in German. Furthermore, he has to live with two alternative surnames because no judge makes difference between N’TSOUKPOE and N'TSOUKPOE. Contact: [email protected]

World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: A Driving Force for

Cosmopolitanism?

Veronika WITTMANN

Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

Risk society today means world risk society. Its essential features are man-made risks, which have no social, space or time limits. World risk society identifies three main global risks: transnational terrorism, financial hazards and environmental risks Environmental issues in that framework cannot be seen as problems in the environment of society, but they have to be considered as inner world problems of society itself.

The interpretational framework of a world risk society can be subdivided in three levels: First, global threats cause global commonalities; the contours of a (virtual) world public are emerging. Secondly, the perception of the global self-hazards releases a politically tailored impulse for the revitalization of national policy as well as for the training and design of cooperative international institutions. Thirdly, the delimitation of the political has to be researched: the perceived needs of the world risk society give way to a world civil society.

Henceforth, in a world risk society environmental risks can be interpreted as a driving force for cosmopolitanism, global environmental risks and their practical and discursive treatment create transnational communities.



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Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems?

Veronika WITTMANN

Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]

Abstract

At the turn of the millennium all representatives of the UN member states signed the Millennium Development Goals. They were a sign of commitment that all states put an effort to reduce world poverty by half by 2015, among other objectives. Environmental issues and aspects of sustainability were only mentioned in one of the eight goals: in MDG 7. In 2015, all countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the new Development Agenda titled »Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development«. The post 2015 development process formulated the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of seventeen aspirational global goals with 169 targets.

As the name of this international agenda already indicates: sustainability gained a lot more attention than it had in the Millennium Development Goals. Another difference between these and the Sustainable Development Goals, besides the strengthening of environmental issues, is that the latter are ment to create a global partnership, where all UN member states will be rated according to their performance of achieving the targets. Whereas the Millennium Development Goals were aimed to the so-called developing regions of the world, now the industrialized parts of the globe are also addressed.

The Sustainable Development Goals can be seen as a strong rhetoric agenda of the international community, but at the end of the day: we all know that paper is patient. The environment is not. The difficulty is the implementation of the goals. And this is eventually a question of political will. States are the main political players in the process of implementation. So far the Sustainable Development Goals are at the level of political rhetoric extraordinary and ambitious; time will tell, if they will be implemented with far-reaching results on a worldwide scale. Only then, they also can be labelled as sustainable solutions for global problems.

Biography: Associate Professor Veronika Wittmann

Veronika Wittmann works as an Associate Professor for

Global Studies at the Department of Modern and

Contemporary History at Johannes Kepler University Linz,

Austria.

She was enrolled in the PhD Programme of the Austrian

Academy of Science 2000-2001 and was a Junior Visiting

Fellow at the Institut for Human Sciences in Vienna 2000-

2001. She also worked at the United Nations (UNDP) in

Ecuador in 2002. She has undertaken several field research

works in Sub-Saharan Africa, e.g. Zimbabwe 1997 and

South Africa 1999-2000. She received her venia legendi for

Sociology at Johannes Kepler University Linz in 2013.

Her research areas include World Society and Globalization, Gender and Development

Studies (focus on Sub-Saharan Africa). Contact: [email protected]





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Reducing buildings’ environmental impact through energy efficiency and

building-integrated photovoltaics

Nolwenn HUREL

University of Grenoble Alpes (France). [email protected]

Abstract

In the context of a scarcity of resources, we are facing a major challenge to rethink our

relationship with energy, to rely more on renewable resources but also to decrease our

global energy consumption.

The energy demand in the building field is steadily increasing with the world population, the

level of desired indoor comfort and the time spent inside buildings, reaching between 20%

and 50% of energy consumption depending on the country. This sector has therefore an

active role to play in the efforts towards a reduction of the global energy demand and carbon

dioxide emissions. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) are emerging around the world with an

energy production meeting the needs over the course of a year.

We will see which strategies can be implemented to minimize energy requirements (for

space heating, cooling, ventilation, water heating, cooking, etc.) with a special focus on the

experimental methods for the airtightness characterization.

We will also discuss the possibility of integrating renewable energy production into the

buildings’ design process with the use of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) modules

which are replacing conventional building materials in the building envelope.

Biography: Dr. Nolwenn HUREL

Nolwenn Hurel has a Master of Engineering in Energy and Propulsion

from INSA Rouen (French National Institute of Applied Sciences) with a

specialization in Renewable Energies from the Lulea University of

Technology (Sweden).

She also has a PhD in Buildings Physics from the University of

Grenoble Alpes (France) where she studied the impact of air infiltration

on buildings’ performance with a focus on the experimental study within

timber-frame walls. Poor airtightness in buildings can indeed lead to an

over-consumption of energy and to many issues such as moisture

damage and poor indoor climate.

She has built-up experimental set-ups in the LOCIE laboratory (Optimization Laboratory of

Design and Environmental Engineering) for wall scale-studies, developed a new

experimental method for the air path study within wall assemblies based on fluorescein

micro-particles, and a model for numerical applications. She has also worked at the

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) to develop simplified models for the inclusion

of natural infiltration in buildings’ total ventilation rate calculation. She is now going to join the

Kya-Energy group to develop electricity production systems with photovoltaic panels in Lomé

(Togo), and will occasionally give lectures at the ESMER (High school of renewable energy

professions) in Abomey-Calavi (Bénin). Contact: [email protected]



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From Past to Present: Overview of Organic Photovoltaics

Harald HOPPE

Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-

Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this lecture is provide a general overview about the historical development of

organic photovoltaics and the major step stones causing its progress over the years. Thereby

we will look into basic working principles and the limiting factors for solar cell performance.[1,

2].

Fundamentals of structure-property-relationships will be reviewed briefly in order to develop

an understanding about the impact of bulk heterojunction morphology and how it can be

tuned or even controlled.[3]

Furthermore, latest developments pushing the efficiency targets, specifically those with

respect to the introduction of novel electron acceptors, will be reported. Finally some light will

be shed on OPV products and principle requirements for a successful commercialization.

Reference

[1] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Organic solar cells: An overview. Journal of Materials Research 19(7), p. 1924-1945, (2004). [2] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Polymer Solar Cells, in Photoresponsive Polymers II, S.R. Marder and K.S. Lee, Editors. 2008. p. 1-86. [3] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry 16(1), p. 45-61, (2006). Biography: Associate Professor Harald Hoppe

Harald Hoppe obtained a diploma degree in Physics at the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 2000. He conducted his first scientific studies in Polymer Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Materials and Interfaces (Rehovot, Israel) under the supervision of Prof. Jacob Klein and Prof. Günter Schatz (University of Konstanz). He completed his PhD in Physical Chemistry by revealing the nanoscale morphology present within polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells and its implications on device properties in 2004 under the supervision of Prof. N. Serdar Sariciftci at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz at the Linz

Institute for Organic Solar Cells (Linz, Austria). He returned to Germany in 2005, by starting a research group on Polymer Solar Cells at the Technische Universität Ilmenau and completed his habilitation (Technical Physics – Physical Chemistry) in early 2015. Harald Hoppe recently joined the “Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena” (CEEC Jena) under the chairman Prof. Dr. Ulrich S. Schubert at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, thereby merging competences in organic photovoltaics and organic batteries, where he is currently leading a research group as a research associate.



27

During the last years he has conducted fundamental and applied research in the field of Organic Semiconductors and Photovoltaics. His expertise covers fundamental structure-property-relations with respect to solution processed organic semiconductors, upscaling of polymer solar cells to modules, modelling of solar cells and modules in device simulations as well as their investigation concerning degradation phenomena and their constructive stabilization for improved operational lifetimes. Another major focus is on the application of imaging-based advanced qualitative and quantitative characterization of photovoltaic devices, thus fostering efforts for commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. He has supervised ~15 undergraduate, and about 10 PhD-students. Harald Hoppe has published over 100 peer reviewed papers and more than 5 book chapters. Contact: [email protected]

Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: how to measure in-itinere and ex-post a project in the field of sustainable

energy

Emanuela COLOMBO Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected]

Over the last decades, the interest of the international community for sustainable development

and the multiple interconnections among energy, environment and society has widely

increased. This holistic approach of sustainable development has been clearly remarked in the

2030 Agenda. The centrality of energy within sustainable development (with special reference

to GOAL7) is definitely marked: energy has started to be considered as a key means for

unleashing development, supporting local enterprises and creating new jobs, improving health

and education, in addition to assure sustainable and equitable access to basic needs. Despite

the relevance of energy in the development framework, 1.3 billion people today still do not

have access to electricity, 2.7 billion depend on traditional biomass for their own domestic use

and around a billion do not have access to a reliable electricity grid. These numbers are not

likely to change significantly in the near future, even under the most optimistic scenarios.

Given this framework, a proper evaluation metric able to assess the effects of energy projects

on the changes of community livelihoods and the positive effects on social, economic and

environmental levels is strongly needed to assess future strategies and policies

Relying on the most recognized and utilized evaluation frameworks, as the DAC-OECD

criteria (Relevance, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Sustainability and Impact), the Results Chain,

this study proposes a Performance and Impact Assessment Model (PIA). This model provides

information and quantitative results for comparative analyses among projects and feedback

for decision making, in order to orient policies and strategies. It is structured in two phases:

1. an internal, project-based step, which assesses projects in terms of performance,.

In the first phase, four DAC-OECD criteria are calculated with a common metric, adopting

exergy-based technique and recent Life Cycle extensions. In this way, exergy becomes a

‘proxy’ of the primary resources total consumption undertaken during the project.

This homogeneous unit measures the different input flows, all expressed in terms of resource

consumption, leading to a quantification of four criteria through dimensionless indexes. The

application of this analysis to several projects allows the creation of a benchmark useful for

comparing the results from different projects – especially in terms of resources consumption –

and identifying the most effective strategies.

2) an external one, people-based, which assesses the project impact on the beneficiary

communities shifting the attention from the project itself to the local context



28

The second phase is dedicated to the fifth criterion, the impact, which aims at measuring the

effects that the project has on the local livelihoods, assessed in terms of target community’s

five capitals: natural, physical, human, social and financial. The model is an original re-

elaboration of the "Sustainable Livelihoods Framework”. A schematization of the proposed

methodology for the impact assessment requires: (i) an application procedure structured into

three steps, customization, development and results analysis, (ii) an evaluation hierarchy,

made of five capitals, representing community livelihoods, and dimensions where dimensions

and indicators are provided.

This PIA Model takes its rationale from the literature, results obtained are suitable for

comparisons among projects and its framework may divulgate results to donors or

stakeholders and indications to address future interventions and strategies.

Application has been conducted on real case studies by private players, public institution and

NGOs in Malawi, Ethiopia and Chile. Currently POLIMI is working with ESMAP (World

Bank) and Enel Foundation to evaluate synergies between PIA and the Multitier framework

Fundamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: how to shape up ex ante successful proposal in the field of

sustainable energy

Emanuela COLOMBO, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. [email protected]

To achieve benefits over time, energy development projects should take into account social aspects that influence their long term sustainability and success. This element need to be considered since the early stage of project planning. Moreover, to evaluate this success, project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should not only assess the achievement of expected objectives, but also monitor recipients’ roles within the various steps of the project. With regard to this issue, the lesson will focus on two crucial tools that need to be considered in project planning. Project cycle management The project cycle management and the logical framework approach as an analytical process developed to assist international development agencies in improving their project planning, management, and evaluation systems. The European Commission has adopted the LFA as part of its Project Cycle Management (PCM) system. Within the PCM, a set of interlocking concepts have been proposed as part of an overall process which helps structured and systematic analysis of a project idea, so that relevant issues can be considered, criticalities identified, and the objectives reached. Within the analytical process proposed by the LFA, the key operational tool is the logical framework matrix (LFM), which summarizes the key elements of the project plan: • The project’s hierarchy of objectives and results (project description); • How the project’s achievements are monitored and evaluated (indicators and sources of verification); and • The key external factors critical to the project’s success (assumptions). The project description has to be presented according to the overall objective(s), the specific goal(s), the results, and the activities. Objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs) have to be developed for the M&E of the project’s achievement and have to be coupled with related sources of verification. Such indicators have also to be SMART, i.e., specific, measurable,



29

available, relevant, and time-bound. Lastly, external assumptions are also considered, i.e., those specific conditions and factors outside of the project management’s control. The LFA provides logical links between the four levels of the so-called project results chain—i.e., activities, output(s), outcome(s), and impact(s)—which help in the development of the SMART M&E indicators. In this way, the LFA places the project within a broader development context through the distinction between specific goal(s) and overall objective(s) (closer to the long-term impact concept). Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning. International organizations and institutions have set clear objectives for ensuring sustainable access to energy for all by the next fifteen years. According to the World Bank, 2.6 billion people should be electrified within 2030 (WB, 2015. SE4All - Global Tracking Framework). In this context, the need to develop sustainable energy planning approaches emerge as a priority to tackle this challenge. The Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning is a multistage planning methodologies to address the phases and issues related to the energising remote areas of the world through off-grid technological solutions. The CESP consists of phases among which: setting priorities and needs; performing diagnosis; analysing the potential strategies; identifying and optimising the technical solution; provide business models; evaluating the Impact are the most crucial. The students will deepening the understating and the relevance of using such methodologies.

Biography: Professor Emmanuel Colombo

Emanuela Colombo was born on 6 May 1970 in

Legnano, Italy. She has achieved both a PhD in

Energetic and a Nuclear Engineering MSc at

Politecnico di Milano in Italy where she is currently

Associate Professor in “Engineering for

Cooperation and Development” and “Advanced

Thermodinamics and Thermoeconomics” and

serve at the Department of Energy . She has also

been covering the role of Rector’s Delegate to

Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di

Milano since 2005

She gained a considerable working experience in

different industrial energy sectors:

In 1995 was project engineer for “Ansaldo Energia” and “ABB Research”

In 1997 jointed Fluent France in Paris, a branch of Fluent Inc. (now ANSYS-FLUENT), working

in the field of computational fluid dynamic and contributed to the opening of the Italian office

In 1998 named technical team manager of the new born Fluent Italy In 2001 she has moved to an academic career where her interest were originally focused

on heat transfer devices and processes for power generation, turbulence phenomenology

and modelling.



30

Over the last decade she has been developing a strong interest in the interrelations

between Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, access to energy in

developing countries and advanced exergy methodologies for performance and impact

evaluation of energy systems are other topics of high interest.

She is currently the scientific coordinator of four European projects and one international

tender on Green Innovation (Egypt), Sustainable Energy Engineering (Kenya, Tanzania

and Ethiopia), Water Energy and Food nexus (Egypt), Modern Energy services in refugee

camps (Lebanon, Somalia, RCA and Colombia) and Capacity Building in Engineering

(Tanzania). She is also working on consultancy and advocacy projects on access to energy

for different Italian private players and NGOs active in Mozambique, Malawi, Congo,

Angola. She is author of more than 120 scientific papers (53 of them are in Scopus)

presented in national and international conferences and published in international journals

and co-author of the book “Renewable Energy for Unleashing Sustainable Development” by

Springer

In line with this interest in 2004 she was one of the founders of Engineers Without Border

in Milan a volunteers organization which aims at promoting sustainable development and

cooperation among countries. For her personal and professional interest, in 2005 she was

named Rector’s Delegate to Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di Milano

where she is still working for promoting the role of the academic education and research in

coping the complex challenges of global development and human promotion.

Since 2007 she is coordinator of a Network of Universities focus on Cooperation and

Development (CUCS) which includes 29 Universities. In 2009 she has been awarded by the

Club Mille Miglia Foundation in Italy as “courageous intelligence” for her research interest

and social commitment in developing country.

For her experience on energy for sustainable development, she worked as international

expert for the United Nation Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and for the Africa

Europe energy Partnership (AEEP). In 2011 She introduced a new path in the MSd in

Energy Engineering focus on “Energy for Development” at Politecnico di Milano and she

promoted an honours programme for the Schools of Engineering focus on “Engineering for

Sustainable development” to promote global dimensions within engineering education

which will be launched in 2015. In 2012 she has been named Chair holder of the UNESCO

CHAIR on Energy for Sustainable Development assigned to the Department of Energy. In

2014 within the new platform of dialogue established by the Direction General for

Cooperation and Development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International

Cooperation and the Italian Conference of the Rector (CRUI) she is also covering the role of

co-coordinator of the working group on impact evaluation. She was member of the

Sustainable Development panel of Electricité De France (EDF) until the closure of the

panel in 2016 and she is adjunct professor at the Nelson Mandela African Institute of

Science and Technology in Arusha. In 2016 She has been appointed by the Italian

Conference of the Rector (CRUI) as representative of the academic system within the

“National Council for Cooperation and Development”.Contact: [email protected]



31

Problem-based learning approach for teaching photovoltaic technologies from device technology to system design

Arouna DARGA

Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8507, Laboratoire Génie Electronique et Electrique de Paris, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. [email protected] In this lecture, we will show how to use a problem-based learning approach combined with free and open source tools to promote deep learning and to increase students’ interest in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Example of scenario and problem: With a growing demand for electricity, especially in rural areas, plans to improve access to electricity across the African continent abound. Due to the exceptional solar resource in Africa, solar energy is the best source of energy generation. With a continually decreasing cost and improvement of technology, solar photovoltaics (PV) technologies, are actually allowing the strengthening of the energy security and the support of the rapid economic growth in a sustainable manner in Africa. Thus, Africa continent is actually very attractive for photovoltaic business players. However, there are still some few technical challenges to overcome in order to produce a safety and reliable electricity from photovoltaic technology. Temperature impacts on PV power output is the one of the most important for hot climate countries. The temperature effects depend on: PV cell technology (thin film, crystalline Silicon) and conversion efficiency, PV plant design (mounting structure of the module), PV module architecture and material… After a call of interest for the electrification with off-grid photovoltaic systems, of the Goupana village, the energy department of Burkina have been contacted by many national and international companies. Each company offers photovoltaic technology and boasts it as the most suitable for the village.

In this context, the minister of energy of Burkina Faso submit us an urgent request: what is/are the most appropriate PV technology for this village?”

With this scenario, different topics will be presented: (i) modelling of photovoltaic from device level to system, (ii) study of different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe) Biography: Dr Arouna Darga

Arouna DARGA was born in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, where he studies until the Master's degree. He received the master of sciences in fundamental physics from the University Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 2002, and has been awarded with a scholarship from the general Council of Vienne (France) for studying thermal and fluid mechanic at University of Poitiers (France). He received Master’s degree in thermal and fluid mechanic from the University of Poitiers, France, and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris,

France, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Since 2008, he is an associate professor of the University of Pierre and Marie Curie. His current research is focused on characterization and modelling semiconductor materials and devices electronic and optical properties for photovoltaic applications. This allow him to deeply characterize electrically several different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe, organic, perovskites, Sb2S3…) solar cells. Since 2015, He is ANSOLE national representative in France. At Polytech-Paris-UPMC



32

(UPMC engineering school), he gives courses and lectures in: PV system applications, embedded systems design and power management. He passionate on renewable energies and their application in Africa, information and communication technologies, and new pedagogies and learning methods. Contact:

E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook

Erick Gankam TAMBO Associate Academic Officer United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259 Abstract Renewable energy markets in Africa are still in their early stages. In order to enter the job market, for example as renewable energy entrepreneurs or policy makers, graduates of renewable energy higher education programmes have to be highly flexible and innovative. Therefore, renewable energy programmes need to offer a broad curriculum, straining the universities’ human and financial resources. At the same time, distance education has gained significant relevance in Africa, due to decreasing costs of mobile devices, increasing connectivity and a fast developing ICT market. In this light, distance education approaches promise to be low cost, and high impact opportunities for university education. By complementing university programmes with eLearning, human and financial resources can be used more efficiently, while students are provided with modern teaching methods and up-to-date knowledge to successfully enter the job market. The contribution will present results of an assessment study on “E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook” conducted within the context of the Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP). The study focuses on the role of educational technology and its potential to enhance and strengthen higher education in the field of renewable energy in Africa. The study target education lecturers and managers who seek to use eLearning technologies to enhance educational programmes and courses, and to address managers who aim to implement eLearning supported renewable energy programmes and curricula in their institutions with a focus on Africa. The contribution will:

provide an overview of eLearning and distance education in Africa, as well as of main actors and initiatives with regards to renewable energy Higher education in Africa ;

sketch eLearning programmes and educational technologies related to renewable energy higher education in Europe and lessons learned;

Discuss potentials of renewable energy and distance learning in Africa and present recommendations respectively short term and long term activities to enhance and strengthen renewable energy higher education and induce a way forward.




33

Biographical Statement: Dr Erick Tambo

Dr. Erick Gankam Tambo graduated in computer science at

the Technical University of Dortmund –Germany and holds a

PhD. in computer science from the FernUniversität in Hagen-

Germany (Distance Learning Open University – Germany).

He is an Associate Academic Officer at UNU-EHS, where he

is in charge of the conceptualization, organization and

management of e-learning activities notably eLearning

modules related to the core competency of UNU-EHS. He

further contributes to the development of up to date

knowledge management, dissemination systems, curricula and syllabi. Dr. Gankam Tambo

leads and coordinates UNU-EHS contributions for the implementation of the Higher

Education Cooperation with the Pan African University Institute for Water and Energy (incl.

Climate Change) of the African Union. Dr. Gankam Tambo is also developing IT based

solutions to support the contribution of the scientific and academic Diaspora (particularly

African) to the development of their country of origin respectively continent at UNU-EHS.

He trains lecturers in African Universities in the design of eCourses and advises universities

manager on eLearning strategies.

Dr. Gankam Tambo is a Lecturer at the WASCAL (West African Science Service Center on

Climate Change and Adapted Land Use) Graduate School on climate change and Education at

the University of Gambia and a Guest Lecturer at the Department for Mathematics and

Computer Science at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany.

Prior to joining UNU-EHS, he was a Researcher at the FernUniversität in Hagen and led the

working group on Information and Communication Technologies for development (ICT4D) at

the chair of cooperative systems. The working group designed and developed socio-technical

systems to support the development processes of southern countries. He has a broad expertise

in educational technologies and computer supported teaching/learning systems for developing

countries, socio-technical systems to support the North-South knowledge transfer,

endogenous/appropriated technologies and local innovation, migration and development

(braindrain-braingain), Diaspora and ICT (Diaspora Computer Supported Collaborative

Working and Learning); knowledge and innovation management in distributed organization

and social software, Open Content and Open Educational Resources, e-Participation and e-

Inclusion.

During his PhD thesis, Dr. Gankam Tambo developed a framework to support the transfer of

knowhow from experts in the Diaspora to students in African Universities. As researcher at

the FernUniversität Hagen, he designs and develops digital learning environment to improve

the access and quality of education in Afghanistan in collaboration with IBM, designs and

develops payment components for e-Government applications in collaboration with SAP.

Contact: eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259




34

Abstracts of Selected Participants



35

No1

Side Chain Engineering of Anthracene-Based Polymers: Applications in Photovoltaics

Suru V. John,a,b Patrick Denk,b Christoph Ulbricht,b,c Emmanuel Iwuoha,a Daniel A.M.

Egbe*,b,c aSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road,

P. Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa. bLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040

Linz, Austria. c Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,

4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]; [email protected]

Anthracene is very appealing as building unit leading to high thermal and device stability.1 The rigid structure can be easily functionalized at its 9 and 10 positions. The resulting polymers possess high fluorescence quantum yield and their emission can be tuned during polymerization by the incorporation of other arylene-building blocks.2 The good photoconductive behavior, high fluorescence quantum yields in thin films and high absorption coefficients around 100 000 M-1 cm-1 of anthracene based polymers make them ideal for design of organic electronic devices.3 We have synthesized a series of anthracene-containing polymers with steady increase in side chain length (figure below) to investigate the effect of this variation on the semi-crystalline nature of the polymers and on resulting photovoltaic cells. The preliminary photovoltaic result shows a trend with a steady increase in efficiency to a maximum in SV3 and then a downward slope from SV4 to SV6. This same trend is observed in the Jsc, and the efficiency of the polymers was largely dependent on the Jsc as all polymers in the series show a relatively high Voc above 0.9 V. The result shows that light absorption and flow of charges in polymers with longer side chain is possibly hindered thereby lowering the efficiency.

Acknowledgements: S.V. John acknowledges the financial support from UWC and from ICTP-ANSOLE ANEX fellowship. D. A: M. Egbe is grateful to FWF for grant No: I 1703-N20. References: [1] Park, J.-W.; Kang, P.; Park, H.; Oh, H.-Y.; Yang, J.-H.; Kim, Y.-H.; Kwon, S.-K. Dyes Pigment 2010, 85, 93. [2] Sun, J.; Chen, J.; Zou, J.; Ren, S.; Zhong, H.; Zeng, D.; Du, J.; Xu, E.; Fang, Q. Polymer 2008, 49, 2282. [3] Egbe, D. A. M.; Bader, C.; Nowotny, J.; Gunther, W.; Klemm, E. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5459.



36

No2

Sustainability of Solar Mini-Grids in Nigeria

Adedoyin Adeleke,a* Chuks Diji,b Debora Ley,c

aCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. bUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

cCentral America Regional Clean Energy Initiative, Guatemala City, Guatemala. [email protected]

Threat of climate change and the imbalance between energy demand and supply are two major drivers of the uptake of renewable energy globally. While most developed countries harness renewable energy as a climate change mitigation strategy, developing countries deploy the technologies primarily to improve energy access (FOP, 2015) especially in the off-grid rural communities. One of such developing countries is Nigeria.

Despite the abundant clean energy resources in Nigeria vis-a-vis its high deficiency energy, the uptake of renewable energy in Nigeria is abysmally low. With an estimated 28MW total

installed capacity (ODI et al.,2016), photovoltaic (PV) technology is the most adopted

renewable energy technology in the country. However, while the average lifespan expected of solar photovoltaic project is 20-25years, many PV systems in Nigeria fail within 2-3years of operation. This has been identified with solar mini-grids alongside other applications for which solar PV technology has been deployed in the country.

To identify the factors responsible for the success and failure of mini-grids in Nigeria, the study assessed the sustainability of solar mini-grids from five perspectives of sustainability, namely; technical, economic, social, institutional and environmental. Facility assessment, focus group discussions and interviews with key informants were the methodologies of data collection employed in the two case studies selected from the northern and southern Nigeria. As such, the study covered the two major climate zones in the country.

Findings from the study reveal that the sustainability of solar mini-grid projects is multi-dimensional. A project could fail due to a failure in one or a combination of the multi-dimensional factors. The study shows that the sustainability of a solar mini-grid project does not only depend on its technical viability but also on its sustainability based on the economic, social, institutional and environmental dimensions of the project. Furthermore, technical failure could result from the failure in other dimension(s) of the project.



37

Based on the multidimensional factors identified to be responsible for the failure of solar mini-grids in Nigeria, the study recommends the adoption of standards for PV system components imported into the country, and development of a national curriculum for training of installers. High level of stakeholder engagement and community participation, operation of mini-grids with business models, strategic planning for productive use of energy and adequate institutional framework for monitoring and maintenance, among others, were also recommended for sustainable planning and implementation of solar mini-grid projects in Nigeria.

Keywords: solar, photovoltaic, mini-grid, sustainability, failure References: [1] Andrew Scott, Johanna Diecker, Kat Harrison, Charlie Miller, R. H. and S. W. (2016). Accelerating access to electricity in Africa with off - grid solar Off - grid solar country briefing : Nigeria. London. Retrieved from http://www.odi.org/publications/10200-accelerating-access-electricity-off-grid-solar [2] FOP. (2015). National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (1st ed.). Abuja: Federal Ministry of Power (FOP).

No3

Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in the Sahel, case of Mauritania

Sidi BOUHAMADI*,a, El bah MENNYb

a,bFaculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. [email protected]; [email protected]

Access to electricity in Mauritania is low (37.5%). Yet Mauritania has significant solar potential. The present work evaluates the potential of solar technology CSP in Mauritania, shows also favorable areas for the implementation of micro-CSP plants. The assessment of the normal solar resource shows that 34% (348545.89 km2) of this area has an average annual DNI ranging from 1500 to 1800 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 20%, (206637.93 km2) has an annual average DNI ranging from 1800 - 2000 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 46% (475516.18 km2) has an average DNI ranging from 2000 to 2642 kWh.m-2.year-1. The study also found a slope lower than 1% over the entire area except for belts whose slopes vary between 2 to 3%. Water resources are presented as a factor limiting the development of CSP technology. It notes that only 3% of the area of Mauritania satisfies all the criteria. The concentrating solar power (CSP) offers better opportunities to enhance such access and especially in northern



38

Mauritania where the potential of this technology is important and electricity demand is very high.

Fig.1. Map of annual average DNI Mauritania Fig.2. Regions benefiting to DNI> 1800 kWh.m2.year-1

Fig.4.Map of the hydrographic network Mauritania

Fig5. Land slope map for Mauritania Fig.6. Extreme wind speeds map



39

No4

Exergetic optimization of absorption chiller single stage H2O-NH3 by experiments design method

Mohamed ADJIBADE* a, Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOEb, Ababacar THIAMa, Christophe

AWANTOb, Dorothé AZILINON*a aLaboratory of Applied Energetics, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal

bLaboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso

cLaboratory of Applied Mechanics and Energetics, Abomey-Calavi University, Benin [email protected]

Single stage absorption chillers using H2O-NH3 (fig.1) have received increasing research interest in recent years, in order to make them competitive with conventional refrigeration machines [1-3]. This work presents a study on the performance of such tri-thermal machines, used for negative temperature refrigeration. The objective is to determine the values of significant parameters of the system that minimize the irreversible losses in the various heat exchangers. To do this, the overall exergy efficiency of the system has been expressed as a function of the various operating temperatures. This objective function is to be maximized with experimental design method. The results show that the cycle is more thermodynamically efficient when the absorption cooling system is operated at a low evaporation temperature (lower than 0 °C). The normal probability plot of the residual indicates that the random errors for the process are drawn from approximately normal distributions. Thus, with Exergy efficiency greater than 0.4 two operating modes are presented which can be with condensation temperatures below 32 °C and above 38 °C. In order to delineate optimal areas operating, Fig. 2 shows a three-dimensional plot of the relationship between the three internal temperatures of the system. The analyze shows that the internal temperatures of the system have a strong interaction on the Exergy efficiency. So, the choice of these temperatures depends on the application to be realized.



40

Heat supply

Condenser

Evaporator Absorber

Desorber

Temperature

Pressure

Solution

heat exchanger

1

2

6

5

4

9

10

11

12

3

Rectifier

7

8

Fig.1. Absorption chiller single-stage

Condensation temparature

Heat source temperature

Ev

ap

ora

tio

n t

em

pe

ratu

re

Exergetic efficiency0,010,060,110,160,210,260,31

0,360,410,460,51

Contours of Estimated Response Surfacetemp_évaporation=0,0

30 32 34 36 38 40 90110

130150

170190

-15

-12

-9

-6

-3

0

Fig.2. Estimated response surface of exergetic efficiency

Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the ICTP (The International Centre for Theoretical Physics) and ANSOLE (African Network for Solar Energy) for financial support in the frame of the ANSOLE SUR-PLACE Fellowship Program (ANSUP). References: Aman, J.; Ting, D. S. K.; Henshaw, P., Applied Thermal Engineering 2014, 62, 424. Gomri, R., Energy Conversion and Management 2010, 51, 1629. N’Tsoukpoe, K. E.; Yamegueu, D.; Bassole, J., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014, 35, 318.

No5

Natural thermal energy storage material from laterite stone for concentrated solar thermal power plan in West Africa

Eric S. Kendaa,b,*, X. Pyb, N. Sadikib, Kokouvi E. N’Tsoukpoea, Y. Coulibalya

aLaboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d'Energie (LESEE), Institut International

d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso bPROMES-CNRS, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are under extensive development in Africa but

still suffer of lack of adapted thermal energy storage materials (TESM). According to today

constraints, the storage approaches developed during the eighties do not mach all the

current environmental, technical and regulation standards. In this context, only natural or



41

recycled materials could be really considered as a long term sustainable solution without

conflict of use for African countries [1]. Under those constrains, local natural material as

laterite stone, which is widely available in Burkina Faso and in half of the continent have

been identify and select as potential TESM for CSP application in the WAC. In the present

paper, the potential of laterite to be used as a thermal storage material in concentrating solar

power plants is investigated and experimental results are presented. Changes in phase

composition and morphology caused by heat treatment were exanimated using X-ray

diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated of energy dispersion

spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Thermal behaviours were also study by using coupled

thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The minerals

phases detected by XRD in the originals ores include kaolinite, goethite, hematite and quartz.

Fe-spinel (MgAl.79

Fe1.21

O4) with inclusion of repetitive structure of dendrites of magnetite

(Fe3O

4) was observed with EDS for the melt samples (LADA1 and LADA2) after heat

treatment at 1100 °C. Mullite (3Al2O3, 2SiO2) and hematite (Fe2O

3) were found in all the

samples (LADA1, LADA2, LADA3, LADA4) sintering at 1200 °C contains. The TG/DSC

analysis shows that the materials are very stable under heat treatment up to 900 °C.

Transformation of all goethite (FeOOH) to Hematite could help to enhances thermal

conductivity the elaborated materials. Mullite and spinel phases have demonstrated

elsewhere to lead to refractory ceramics relevant for high temperature thermal energy

system applications [2]. A new way for manufacturing a low cost dense ceramic which can

compete with industrial ceramic (cost between 4500 and 8000 euro per ton) is performed at

small scale. The obtained material can be used as sensible TESM for many kinds of the CSP

processes (from low up to high temperature) with properties in the same range than other

available materials nevertheless with lower cost and without conflict of use.

References: [1] Py X, Azoumah Y, Olives R. Concentrated solar power: Current technologies, major innovative issues and applicability to West African countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;18:306–15. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.030. [2] Calvet N, Dejean G, Unamunzaga L, PY X. Waste from metallurgic industry: a sustainable high-temperature thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power. Proceed. ASME 2013 7th Int Conf Energy Sust July 14-19.



42

No6

SGBF KOUDOUGOU SYSTEM’S

DICKO Fatoumata Université Ouaga I Pr. JOSEPH KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

[email protected]

Human beings are in a permanent search of technologies adapted to our needs. Indeed, they are more and more demanding regarding energy sources that we need for our own use and industrial or commercial performance. Regarding technologies, we want it be reliable, long term use, economically beneficial and at the same time respectful of the environment. In regarding to this important challenge, my thesis is on solar energy systems through an analysis of a photovoltaic system of 10 kWc connected to the network of the SGBF Bank located in Koudougou (Burkina). As a result of this study, I noted that the injection of the energy of this mini-power solar station on the network allows them to reduce efficiently their costs for electricity. Also the environmental aspect of this study shows that this system will have an important impact on the reduction of CO2 gas emissions. As a conclusion point, I noticed that the promotion of this type of system will allow to significantly improve the easy access to energy by population.

No7

Development of a new doping method for silicon solar cells

N. C. Y Fall a*, D Kobora, M. Tinea, M. Touréa & R. Ndioukanea. aUniversity Assane Seck of Ziguinchor, Senegal;

[email protected] This work aims are the improvement of a p-type to n-type silicon doping new method for the realization of a PN junction to manufacture solar cells. For this, it is necessary to diffuse phosphorus on the monocrystalline silicon substrate using a fabricated gel precursor composed basically by Phosphorous Oxide (P2O5): the method was used in an initial work and is based on the combination of thin film deposition by sol-gel method and a thermal annealing for phosphorus diffusion throughout the substrate and in an entirety homogeneous manner on the silicon surface. The results obtained from SIMS analysis, SEM images and the minority carriers lifetime, respectively, showed that phosphorus was diffused on a maximum depth of 350 nm with an



43

initial concentration of about 1020 at/cm3, a surface morphology with craters indicating a possible injection of the dopant and values ranging from 7 µs for the p-type silicon to 97 µs for the n-type doped one. These results are in agreement to those found in the literature (depth from 50 to 500 nm) and confirm the phosphorus throughout the silicon. Keywords: PN Junction, Phosphorus oxide, SIMS, SEM, sol-gel method, monocrystalline.

No8

Investigation on the Utilization of Slaughter Waste Potential towards Energy Self-Sufficiency at Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana

Safiatou NANAa, Dr. Elias AKLAKU*b

aPan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences-PAUWES, Tlemcen, Algeria; bKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology- KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

[email protected]; [email protected] Biogas, a sustainable renewable energy form, is at a starting point of market development in Ghana. Due to its economic growth and development of the regulatory environment, the Ghanaian renewable energy sector is attractive for foreign companies from the sector interested in investing in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of the present day energy situation, characterized by grid instabilities and increasing power prices, commercial and industrial producers from the agricultural industries look for alternative solutions to secure constant energy supply to avoid production loss and to reduce energy costs. The installation of biogas plants on production sites is one of the most attractive solutions. It enables producers to dispose off agricultural waste, generate electricity for self- consumption, use residues as fertilizer and feed-in energy surpluses to the grid at the same time. Currently, large volumes of Ghanaian slaughterhouse solid and liquid waste are disposed off improperly, causing serious environmental pollution problems, as well as energy and fertilizer losses. Using advanced and recent technologies it is feasible to use anaerobic digestion technology to produce methane and valuable agricultural soil nutrients in addition to treatment of waste generated by slaughter houses. This study assesses the energy recovery potential towards energy self-sufficiency, from anaerobic digestion of the organic industrial by-products of livestock slaughtering located at the Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana.



44

The investigative approach to data collection was adopted in combination with desk research and other strategies. Waste material generated was estimated based on calculations by Ulrike et al. (2014). The Kumasi abattoir slaughters about 241 cattle, 134 sheep/goats and 26 pigs per day. This leads to a daily consumption of 1,305 kWh of electricity and 386 kg of LPG respectively. The results show that on the average, the quantity of waste produced daily (7.6 ton/day) represents a potential of 200.41 m3 of Methane (CH4) per day, covering the daily demand of 57% of electricity, or 47% of Liquefied Petroleum Gas respectively.

Keywords: Abattoir; Slaughterhouse waste; Biogas; Energy sufficiency.

References: [1] Aidan, W., & Niamh, P. 2016, “Biogas from Cattle Slaughterhouse Waste: Energy Recovery towards an Energyself-sufficient Industry in Ireland”. Renewable Energy (97), 541 - 549. [2] Deublein, D., & Steunhauser, A. 2011, “Biogas from waste and renewable resources: second revised and expanded edition”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. [3] ECREEE. 2012, “Renewable energy in West Africa: Status, Experiences and Trends”, CASA ÁFRICA [4] International Gas Union; UNIDO. 2013, “Access to Sustainable Energy for All with Gas. Gas Training Seminar”, IGU,UNIDO; SEE4ALL; ECOWAS; PETROCI, Abidjan. [5] Rockson, G. N. 2014, “Composting of Abattoir Waste and River Reed: Effect of Feedstock and Aeration Mechanism on Process Efficiency”, PhD Thesis, KNUST, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering; College of Engineering, Kumasi [6] Ulrike, D. et al. 2014, “Biogas in Ghana: Sub-Sector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions”, GIZ, German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). Berlin, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. [7] Walter, R., Shermah, R., & Downing, D. 1974, “Reduction in Oxygen demand of abattoir effluent by Precipitation with metal” J. Agric. Fd Chem., 22, 1097-1099.



45

No9

Study of a law power off-grid solar parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine

Awa MAR,*,a Serigne Thiao,a Cheikh MBOW, b Issakha YOUM a

a Center of Studies and Research on Renewable Energies (CERER) BP 476, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal

b Laboratory of Fluid mechanical and Hydraulic, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal

[email protected] In developing countries like Senegal, the low power off-grid electricity generation is a very important issue. Currently the only technological responses to this requirement are the use of generators consuming fossil fuels very expensive and often inaccessible or photovoltaic cells associated with batteries. The objective for this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of a mini solar power system for generating electrical energy based on the coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine, which is an external heat supply engine working according to a Joule thermodynamic cycle with recuperator and on the other hand to investigate its relevance for off-grid use [1]. The proposed approach to this work is planned in several phases. The primary objective is to better understand the solar concentration technology in order to know its strengths, limitations and also give the relevant application areas in order to convince it is a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for electricity autonomous production. This less popular technology that solar photovoltaic worth studying. It adds to it a presentation of the solar resource of Senegal and other parameters necessary for the study of thermodynamic solar plants [2]. The key of this study presents the modeling of thermo-solar electric conversion including parametric study and the influence of the Senegal weather. Finally, a thermodynamic mini-plant is sized and compared to the PV system and the generator. [1] Alaphilippe, M.; Bonnet, S.; Stouffs, P.; Low power thermodynamic solar energy conversion: coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator and an Ericsson engine. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 2007, 10, 37-45. [2] Mar, A.; Mbow, C.; Thiao, S.; Youm, I.; Theoretical study of a Parabolic Trough solar collector: Influences of atmospheric parameters. International Journal of Energy, Environment, and Economics, 2014, 22(5), 461-473.



46

No10

Rural Electrification Study of the villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation

Donald Déla Komlan AOUKOU

University of Lomé, Togo [email protected]

The Rural Electrification project study of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar, were entrusted to the Madéole Company specialized in the rural electrification in the north of Madagascar. Indeed, this company carried out several projects of rural electrification in north of Madagascar and works with the international organizations, the ONG, the State and especially the JIRAMA which is the only official electric company of electricity supply. This study required by the International Organization of "Marine area Protected" for bay of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar whose realization is envisaged at the beginning of year 2017, also registers within the framework of the drafting of a Report of MASTER-II in Energy Genius, Renewable Energy option of the Polytechnic Higher School of Antsiranana. The study of Rural Electrification of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and the cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar are almost finished. The population is happy to have electricity and very favorable for the installation of a cold room. The realization of this project will improve considerably the standard of living and the incomes of the population. It will allow the observation and will support an effective protection of bay of Ambodivahibe.



47

No11

Mohamed Lemine B’Leile/Mauritania/

Gaston Berger University, Senegal; [email protected]

No12

Assessment of a Slow Biomass Pyrolysis Technology using the Artificial Neural Network Model

Alex Dubem Tagboa, Alba Dieguez Alonso*,a

aInstitut für Energietechnik (EVUR), TU Berlin, Germany [email protected]; *[email protected]

Motivation: This project describes the application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor to analyse the behavioural activities of the combustible effects of temperature and other selected parameters, gas yield and the formation of biochar. Several studies related to this research and other process parameters lead to the conclusion that the complexity of these interactions makes it impossible to predict the final product characteristics. However, the reactor is faced with a highly complex thermochemical process in the thermal decomposition of wood for the conversion of energy. The end results will establish a decision-making process through the ANN model development.

Aim: The objective of the ANN is to predict the behaviour of the system by measuring (a) the mass and energy fractions of pyrolysis products controlled by temperature and (b) the percentage retention of fuel (pyrolysis gas) as well as the char formation. The scientific aim is to find out whether the application of ANN can contribute technically in creating a balanced architecture, equations and algorithms to improve data quality in slow biomass pyrolysis.



48

Methods: The experiment is carried out on the pilot plant as shown above to study the pyrolysis technology and obtain data for evaluation [1]. The ANN analysis involves the training of the network (input-hidden-output layers), optimization of the parameters and error backpropagation [2].

References: [1] Dieguez-Alonso, A.; Anca-Couce, A.; Zobel, N. “On-line tar characterization from pyrolysis of wood particles in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor by applying Laser-Induced Fluorescence”, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2013, 33-46, 102. [2] Bishop, M. C. “Pattern recognition and machine learning”, Journal of Information Science and Statistics 2006, 225-284, 735.



49

No13

Investigation on the use of the cement mortar containing banana fibers as thermal insulator in building

Sibiath O. G. Osséni*,a Clément Ahouannoua, Emile A. Sanyaa, Yves Jannotb

aUniversity of Abomey Calavi (LEMA), Bénin; bUniversity of Lorraine (LEMTA), France [email protected]

Introduction

The use of local materials in construction of buildings is one of the potential ways to support sustainable development in developing countries (Mostafa et al., 2015). World energy consumption is increasing and this growth affects all sectors. This situation is not without environmental impacts due to significant emissions of the greenhouse gas effects. Thus, the new composite materials are developed to serve as natural or not thermal insulators, while maintaining an acceptable mechanical strength [(Meukam et al., 2004), (Belkarchouche et al., 2013), (Toledo, 1999), (Wang et al., 2007)]. This study will allow accessing to the effect of banana trunk fibers incorporation in the mortar from the thermal view. Materials and methods

Fig. 1: a- banana trunk fibers; b- samples (10 × 10 × 3 cm3; W/C = 0.7); c- hot plate device.

The cement CPJ35 is dosed at 250 kg m-3 of mixture and the fibers are in the proportions of

1, 2 and 3% by substitution to the equivalent percentages in mass of cement and sand.

Density : ; Water absorption ( ) : ; the thermal properties,

are determined by the hot plate method with two temperature measurements.

Results

The density, the thermal conductivity and effusivity thermal decreased when the percentage

of fibers increased, giving respective deviations of 25.54%, 56.09% and 65.68% between the

thermal conductivity of the reference sample, which was equal to 1.14 W m-1 K-1. Abs was

substantially linear and increased respectively of about 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times for composites in

relation to the reference.

Conclusion

It was shown a strong relationship between the fibers proportion and the thermal properties

for new composite materials. These results were interesting because in tropical climate, low

heat conductivity and specific heat materials were searched for thermal insulation in building.

These materials could be used, for example, to fill a carrier structure.



50

[1] Marwan, M; Nasim U., Build. 2015, 5, 282-296. [2] Meukam, P.; Jannot, Y.; Noumowe, A; Kofane, T. C., Constr. Build. Mater. 2004, 18, 437-443. [3] Belkarchouche, D.; Chaker, A., Caractérisation thermophysique et mécanique de matériaux de construction: béton de fibre naturelle, paper presented at JITH, Marrakech, Maroc. 2013. [4] Romildo Dias Tolêdo Filho, Kuruvilla Joseph, Khosrow Ghavami, George Leslie England, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agr. Amb. 1999, 3, 245-256. [5] Li Zhijian, Wang Lijing and Wang Xungai, J. Comp. Mater. 2007, 41, 1445-1457.

No14

Yusif Seidu/Ghanaian in Germany/

Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]

N15

The prediction of PV module performance ratio with artificial neural networks

Alain K. Tossa,*a Y. M. Soroa

, L. Thiawb, D. Yamegueua, Y. Coulibalya, Esidor Ntsoenzokc aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International

d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bEcole Supérieur Polytechnique de Dakar, Sénégal; cCEMHTI-CNRS, 3A, rue de la

Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France [email protected]

Among the normalized and scaled performance metrics, the module performance ratio (PR), is the best indicator to compare different PV module technologies [1]. In this study, the artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used to model the PR of four photovoltaic modules including one monocrystalline, two polycrystallines and one micromorph (a-Si/µc-Si) module. The ANN architecture adopted, is the multilayer perceptron (MLP). The inputs of the MLP models are the solar irradiance and air ambient temperature while the output is the PR. As shown on the figure (a), the optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer of the MLP of each module, is determined by monitoring the root mean-squared error (RMSE) in both the



51

training and validation phases of the MLP design. The optimum number of hidden neurons is obtained at the onset of the increase of RMSE in validation phase.

2 4 6 8 100.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

Module : VIC006 (pc-Si_2)

Number of hidden layer neuron

RM

SE

(M

LP

des

ign

)

Training

Validation

PMC optimal

RMSE = 0.009

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2Module : SHA017 (micromorphe)

Number of sun

Mo

du

le p

erfo

rman

ce r

atio

Measured

MLP

L5P

(a) (b)

Figure: (a) Selection of optimum MLP for pc-Si module (b) Comparison of MLP and L5P

models for micromorph module.

The study shows that only one hidden layer with at most five neurons, accurately models the

PR regardless of PV technology. The results obtained from the MLP model are compared

with those of the five parameters electrical model (L5P). As shown on figure (b), the PR

estimation is better done by the MLP based models. The values of the RMSE are less than

0.02 for MLP models regardless PV technology. This is about three to nine times lower than

the RMSE obtained from L5P. The study also shown that the poor fit of the L5P model is due

to a bad estimation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules.

References: [1] A. Carr and T. Pryor, “A comparison of the performance of different PV module types in temperate climates” Solar Energy 2004, 76, 285–294.



52

No16

The synergetic effect of graphene on Cu2O nanowire arrays as highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocathode in water splitting

Amare Aregahegn Dubale1, Wei-Nien Su2 and Bing-Joe Hwang1,3,*

1Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dilla University, Dilla 419, Ethiopia. 2NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology,

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 3National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; Presenting author: [email protected] A one dimensional (1D) Cu2O straddled with graphene is proposed as a highly promising and stable photocathode for solar hydrogen production. The Cu2O nanowire arrays modified with optimized concentration of graphene provide much higher improved photocurrent density 4.8 mA cm–2, which is two times that of bare 1D Cu2O (2.3 mA cm–2), at 0 V vs RHE under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm–2) and solar conversion efficiency reaching 3.3% at an applied potential of 0.55 V vs Pt counter electrode. Surprisingly, 1D Cu2O with optimum graphene concentration exhibit inspiring photocurrent density of 2.1 to 1.1 mA cm–2 at a higher positive potential range of 0.20.4 V vs RHE, which is higher compared with bare 1D Cu2O. This is the highest value ever reported for a Cu2O-based photocathode at such positive potential. After 20 minute of standard solar irradiation, 83% of the initial photocurrent density retained for the nanocomposite which is more than five times compared to the bare Cu2O (14.5%). Faradic efficiency of 74% was obtained for the evolved H2 gas. To get evidence for the photostability of graphene modified photocathode, a detailed characterization was carried out. The high PEC performance of graphene/Cu2O nanocomposite is attributed to the improved crystallinity and the synergetic effect of graphene in absorbing the visible light, suppressing the charge recombination and suppressing photocorrosion of the photoelectrode by preventing direct contact with the electrolyte. This inexpensive photocathode prepared free of noble metals, showed enhanced high photocurrent density with good stability and is a highly promising photocathode for solar hydrogen production. PEC, Cu2O, nanowire arrays, graphene, photocathode, hydrogen production, water spitting [1.] M. Grätzel, Nature, 2001, 414, 338-344. [2.] U. Eberle, B. Muller, R. von Helmolt, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 8780-8798. [3.] J. A. Turner, Science, 1999, 285, 687-689. [4.] A. Paracchino, J. C. Brauer, J.-E. Moser, E. Thimsen, M. Grätzel, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 7341-7350.



53

No17

A Comparative Study of MPPT Approaches based on ANN and fuzzy controllers

Fatou NDIAYE*a, Moustapha SENEb, Marie Emillienne FAYEc, Saliou DIOUFd, Amadou

Seidou Maigae a,b,c Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal; d Polytechnic School, University Cheikh

Anta Diop, Daka, Sénégal.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The performances of a photovoltaic module connected to a load through a conversion stage (chopper, inverter) are linked to the average electricity output including the delivered power. Nevertheless, the efficiency depends on atmospheric parameters as temperature, irradiance, and wind speed [1]. To make available electrical power, Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT) algorithms are developed to keep up the PV module at optimal operating point with regard to climatic variations. This paper proposes an assessment of Artificial Neural Networks model based on MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) (e.g. Figure 1(a)). A comparative study with an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System [2]

and a hybrid neural network RBF/MLP is done using measured data to optimize the maximum power point of a photovoltaic generator (e.g. Figure 1(b)) for a sunny and cloudy days (e.g. Table 1). (a) (b)

09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Time(HH:MM:SS)

Pow

er(

W)

Popthy

Poptanf

Poptpv

Figure 1:Architecture of the hybrid model (a), Maximum power issued adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller

for a cloudy (b).

RBF/MLP mse (mW) mae (mW) corr. coef. ANFIS MSE (mW) MAE (mW) corr. coef.

Sunny day 0,54 13,30 0,990 sunny day 0,49 6,20 0,99

Cloudy day 0,17 00,40 0,999 cloudy day 436 372 0,997

Table 1: Error performances of adaptive RBF/MLP and of adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers.

[1] F. Ndiaye, M. Sene, A .S .H. Maiga, M. Beye, Effects of climatic conditions on a polycrystalline photovoltaic module in Niger, International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 55, 2015, 60-66. [2] Jang J. S. R., Anfis: Adaptive-Network-based Fuzzy Inference System, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 23, 1993, 665-685.



54

No18

Fanta Balde/Sénégal

University of Ziguinchor, Sénégal; [email protected]

No19

Design of a solar cavity receiver for a central receiver system Yao M. SESHIE*a, b, Edem K. N’TSOUKPOEa, Pierre NEVEUb, Yézouma COULIBALYa, Yao

K. AZOUMAHc aSolar Energy and Energy Saving Laboratory, Foundation 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

bProcesses, Material and Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France

cSirea Afrique, Kamboinsé, Burkina Faso E-mail: [email protected]

CSP4Africa is a project that aims at developing a central receiver system plant in 2iE in Burkina Faso. The plant, which must be suited to mini grids, is supposed to have a solar field



55

of 100 kWth and will be a basis to study the profitability of such kinds of plants, as solutions to provide power to the remote areas in Sub-Saharan Africa.

This paper deals with the design and manufacturing of the solar receiver of the project. According to the studies on solar receivers, the latter can be classified in three groups [1]: volumetric [2], tubular [3] and particle [4] receivers. The first ones are used for high temperatures CSP (>900°C) and did not demonstrated sustainability in various tests whereas the last ones still in the research phase. Most of the solar receivers used in the world are tubular and can be classified in two groups [3]: external [5] and cavity receivers [6]. For the CSP4Africa solar receiver, a cavity tubular receiver is chosen and a cylindrical geometry is set as shape. The absorbing surface of the receiver is an helical coil, which represents the lateral part. The modelling method used in this study is based on radiative exchange with the use of view factors. An energy balance is written on every coil, which is supposed to receive radiative energy from the incident flux, the ambient atmosphere and the inner surfaces of the cavity and at the same time, emits towards these inner surfaces and the atmosphere. An energy balance is also written in every volume of the heat transfer fluid of each coil. The receiver is considered operating in stationary mode. The optimization process takes into account the operation temperatures as constraints. Optimization variables considered were the number of the coils (height of the cavity), the inner diameter of the coil, the nature and mass flow of the heat transfer fluid. The exergy analysis leads to a cylindrical receiver with a height of 1 m and an aperture of 0.7 m; diameter of coils was set at 0.025 m. Thereafter, the component was manufactured by a local enterprise. Laboratory tests were conducted in a closed room (off-wind conditions) to determine the global convective heat losses coefficient, with is later used to extend the design model. A non-stationary model, which integrates the variation of the solar irradiation, is derived from the previous stationary model. Simulation showed the trend of the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the receiver’s outlet according to incident flux.

Keywords: Solar receiver, receiver modelling, cavity receiver, helical coil, CSP4Africa

References: [1] O. Behar, A. Khellaf, K. Mohammedi, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 23 (2013) 12–39. [2] A.L. Ávila-Marín, Sol. Energy 85 (2011) 891–910. [3] C. Singer, S. Giuliano, R. Buck, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 1553–1562. [4] T. Tan, Y. Chen, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14 (2010) 265–276. [5] M.R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. Sánchez-González, C. Marugán-Cruz, D. Santana, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 504–513. [6] W.G. Le Roux, T. Bello-Ochende, J.P. Meyer, Energy Convers. Manag. 84 (2014) 457–470.



56

No20

Isolation and Characterization of Natural Dyes for Possible Application in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

aBright N. Jaato, aBoniface Y. Antwi, aRichard B. Owoare, and aRobert Kingsford-Adaboh

aUniversity of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] and

[email protected] The sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour than we currently use from fossil fuels,

nuclear power and all renewable energy sources combined in a year.[1] Harnessing the sun’s

energy has led to the development of Photovoltaic (PV) devices like organic, inorganic and

hybrid cells. PV cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity by absorbing photons and

releasing electrons.[2]

Enhancing the performance of Dye sensitized solar cells has been an area of very extensive

research for the past 20 years. One area of deep interest and potential development value is

the improvement of the light absorption wavelength range of the dyes. Panchromatic

Engineering and Tandem structures are amongst techniques being explored to broaden the

absorption range of DSSCs.[3] Therefore, this work will explore natural Ghanaian dyes or

cocktails of Ghanaian natural dyes with broader absorption bands for possible application in

dye sensitized solar cells.

References: [1] Bhogaita, M.; Shukla, A. D.; Nalini, R. P. Solar Energy, 2016, 137, 212-224. [2] Green, M. A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2001, 9, 123-135. [3] Suhaimi, S.; Shahimin, M. M.; Alahmed, Z. A.; Chyský, J.; Reshak, A. H. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2015, 10, 28-59.


mailto:[email protected],[email protected]



57

No21

Optimal operation of hybrid Photovoltaic/Diesel system for cost effective rural electrification: Case of Bilgo located in Burkina Faso

G. Koucoia, D.Yamegueu*,a, Q.T. Tran*,b, Y. Coulibaly*,a

aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;

bINES CEA/LITEN- Laboratoire des systèmes électriques intélligents (LSEI), Le Bourget-du-lac, France.

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa are regions where only 14 % of the population

have access to electricity. Despite many efforts to extend the existing grids to rural areas, most remote areas will not be reached within a foreseeable future. Hybrid PV/Diesel without battery system can be a clean and cost-effective solution for the electrification in those areas[1,2]. However an optimal and smart energy management strategy (EMS) is one of the main key that could guarantee reliability to the whole hybrid energy system with the lowest cost of energy.

This paper presents an optimization and experimental analysis for energy management in hybrid photovoltaic/Diesel without battery system using dynamic programming (DP). This approach applied to a rural sub-Saharan Africa village called ‘’Bilgo’’ located at Burkina Faso with 135 kW peak load It aims to minimize the operation cost of the system which could lead to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) produced over the system’s lifetime (20 years). The results obtained with energy management with DP proposed have been compared to Diesel generator (DG) in standalone. It highlights a reduction in the operation cost, the fuel consumption, the carbon emission and the cost of energy as shown in Table 1. Table 2 : Comparative results

Characteristics of the energy systems

Diesel generators

standalone :

DG: 150 kW

Hybrid PV/Diesel system with DP :

PV array : 67.5 kWp DG1 : 100 kW and DG2 : 50 kW

Operation Cost (k€) 3186 2120

LCOE (€/kWh) 0.43 0.29

Fuel consumption (L/year)

414,655 158,775

Carbon emission (kg/year)

8778.25 6803.6

Solar coverage (%) 0 23

References [1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, and P. Neveu, “Modeling and optimization of batteryless hybrid PV (photovoltaic)/Diesel systems for off-grid applications”, Energy 2015, 1–12. [2] B. I. Ouedraogo, S. Kouame, Y. Azoumah, and D. Yamegueu, “Incentives for rural off grid electrification in Burkina Faso using LCOE”, Renew. Energy 2015, 78, 573–582.



58

No22

Elaboration and characterization of thin films dye for photovoltaic application

J.K.DATTEa*,S.A.YAPIb

a,bLaboratory of Physics, condensed matter (LPMCT), University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan-cocody, Côte d’ivoire; [email protected]

In the last decade, the enthusiasm of developing countries for renewable energies and especially for the photovoltaic (PV) energy has been strongly increased because of energy crisis. hence ,Organic solar cells have attracted much attention for their potential, such as low cost, flexibility and renewable energy conversion devices. Our study, will focus on natural dyes, such as: indigofera tinctoria, justicia secunda, and Alchornea cordifolia leaves. These plants grow abundantly in west Africa. In the first step , we will have to extract dye from leaves using a convenient solvent. Then, chemical and physical properties of the moleculars responsible for the dye will be established. At last the extracted dye will be tested in the active layers of DSCCS or BHJ organic solar cell . Keywords: organic cell, renewable energy, BHJ, DSCCS. References: [1] Brian O'Regan, Michael Grätzel, Nature 353, 6346.

[2] Xuemai Ma, Jianli Hua, Tetrahedron 2008, 64.

[3] M. C. Scharber, N. S. Sariciftci, Progress in Polymer Science 2013, 38, 1929-1940.

[4] Valery N. Bliznyuk, Jacek Gasiorowski, Applied Surface Science 2016, 389.

[5] N. J. George, I. B. Obot, A. N. Ikot, J. Chem. 2010, 7.



59

No23

Characterization and modelling of hybrid based-perovskite organic-inorganic solar cells

Alle Dioum*,a, Abdoulaye Ndiaye Dionea, Sosse Ndiayea, Aboubaker Chedikh Beyea

aGroupe de Physique du Solide et Sciences des Matériaux, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

[email protected] / [email protected] Thin films of Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite are deposited on flat substrates under open-air conditions and high relative humidity for realizing hybrid organic-inorganic based perovskite solar cells using a two-step procedures consisting of spin coating and dipping. Under AM 1.5 g illumination, devices without Hole Transport Material (HTM) have been characterized by measuring the current–voltage I(V) characteristics and an efficiency of about 12%. New theoretical model has been developed to give insight the dependence of the charge carrier recombination at the actives interfaces of the perovskite absorber layer on the charge carrier density and the photocurrent density. Moreover, our model allows evidencing the influence of the paramount physical parameters such as the perovskite layer thickness, the monochromatic wavelength of the incoming irradiation of the spectrum of the visible on the performance of the cell. Keywords: characterization - modeling - hybrid solar cell - perovskite - planar heterojunction



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FIB Images of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film deposited on compact TiO2/FTO at 4000 rpm spinning rate

Absorption of 350nm thickness of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite deposited on glass+UV treatment

Electrons density photogenerated within the bulk of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Portici Research Center, for its financial postdoctoral support fellowship of Dr Dioum Reference: [1] Green, M. A.; Ho-Baillie, A.; Snaith, H. J., Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 506–514.

[2] De Angelis, F., Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3349–3360.

[3] Snaith, H. J., Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4: 3623-3630

[4] La Ferrara, V; De Maria, A; Mercaldo, L. V.; Bobeico, E.; Dioum, A.; Di Luccio, T.;

Lancellotti, L.; Delli Veneri, P., E-MRS Spring Meeting 2015 Symposium, Energy Procedia.

No24

Contribution of the CBOs in promoting renewable energy in Senegal

Abibatou Banda Fall Laboratory Leidi of Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

[email protected]

For thirty years now, The Sahelian energy context has been characterized, by a strong energy demand with a growth of 1.6 to 2%. At the same time, the effects of global warming on Sahel countries such as Senegal are undeniable. This has led to more deforestation (Biomass energy consumption is about 80%.), thus impacting negatively on the climate. However, the area has considerable potential for renewable energy, especially bioenergy (Waste used for bioenergy is minimum 1,810,000 tons per year.) and solar energy (The average of solar radiation is 6 kWh/(m² day), 3000 hours of sunshine a year.), which are alternative energies sources to traditional fuels reducing the environmental, economic and social costs of these environmental problems that limit the development capabilities of Senegal.

Given this situation, it is urgent to raise awareness of the positive effects of using renewable energy in order to focus on its benefits, but also to better understand its limitations. To this end, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), which are groups of socially-conscious young men and women, have played a significant role in helping their



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communities to shift their behavior and responses to socio-economic and environmental problems in Senegal by providing sustainable solutions that are both practical and innovative.

This study proposes a business model that is cost-effective and environmentally and community- focused based on research in the form of needs analyses conducted with the CBOs. This model will rely on several scenarios with a socio-environmental and financial focus based on the anticipation of use of bioenergy and solar products and its results over five years. Those products represent a way of meeting the needs of all communities in Senegal. Further, this model will guarantee greater access to energy, stable jobs, as well as provide funds to undertake sustainable activities through a "Teek" system. It will thus be possible to cover 50% of the national market and respond to needs in all of Africa and the world, which will pave the way for greater use of renewable energy. Keywords: Climate change, Renewable energy, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Eco-development, Senegal. References: [1] DURANT, Berbard. Energie et Environnement: les risques et les enjeux d’une crise annoncée. France: EDP Sciences, 2007. [2] DIRECTION DE L’ENERGIE DU SÉNÉGAL. Rapport coopéré (ECONOTEC, gTz, PERACOD, Intelligent Système d’information énergétique du Sénégal : un outil d’aide à la prise de décision Energie, UEMOA, la Francophonie), 2007. [3] ENDA/Energie. Rôle des énergies renouvelables sur le développement des activités productives en milieu rural ouest Africain : le cas du Sénégal, Rapport final, 2006. [4] N DONG J-B. L’évolution du climat du Sénégal et les conséquences de la sécheresse récente sur l’environnement. Th. Doct. Univ. Lyon III, 1996.



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No26

Boly Amidou Singho/Burkina Faso

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]

No28

Bismark Appiah/Ghanaian in Germany/not available

Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]



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No29

Study of Czochralski silicon (CZ-Si) wafer optoelectronic behavior under light exposure.

Nwadiaru Ogechi Vivian*a, Yacine Kouhlaneb, Bouhafs Djoudib, Zerga Abdellatifa, Tonny

Kukeeraa

aDepartment of Energy Engineering, Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Science (Including Climate Change) –Tlemcen, Algeria.

bDivision for Development of Semiconductors to Conversion Devices, Research Center of Semiconductor Technology for Energy (CRTSE) – Algiers, Algeria.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Semiconductor devices are critical components of solar panels and play a vital role in the energy conversion process. The performance of semiconductor devices maybe limited by electrically active defect centers even if they are present in concentrations below the detection limit of conventional techniques. The development of strategies to reduce or avoid such harmful defects must start with their identification, which becomes increasingly difficult as the electronic quality of the semiconductor material improves. In this study, Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) p-type wafer was exposed to illumination for 4h using a halogen lamp with an intensity of 0.5 suns. The effective carrier lifetime (τeff) was measured using the quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) technique. The carrier lifetime degradation is much slower than the degradation observed during a light induced degradation (LID) process of Cz-Si wafers related to a B-O complex. Moreover, Using a theoretical model the rate of degradation and annihilation of the metastable defect was calculated. In addition, the simulation of lifetime as a function of carrier density was also performed to determine the defect concentration evolution with time of illumination. The results confirm the presence of a second mechanism separate from the B-O complex and was associated with the metallic impurity present in the wafers. Finally, the wafer illumination steps can be a suitable method to confirm the electrical quality of Cz-Si wafer and also contributes to attaining higher efficiencies in solar cells.

Keywords: c-Si, Czochralski, QSSPC, light induced degradation.



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No30

Comparison of economic criteria for the optimal design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system

David Tsuanyoab*, Didier Ausselb, Yezouma Coulibalya, Yao Azoumahc, Pierre Neveub

aInternational Institute of Water and Environment Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, bUniversity of Perpignan Via Domitia / PROMES-CNRS lab, Perpignan, France

[email protected] Electricity generation systems based on renewable energy remain a preferred solution to increase the electrification rate in rural and sub-urban areas. Despite the drastic drop in the cost of photovoltaic module during the last decades (less than 1.5 €/Wp), the necessary capital for the installation of an off grid photovoltaic system is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the average living cost (less than 1 €/day). The batteries, sometimes included in this system have not only negative environmental impact, but can also absorb around 40% of the total installation cost. However, with higher solar irradiation (more than 5.5kWh/m²/day), solutions to integrate massively photovoltaic systems have to be explored. PV/Diesel hybrid system could be a good solution provided they are reliable, cost effective and economically attractive to investors (private sector). This presentation carried out how technical requirements, operating management, size are taking into account in the same objective function to optimally design a cost effective PV/Diesel hybrid system for a certain rural area. Objective function being economic criteria generally used to ensure the profitability of energy projects. The aim of this study is to compare the profitability criteria (Life cycle Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy, Net present value, Internal Rate of Return and Discounted payback period) applied to optimally design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system. An application to 2iE-K1 campus (Ouagadougou) has been done and the results show that DPB and IRR give optimal solutions that limit the investment cost and the maximum debt amount while NPV/LCC/LCOE maximizes the benefit. The methodology applied can be extended to other renewable energy systems in order to facilitate their deployment in rural poor regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.

[1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, P. Neveu, Energy 2015, 86, 152–163. [2] M. Muselli, G. Notton, A. Louche, Sol. Energy 1999, 65, 143–157. [3] D. Yamegueu, Y. Azoumah, X. Py, N. Zongo, Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 1780–1787.

[4] W. Short, D. J. Packey, T. Holt, Press of the Pacific 2005. [5] C.-Y. Chang, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2013, 31, 1057–1067.



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No31

Design of a Linear Fresnel collector in Sub-Saharan region of Africa

Gaëlle K. KO,a K. Edem N’Tsoukpoe,*,a Yezouma Coulibaly a Pierre Neveub

aLaboratoire Énergie Solaire et Économie d'Énergie (LESEE), Département Génie Électrique, Énergétique et Industriel, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de

l'Environnement (2iE), 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bLaboratoire Procédés Matériaux et Énergie Solaire (PROMES) / Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Rambla de la thermodynamique tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan France.

[email protected] /[email protected]; [email protected] / [email protected]

The oil crisis, the environmental preservation and the increase in power demand,

electricity and heat, contribute to the promotion of renewable energy. Abundance of solar resource in some region of Africa makes it one of the most attractive renewable energy source. Rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa have a low rate of access to electricity less than 17% [1] but the regions have an important solar potential. Can solar energy be an answer to electricity need in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa?

There are two ways to convert solar energy to electricity: photovoltaïque, which use sunlight, and concentrated solar power (CSP), which used sun’s heat. Among the four common concentrated solar power technologies, Parabolic Trough, Solar Power Tower, Parabolic Dish, Linear Fresnel, the linear Fresnel technology is one of the least used. However, this technology is a good candidate for the implementation of a low cost power plant station due to its simplicity and its adaptability.

Due to the low density of population in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa a decentralized micro-grid with micro-CSP power plants is a relevant energy system alternative [2]. We work on the manufacturing of a small Linear Fresnel plant that can provide more than 8 . A CSP plant has two parts: the collector which converts sun radiation to heat and

system used to convert this thermal power to electricity [3]. Our research work focuses on the first part of the plant. Our main goal is the manufacturing of a low cost linear Fresnel collector using local mankind and local materials. We describe one the characterization of a prototype of 2 design in Burkina Faso. The collector has been built using material

available in Burkina Faso and local making.

References:

[1] International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2015 Electricity

Database: electricity access in 2013 — regional aggregates. International Energy Agency (IEA); 2015. [2] N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem, Ketowoglo Yao Azoumah, Emmanuel Ramde, A. K. Yesuenyeagbe Fiagbe, Pierre Neveu, Xavier Py, Madieumbe Gaye, and Arnaud Jourdan. 2016. “Integrated Design and Construction of a Micro-Central Tower Power Plant.” Energy for Sustainable Development 31 (April): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2015.11.004. [3] Lovegrove, K., and J. Pye. 2012. “2 - Fundamental Principles of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems.” In Concentrating Solar Power Technology, edited by Keith Lovegrove and Wes Stein, 16–67. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Woodhead Publishing. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500029


mailto:/[email protected]



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No32

Aboubakar Gomna/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso


No33

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, RENEWABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Okuwobi Wuraola Ayomide,a Pat-NAtson Antony Tomib abEconomics Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

[email protected], [email protected] In the world today, various forms of energy have been discovered some being renewable and others non-renewable. However, the development levels of these energy forms are more sustainable in other continents than Africa- which is largely under-developed. The absence of energy that is sustainable however is not the only developmental issue being faced as there is a problem of renewability of energy resources. A large sect of Africa still depends on fossil



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fuels thus reflecting her high dependence on non-renewable sources. Energy renewability and sustainability may not have been an issue in pre-industrialized times, but contemporary times require a whole lot of energy that should be, firstly; available, then renewable and sustainable. This paper considers the effects of renewable energy sources that are sustainable, and also, non-renewable sources that are more harmful than beneficial to current environmental states given the current trend of global warming. It also goes on to expose that the energy forms in other developed continents of the world are more sustainable- reasons for the immensely slow rate of economic and socio-economic development in Nigeria, and Africa at large. The paper is constructed using trend analysis of energy availability levels and their corresponding effects on economic growth and development. The paper is based on immense qualitative data analysis with secondary data from the African Development Bank, Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (among other sources). This study reveals the existence of a strong relationship between sustainable energy, renewable energy and the growth of Africa’s economy. It also proposes that the growth of any nation is critically dependent on the sufficiency of its energy sector, creating a necessary dependence on sustainable, renewable and reliable energy. It is recommended that Africa should engage the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources which promote economic growth. Reference: Adeoye, O. S. and Titiloye, S. O. “Erratic Power Supply and Socio-Economic Development in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria”, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) 2014, 3(6), 2-3.

No34

Pingdwende Inès Ernestine Nana/Burkina Faso/

International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso;

[email protected]



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No35

Lae Titia Marelle Ndjientcheu Yossa/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/




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No36

Esther Grâce Mvomo Nke/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/


No37

Integrating Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-energy) into our Culture: Is it a Panacea for Sustainable Energy Supply in Ghana?

Nunoo, Edward Kweku a, Twum Eric b, Mattah, Memuna a

a Central University, Department of Environment and Development Studies. Tema, Ghana. b Institute of Green Growth Solutions. Accra, Ghana.

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Energy is the engine of growth in every Nation. Therefore its role in the development of emerging economies where biomass is the main energy source for millions of people becomes crucial. To develop, in terms of energy requirements, supply of energy must be readily available, affordable and supplied from renewable sources (Achempong & Ankrah, 2014). Harnessing low cost renewable energy technologies as an efficient energy mix to augment unsustainable energy demand in Ghana has long been conceptualized. However the success of its implementation has been hindered by a combination of, not only human induced factors, but also, inarticulate co-ordination and integration of renewable energy influx programmes into mainstream national energy policy and the political will to implement sustainable energy policies (Lerner, 2015). In response to the country’s energy vision, it has been established, against the backdrop of heavy natural resource depletion in the country that redeployment of anaerobic digestion (bioenergy power generation technologies) into the Ghanaian culture could be the panacea to sustainable power supply (dumsor-dumsor) challenge, mitigate climate change, utilise locally available resources (waste) and provide employment opportunities for indigenes of local communities.



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This paper examines the redevelopment and role of bio-energy integration that will allow local communities to produce their own source of energy and electricity (Thomsen, Kadar & Schmidt, 2013), first on pilot basis, and if successful, integrate them into the districts, regional and then the national grid (Ulrike et al, 2014). Experiences in the dissemination of biofuel energy technologies in successful regions are reviewed and factors affecting the dissemination of renewable energy technologies are briefly analyzed.

References: [1] Achempong, T., Ankrah, Ghana Energy Situation Report Q1, 2014. Pricing and deregulation of the energy Sector in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects. Accra. IMANI. 2014. [2] Lerner, M., Severe power crisis in Ghana causing economic pain. Blouin News, 2015. Accra. [3]. Thomsen, S. T.; Kadar, Z. and Schmidt, J. E.; Estimating bioenergy potentials of common African agricultural residues; 2013. [4]. Ulrike, D et al. (2014). Biogas in Ghana. Subsector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions. Berlin. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Online at www.export-erneuerbare.de/www.renewables

No38

Upgrading of carbon-based reductants from biomass pyrolysis under pressurized laboratory kiln

Eric S. Noumi,*,a Patrick Rousset,b Joel Blinc

aInternational Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

bAdvanced Fuel Processing Laboratory (AFPL), The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

cFrench Agriculture Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 73 rue J. F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

The main problems of substitution of top charged coke by charcoal in blast furnace are the missing compressive strength and the too high reactivity of charcoal, which means replacement is only possible in mini blast furnace. Although these furnace permit to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas, their production remain marginal and more research are necessary to upgrade charcoal properties for conventional blast furnace. Recent studies



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have shown that using pressure can increase gravimetric yields, fixed carbon content and considerably reduce carbonization time. The purpose of this study is to determine in a statistical manner how carbonizations parameters and especially pyrolysis pressure impact the charcoal quality in term of reactivity and mechanical parameter (such as crushing strength and friability). The experiments were based on multivariate statistical concepts, with the application of fractional factorial design techniques to identify the variables that are important synthesis of charcoal. The experimental study was carried out using Eucalyptus Urophylla and Eucalyptus Camadulensis wood and involved two carbonization temperature (350 and 600 °C), two relative working pressure (2 and 6 bars) and two heating rates (1 and 5 °C/min). Six response variables were analyzed and discussed following a random factorial design: the charcoal yield (Ychar), the fixed carbon content (Cf), the bulk density (D), the crushing strength (Rm), friability (F) and the reactivity (R) of charcoal. Except for the friability of charcoal, all other properties are well correlate with carbonization parameter. Given the demand of the steelmaking sector, the best charcoal would appear to be obtained at high temperature above 536 °C, moderate pressure above 5 bars and moderate heating rate around 1.02 °C/min.

No39

A study on the Energy Consumption and Performance of a Temperature and Humidity Test Chamber

Kwesi Mensah,a Jong Min Choi*,b

aGraduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country.

*,bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country

[email protected], *,[email protected]

It was demonstrated that, the energy consumption and fluctuation of a constant temperature and humidity test chamber can be reduce significantly by adopting a variable speed compressor to the refrigerating unit. 1.0 Introduction: Temperature and Humidity test chambers are used to perform thermal-environmental simulations on manufactured specimens. These test chambers consume lots



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of energy during the testing operations. This work focused on minimizing the energy consumption and fluctuation of these chambers 2.0 Experimental Setup and Schematic diagram: Figure 1 shows the picture of the experimental setup and the schematic diagram.

Electric Heater

Humidifer

Evaporator

Test Chamber

Circulating Fans

Refrigeration unit

Supply Air

Return Air

Figure 1: (a) Picture of Exp. Setup (b) Schematic diagram of Exp. setup 3.0 Experimental Results: Figure 2 shows the results obtained from the experimental investigations.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

2.2

4.4

6.6

8.8

11.0

Relative humidity : 40%RHDry bulb temperature (oC)

25DB

45DB

Po

we

r c

on

su

mp

tio

n (

kW

)

Compressor speed (Hz)

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

A

ir T

em

pe

ratu

re D

iffe

ren

ce

a

cro

ss

ele

ctr

ic h

ea

ter

(oC

)

Relative humidity = 40%

Compressor Speed (Hz)

Dry bulb temperature (oC)

25

45

Figure 2: (a) Power consumption with speed; (b) Air temperature difference with speed (Hz). 4.0 Conclusion: In the aspects of energy savings and fluctuation reduction of temperature and humidity test chambers, it is highly recommended to adopt a refrigerator with a variable speed compressor 5.0 Reference: [1] Mensah, K; Choi, J. M.; You, B. M., Yoon, S.B., Proceedings of KSME Winter conference 2016, 351-352.



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No40

African Network for Solar Energy: Achievements in Figures

Manuela ATTOUH, Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE

African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V), Ebertstr. 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]; [email protected]

The African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) is a network of more than 1000 learners, experts and institutions that seek to address Africa’s energy problems using environmental-friendly energy sources, including the continent’s abundant solar resources. Initiated on 4 November, 2010 in Sousse, Tunisia, and launched on February 4th, 2011 in Linz, Austria, it is headquartered in Jena, Germany, and boasts branches in 44 African countries and 30 non-African countries. The main focus of ANSOLE is CAPACITY BUILDING as reflected by its 3 main goals: (1) Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) at various skill levels, (2) Research activities among African and non-African scientists involved in the training of African students and experts, and (3) Promotion of renewable energies in Africa through public education and awareness raising. The following are the organization’s major achievements in figures since its inception. 14 African students have carried out their Master’s and PhD studies thanks to ICTP (International Centre for Theoretical Physics)/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs. 16 African and non-African students with own funds were mediated to African and non-African institutions. Through the funding of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), 5 students from the´Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (including Climate Change) (PAUWES) visited relevant renewable energy infrastructure in Germany in May 2016. Over 90 renewable energy related-workshops, meetings, conferences and symposiums have been organized, co-organized and facilitated by ANSOLE throughout the world. At least 30 research works completed by beneficiaries of ICTP/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs have been published in the form of articles in international respected scientific journals. Besides, ANSOLE has published 6 e-Magazines + 1 supplement so far. ANSOLE is supported by 4 partners and has 6 active institutional members. ANSOLE and partners initiated a platform called Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications (BALEWARE). It was officíally launched on December 12th, 2016 at NM-AIST, Arusha, Tanzania. The African Network for Solar Energy is a dynamic and fast-growing organization thanks to its members. So, more ANSOLERs will mean more achievements. Key words: ANSOLE, capacity building, ICTP, fellowship programs, BALEWARE. References: All 6 issues of ANSOLE e-Magazine published between 2014 and 2016.



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Manuela Attouh is a translator and conference interpreter by profession. She specializes in the translation of texts in the field of environment from English into French and vice versa. Contact: [email protected].

No41

The Impact of Various Molecular Distributions of an Anthracene-Containing PPE-PPV on Solid State Properties and Photovoltaic Performance

Christoph Ulbricht,a,b Francesca Tinti,c Vera Cimrova,d Nadia Camaionic and Daniel A. M.

Egbe*,a,b aLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040

Linz, Austria. bInstitute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,

4040 Linz, Austria. cInstituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P.

Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. dInstitute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,

Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic [email protected]

Conjugated polymers can be pepared with various molecular mass distributions, which can have a distinct impact at the solid state properties and the performance in organic electronic applications such as bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Herein we present the investigation of three poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) batches, which were formed from identical building blocks but exhibit slight variations regarding their molar mass characteristics (Scheme 1).[1]

Scheme 1: Synthesis, molar mass distributions and polymer characteristics of the polymer batches PAnE-PVstat-a,b,c.




75

Analysis in solid state, e.g. XRD measurements, indicate, that the presence of small molecular mass species lead to a better ordering in the AnE-PVstat films, which seems to facilitate a better performance in bulk-heterojunction solar cell assemblies (Figure 1).

Figure 1: XRD results of annealed films (left) and solar cell characteristics (right) of the polymer

batches AnE-PVstat-a,b,c.

Acknowledgement: C. Ulbricht and D. A. M. Egbe acknowledge the financial support by FWF through project No: I 1703-N20. Reference: [1] Tinti, F.; Fedlu, K. S.; Gazzano, M.; Righi, S.; Ulbricht, C.; Usluer, Ö.; Pokorna, V.; Cimrova, V.; Yohannes, T.; Egbe, D. A. M; Camaioni, N.; RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 6972.



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Abstracts of other Registered Participants



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No 2

Mitigation of Energy Crops threat on Food Security in Africa

Nicholas Mukisa Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (Including Climate Change)-

PAUWES c/o Tlemcen University, B.P. 119 | Pôle Chetouane, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria.

[email protected] [email protected]/[email protected]

Liquid biofuels are considered the leading substitutes to the non-renewable fuels in Africa’s transport sector as well as fostering rural development by providing job opportunities and market for agricultural products, mainly the energy crops. Though energy crops are seen as a revenue basket for the farmers involved in their growing and marketing, they are perceived to stage a big threat to food security on the continent due to their high competition for land area and labour with food crops and their impact on ecosystems. Africa harbours about 60 % of the world’s underutilised land, to which about 45 % of this is deemed suitable for agriculture, though three-quarters of existing farmland heavily depleted due to continuous farming [1,2]. Of the available arable land, only 12 % is under in countries such as Tanzania, Mozambique and Zambia [1]. Currently, Africa produces its liquid biofuels mainly from Jatropha (biodiesel) and sugar cane, specifically molasses (for bioethanol). Though food crops such as cassava, palm oil, sweet sorghum, tropical sugar beets, canola oil and sunflower oil have been identified as promising, but they have not made any notable contribution to the production [3]. Liquid biofuels production has been widely linked to increasing food prices particularly in Africa, however, their production in Africa is still very small accounting for less than 0.05 % of global biofuel production [1]. Notably, Africa currently meets its food supply by a mix of domestic food production and overseas food imports, with West Africa alone importing 40 % of their rice to food demands and the entire continent imports about 30 % of cereal consumed [4]. As a way forward, food security in Africa can be achieved through sustainable agriculture. Inter-cropping and integrating food and energy production can also encourage biodiversity as well as agricultural mechanisation will ensure Food-Energy balance as well as utilization of the underutilised land area on the continent. Keywords: Energy crops, Food crops, underutilized land, Food security References: [1] Partners for Euro African Green Energy (Pangea), "Myths and Facts about Bioenergy in Africa," Pangea, Brussels, 2013. [2] Partners for Euro African Green Energy (Pangea), "Who's Fooling Whom? The Real Drivers Behind the 2010/11 Food Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa" Pangea, Brussels, 2012. [3] UNU-IAS, "Biofuels in Africa: Impacts on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Human Well-being" UNU-IAS, Japan, 2012. [4] Ebyd Dawe, "Rice crisis, market trends, and food security in West Africa" Food and Agriculture Organisation, London, 2010.



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No4

Lithology and Economic Potential Resources of Igumale-Nsukka Area, Southeastern Nigeria

M.U. Uzoegbu*, N. Egesi, and H.O. Nwankwoala

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The Maastrichtian Mamu and Nsukka Formations in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, Silty Shales and Siltstone interpreted as deltaic deposits. The study area is located in the Northern part of Nsukka within the Anambra Basin Southeastern Nigeria. The aim of this investigation is to examine the lithologic and economic aspect of some rocks in this area. Four main stratigraphic units belonging to the Enugu Shale, the Lower and Upper Mamu Formation and the Ajali Sandstone were identified. The Enugu Shale is the oldest unit which forms the base of the sequence and could be subdivided into subunits; carbonaceous Shale, gray Shale and Sandy Shale. The carbonaceous shale consists of dark, soft bluish shale-thinly laminated. The gray comprises laminated shale alternating with sandstones and the sandy shale consist of alternating shale, fine sandstones and siltstones. The Mamu Formation succeeded the Enugu Shale and the two members of this formation; Lower and Upper Mamu Formation are identified. The Lower Mamu Formation is made of three units, carbonaceous shale, gray shale and sandy shale. The Upper Mamu unit consist of friable fine white sandstones. The Ajali Sandstone overlain the Upper Mamu Formation and consist of whitish to pinkish red, poorly consolidated medium grained sandstones. It is well cross bedded and contains plant impressions, and burrows-fills as ichno-fossils. The sandstones are used in the manufacturing of glass while laterites are used for various construction purposes such as roads, buildings and bridges. The clays are for pottery, glazed tiles, in ceramics industry. The coal has a future prospect for industries. Such as iron and steel industry as cooking coal, cement industries and raw materials for chemical industries and also used locally for cooking. The alternation of shale and sandstones in the Enugu Shales, Mamu Formation and Ajali Sandstone provide a good petroleum System. Keywords: Lithofacies, sandstone, shale, mineralogy, depositional environment potentials resources References:



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Ogbaje, N.G., Musa, M.K, Odoma, A.N and Hamza H. (2011). The Bida Basin in north-central Nigeria: Sedimentology and petroleum geology. The journal of petroleum and Gas Exploration Research. 1(1), 001-013. Uzoegbu, U.M and Ostertag-Henning C.(2014). Technological properties and geochemical evaluation of Maastrichtian coal from SE Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and science invention, 3(4), 55-74. Uzoegbu, U.M., Dike E.F.C., Obaje, N.G and Uchebo, U.A. (2013b). The unusual microscopic features in coal and characterization of coals from the Anambra Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Science Technology Research, 12(2), 11-15. Uzoegbu, U.M.,Egesi. N and Nwankwoala H.O. (2015). Lithology and economic potential resources of Igumale-Nsukak Area, SE, Nigeria. Scientia Africana, Vol.14 (No.1), 55-74.

No7

Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Monitoring of Biogas Generation, a Tool for Sustainable Energetics for Africa.

Michael Ashindoitiang Agbebiaa

University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; [email protected]

Anaerobic digestion (AD) systems are extremely sensitive to changes in environmental variables. Correct design and control of the system’s parameters are essential to maximize process efficiency, increase stability, and prevent system failure. Automation systems can both raise plant availability and help meet the transparency requirements of the process. A fully automated continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) of about 30 m3 capacity design is propose for waste and installed at University of Port Harcourt, River State (Nigeria). This is to be the first fully automated digestor at pilot scale which can be monitored by remote sensing all over the country. Parameters (pH, temp, feeding rate, energy consumption) will be ascertain from a CSTR plant online by using remote monitoring system. Pilot scale CSTR will be operated using cow dung (CD) in an optimized ratio of interest. The reactor will be allowed to run continuously for days. Average biogas produced per day will be recorded. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, automation, satellite remote sensing, biogas References:



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Gollakota KG, Jayalakshmi B. Biogas (natural gas) production by anaerobic digestion of oil cake by a mixed culture isolated from cow dung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 110, (1983) 32–35. Lingaiah V, Rajasekaran P. Biodigestion of cow dung and organic wastes mixed with oil cake in relation to energy. Agric wastes. 17, (1986) 161–173. Radhakrishna P, Gollakota KG. A pilot plant design and performance for biomethanation of non-edible oil cakes. Energy, 14, (1989) 771–772. Gunaseelan VN, Biomass estimates, characteristics, biochemical methane potential, kinetics and energy flow from Jatropha curcus on dry lands, Biomass and bioenergy 33 (2009) 589–596. Lopez O, Foidl G, Foidl N. Production of biogas from Jatropha curcus fruit shells. In: Symposium on Jatropha 97. Austria: Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 1997. Staubmann R, Foidl G, Foidl N, Gubitz GM, Lafferty RM, Valencia VM, et al. Production of biogas from Jatropha curcus seeds press cake. In: Symposium on Jatropha 97. Austria: Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 1997. Chandra R, Vijay VK, Subbarao PMV. A study on biogas generation from non-edible oil seed cakes: potential and prospects in India. In: Second joint International conference on sustainable energy and environment (SEE 2006). Bangkok, Thailand; 2006.

No8

Crystal Growth of Nanostructured Zinc Oxide Nanorods from the Seed Layer

Adetoye, B.O.*1, Alabi, A.B.1, Akomolafe, T.1, Managutti, P.B.2, Coppede, N.3, Villani, M.3, Calestani, D.3, Zappetini, A.3 and Maurizio, C.3 1University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria.

2Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.

3Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parma, Italy. [email protected]

One-dimensional (1D) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure (nanorods) was synthesized and grown on glass slide and Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass (FTO/glass) by a wet chemical method. The XRD results show that the as-deposited nanostructure on the glass (Figure 1) and the FTO/glass (Figure 2) substrates are of ZnO wurtzite crystal structure, and the average crystallite size calculated was 46.503 nm and 47.535 nm respectively. The SEM mages (glass substrate - Figure 3, FTO/glass - Figure 4) show growth of well-defined ZnO nanorods with a hexagonal-faceted morphology. The optical energy band gap of the ZnO nanostructure was estimated to be 3.87 eV by the absorbance spectrum fitting (ASF) method (Figure 5) [1].



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Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

Keywords: Zinc oxide, wet chemical technique, nanostructure, absorbance spectrum fitting Reference: [1] Ghobadi N. International Nano Letters 2013, 3:2. doi:10.1186/2228-5326-3-2

No10

PZN-PT Perovskite Nanoparticles Thin Layer Deposition on Nanostructured p-Type Silicon Substrate for an Inorganic – Perovskite: Solar Cells Application

Rémi Ndioukane*,a, Diouma Kobora, Moussa Touréa, Modou Tinea and Laurence Motteb

aLaboratoire de Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux (LCPM), University Assane Seck of Ziguinchor (UASZ), PoB 523, Ziguinchor, Senegal.

bLaboratory for Vascular Translational Science – LVTS, Paris – France. Phone +221 77 445 31 29, E-mail: [email protected]

This work involves an investigation of nanostructures and microelectronic properties and domain engineering of nanoparticles thin layers of PZN-PT ferroelectric single crystals



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deposited on nanostructured silicon p and n-type substrates. Indeed, PZN-PT single crystals showed properties up to 10 times more interesting than those of the ferroelectric perovskite materials currently used. The aim of this study is twofold. On the one hand, it will be getting around, despite their excellent ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties and the difficulty of making these single crystals as a thin layer, using single crystal nanoparticles, already synthesized by conventional methods, by spin coating with a gel based on these perovskite single crystals. Studying their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties would be able to integrate them easily in electronic devices such as sensor or transducer. On the other hand, a second innovative aspect relates to their use on substrates such as silicon for inorganic - inorganic hybrid perovskites solar cells knowing that, all studies are with organic – inorganic perovskites cells. This is the most original aspect of the work and requires an intensive study on their structural properties and the impact of the introduction of such perovskite nanoparticles in the nanostructured silicon substrate. By using them as active material in a silicon nanostructure, one could increase the electrical or optical properties of silicon based solar cells. However, one of the greatest difficulties in the use of such single crystals is to achieve them in thin layers form because of their incongruent melting property. In this work, to integrate them into silicon nanostructures, we realized PZN-PT nanoparticles deposit, already synthesized by the so-called solution flow method [1]. Synchrotron Radiation Beamline was used to characterize this device.

Figure 1: SEM image of a <100> oriented nanostructured p type silicon substrate (a) before gel deposit (b) after gel deposit. Keywords: Nanostructure, perovskite, silicon, thin layer [1] A. Benayad, et al. J. of Crystal Growth 2004, 270, 137-144.



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No11

Decentralised Renewables in Nigeria: A Panacea to Searching for Fuel Wood

Usman Muhammad,a *Jamilu Bello Abubakarb Centre for Renewable Energy and Action on Climate Change, Gusau, Nigeria.

[email protected] Energy serves as an engine room for economic growth and development. Energy is an essential ingredient for socio-economic development of every nation. Securities of energy supply and climate change are the key principal factors motivating the consideration of alternatives to fossil fuels in the near-medium-to long term. As the price of fuel keeps escalating thereby affecting economics of developing nations as well as the rapid destruction of the forest cover in search for fuel wood and the impact of climate change, developing nations such as Nigeria have no other alternatives than to fully invest in alternative sources of energy. It was estimated that 60 million Nigerians own generators and spend $13billion each year to fuel these machines; this is in a country where 70% live below poverty line. It has been confirmed that Nigeria receives 5.08 × 1012 kWh of energy per day from the sun and if solar energy appliances with just 5% efficiency are used to cover only 1% of the country's surface area, then 2.54 × 106 MWh of electrical energy can be obtained from solar energy. This amount of electrical energy is equivalent to 4.66 million barrels of oil per day. This paper tends to look at how solar off-grid can help in mitigating felling down trees for fuel wood as a means to address poverty and land degradation in Nigeria, examines the available avenue and political policy processes for the country to adopt off-grid lighting, thus, the major inhibiting factors to electricity generations, transmissions, and distributions to these rural areas due to geographic remoteness, cost of transportation, and poor commitments were examined. References: Aliyu, U.O., and Elegba, S.B., Prospect for Small Hydropower Development for Applications in Nigeria, Nig. Journal of Renewable Energy Vol. 1, pp 74-86., 1990. Bala E.J., Ojosu J.O., and Umar I.H., Government Policies and Programmes on the Development of Solar-PV Sub-Sector in Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy, Vol. 8, No. 1 and 2, pp 1-6, 2000. Barbier EB, Hochard J.P., Does Land Degradation Increase Poverty in Developing Countries? PLoS ONE 11(5): e0152973 2016. Bugaje I.M., Remote Area Power Supply in Nigeria: The Prospect of Solar Energy, pp 491-500, 1999. Sambo A.S., Empirical Model for the Correlation with Global Solar Radiation with Meteorological Data for Northern Nigeria; Solar and Wind Technology, Vol. 3, pp89-93, 1986. Usman M., Youth Climate Action in the Face of Africa, Huffington Post, Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usman-muhammad/youth-climate-action-in-t_b_5901650.html (Online) 2014. Usman M., Rural Solar Electrification in Nigeria: Renewable Energy Potentials and Distribution for Rural Development. American Solar Energy Society Journal, [Denver] Available from: https://ases.conference-services.net/resources/252/2859/pdf/SOLAR2012_0232_full%20paper.pdf (Online) 2012: Usman M., Nigeria’s Emission Reduction Target and Preparations for COP21. Leadership Newspaper Available: http://leadership.ng/news/world/427600/nigerias-emission-reduction-target-and-preparations-for-cop21 (Online) 2015.



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No16

Case Analysis of the Optical Parameters of Solar Flat-Plate Collector on the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a Solar Chiller Adsorption in the Site of

Senegal

Serigne THIAOa,b,*([email protected]), Awa MARa,b([email protected]), Reine Marie Ndew.DIOHa,b ([email protected]), Ina COULOMBc ([email protected]),

Cheikh MBOWd ([email protected]), Issakha YOUMa,b ([email protected]) aCenter of Studies and Research on Renewable Energies (CERER) Dakar, Senegal BP. 476.

bLaboratory of Solar Energy, Materials and Systems, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Cheikh anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal.

cInternational Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France. dLaboratory of Fluid mechanical and Hydraulic, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences

and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal. Adsorption solar cooling appears to have prospect in the tropical countries. The present study is a case analysis of the optical parameters of solar flat-plate collector on the coefficient of performance (COP) of a solar chiller adsorption in the site of Senegal The values of absorber plate temperatures obtained from numerical solutions of heat balance equations are used to predict the effects of optical parameters of solar flat-plate collector on the coefficient of performance (COP) of a solar chiller adsorption. The simulation technique takes into account the variations of ambient temperature and solar radiation along the day. The effects of optical parameters of the glass cover such as absorption and transmission coefficients on the coefficient of performance are analyzed. As a result, it is found that the higher values of COP are obtained between 11 hours and 13 hours during the morning when the temperatures of the absorber plate and the ambient temperatures increase. Moreover the COP increases with the coefficient of transmission of the glass cover but the main parameter acting on the variations of the COP remains the temperature of the evaporator. Keywords: absorber, coefficient of performance, glass-cover, optical parameters, solar cooling References: [1] Ali A.A; Yanho H; Reinhard R;. Review of solar thermal air conditioning technogies. Int. J. Refrigeration 2014. 39 (2014) 4-22.



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[2] Boubakri, A.;. A new conception of an adsorptive solar powered ice maker. Renew. Energ. 2003. 28 (5): 831-842. [3] Choudhury, B; Chatterjee, P.K; Sarkar, J.P;. Review paper on solar powered air conditioning through adsorption route. Review. Sust. Eng. Rev. 2010. 14, 2189-2195. [4] Duffie, J.A., and W.A. Beckman,. Solar Energy Thermal Process. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York1974. [5] Duffie, J.A; Beckman, W.A;. Solar Engineering of thermal processes. Wiley, New York1980. [6] Ferreira C.I; Dong S.K;. Techno-economic review of solar cooling technologies based on location-specific data. Int. J. Refrigeration 2014. 39 (2014) 23-37 [7] Ferreira Leite, A.P; Belo, F.A; Martins, M.M; Riffel, D.B;. Central air conditioning based on adsorption and solar energy. Appl. Ther. Eng. 2011. 31, 5058.

No20

Modeling of a Pressurized Air Receiver with Reticoulous Porous Ceramic Absorber

Baye A. Ndiogou1,a), Ababacar Thiam1, Cheikh Mbow, Pascal Stouffs3,Dorothé Azilinon1

1 Laboratoire d’Energétique Appliquée, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique de Dakar PO: 5085, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.

3Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar(Senegal) 4Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour(France).

a)[email protected]

Introduction Central receiver systems using solar tower technology have a high potential thanks to strong achievable concentration. In these types of plants, the receiver plays a crucial role, it intercepts and converts incident radiation into thermal energy and turns this heat into a fluid. To do this, a better knowledge of receiver operation and its rigorous modeling is required. For this work a receiver with an absorber reticulated porous ceramic contained between two concentric cylinders, and horizontal axis of length L (see figure below; [1]) was chosen.



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Modeling of the receiver After a study of pre-sizing, a formulation in terms of infinitesimal areas leads to energy balances in the form of integral equations for the cavity [2]. They are solved and used as source code UDF in the CFD code Ansys Fluent. For the absorber, a mathematical model based on the Representative elementary volume is used to predict the flow and heat transfer within the absorber. The numerical solution of equations set was obtained with the CFD code Ansys Fluent The power wanted in this study is obtained with a thermal efficiency equal to 87%. The temperature profiles show the excellent ability of the receiver to transfer the heat to the fluid. References: [1] Hischier, Ilias; “Development of a pressurized receiver for solar-driven gas turbines” Ph.D Thesis ETH ZURICH 2011. [2] Howell, Jonh R.; Mengϋç, M. Pinar; Siegel, Robert; ”Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer“. sixth edition (Taylor & Francis Group).

No23

Evaluation of the Performance of Solar Cooling System Based on the Principle of Adorption

Mamadou Kaa,b,*, Nacire Mbenguea, Moulaye Diagnea, Bassirou Baa, Alfred Karbachb,

Lingai Luoc aLaboratoire des Semi-conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire(LASES), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST) de l' Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), BP: 5005, Dakar-

Fann, Sénégal. bLaboratoire de (Klima Labor) à Technischen Hochschule Mittelhessen(THM), de Justus

Liebig Universität de Giessen(Allemagne). cLaboratoire de Thermocinétique, UMR CNRS 6607, Polytech’ Nantes - Université de

Nantes, La Chantrerie, Rue Christian Pauc, BP 50609, 44306, Nantes, Cedex, France.

- CPC is the second concentrator - The cavity that absorbs concentrated solar flux - The RPC which acts as absorber is made of ceramic foam. - The outer cylinder acts as an insulator.



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*[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

This paper presents the development and investigation of the thermally driven ACS 08, a novel single effect, silica gel/water adsorption chiller with nominal cooling capacity of 7.5 kW, developed by SorTech AG for solar cooling system. Under the standard test conditions of 80 °C hot water, 30 °C cooling water, and 14 °C chilled water inlet temperatures, a cooling power of 1.1 kW and a coefficient of performance (COP) for cooling of 0.15 can be achieved. And we have plot the position of the sun on the SKY and the estimation of solar radiation in this site (GIESSEN). References: [1] K.C.A. Alam, B.B. Saha, Y.T. Kang, A. Akisawa, T. Kashiwagi, Heat exchanger design effect on the system performance of silica-gel adsorption refrigeration systems, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43 (24) (2000) 4419–4431. [2] E.C. Boelman, B.B. Saha, T. Kashiwagi, Experimental investigation of a silica gel–water adsorption refrigeration cycle—The influence of operating conditions on cooling output and COP, ASHRAE Transactions: Research 101 (2) (1995) 358–366. [3] S.-H. Cho, J.-N. Kim, Modeling of a silica gel/water adsorption cooling system, Energy 17 (9) (1992) 829–839. Acknowledgements: This work was completed within the laboratory (Klima Labor) with Technischen Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM), of Justus Liebig Universität of Giessen (Germany).

No24

Mapping and Assessment of Clean Energy Mini-Grid Experiences in West Africa

Eseoghene HOBSON

University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. [email protected]

The benefits of electricity have been well established. However, for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), having an average of 34% national electrification rate deprives it of the full benefits. Recognizing this, the ECOWAS region has



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committed itself to achieving universal access by 2030. Instrumental is improving the rural electrification rate currently at an average of 18%. Clean Energy Mini-Grids (CEMGs) will be one of the approaches taken to improve rural electrification, which is estimated to cater for 25% of the rural population with a target of 128,000 CEMGs [1]. At 271 existing CEMGs, progress is being made in the ECOWAS region but the pace is slow. Achieving significant results will involve all stakeholders (government, private sectors, development partners, financial institutions), technologies, business models etc). The extracted information is to be used to build the capacities of policy and decision makers, project promoters and investors to improve the enabling environment in order to accelerate CEMG investments in ECOWAS member states. [1] ECREEE, "ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy (EREP)" ed. Praia, Cape Verde, 2013, 82.

No26 & No27

Sustainable Energy for Sustainable Development: Values-Based Education as Key to Best Practices

Gratien G. Atindogbé* and Endurence M. K. Dissake

University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. *[email protected]; [email protected]

The purpose of our project is to propose content modules or lessons or educational modules on renewable energy in the curricula of the learners of the primary (UNESCO-UNEP, n.d.), tertiary and higher education on Cameroon. It is a way of creating awareness and cultivating good practices on RE right from the beginning, i.e. at the tender age of the learner. As rightly put by Khan (2016): Education plays a very important role in the life of man. It is this tool that makes a man a human being who can think, analyse and act judiciously. Many philosophers, thinkers and educationists have defined education in many ways from different viewpoints. If we sum up all the definitions, then we can define education as “that process which brings a change in the behaviour of human being”. I would further hold that “a change in behaviour in a desired manner”. This task will not only increase the students’ chances to master the topic, but will equally raise their awareness and prepare their minds to innovation in the field. Furthermore, it will sparkle their skills of environmental friendly energy professionals and make them effective problem solvers capable of applying environmental knowledge (cf. Ramachandra, 2016;



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Gopal and Anand, 2016). As knowledge in the field of RE is still developing, it is important to develop educational strategies from which the children, and later on energy professionals as well lay men will learn a practical and timeless approach to energy-related matters. The said module can be integrated in existing courses such as “environmental education” which is introduced right from class 3 in our schools. The sensitization on the use of environmental free energy can equally go in educational games for the children. Moreover, as language is central to all human activities, the other purpose of this poster is to show the importance of language in particular but of the humanities and social sciences in general in the venture of renewable energy for Africa, more specifically rural Africa. As the two official languages of Cameroon are English and French, the modules will first be conceived in those two exoglossic languages, but the ultimate goal is to have them in the Cameroon national languages. References: [1] UNESCO-UNEP, International Environmental Education Programme. Environmental education activities for primary schools: Suggestions for making and using low-cost equipment. n.d. Paris: The International Centre for Conservation Education for UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Programme (IEEP). [2] Ramachandra, T. V. Environment education for ecosystem conservation. 2016. Retrieved from: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue22/art1.htm# tvr. Accessed 26 November 2016. [3] Khan, M. A. Role of teacher educators in environment education. 2016. Retrieved from: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue22/art2.htm. Accessed 26 November 2016. [4] Gopal, G. V. and Anand, V. V. Environmental Education in school Curriculum an overall perspective. 2016. Retrieved from: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/ newsletter/ issue22/art5.htm. Accessed 26 November 2016.

No29

Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biodiesel Production Using Coal Fly Ash Based Zeolites – A Way Forward in Promoting Environmental Sustainability

Omotola Babajide and Leslie Petrik

Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa

[email protected]



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The accumulation of fly ash has been a matter of great environmental concern necessitating innovative processes for the beneficiation of fly ash. In light of this, heterogeneous catalysts synthesized from waste fly ash have been considered useful substitutes to conventional catalysts in view of their environmental and economic viability. Coal fly ash based zeolites are used as heterogeneous catalysts in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol. The coal fly ash based zeolites were characterized by different techniques including X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to give insight into their properties. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions include a methanol: oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst amount of 3% (w/w) of oil, reaction temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 8 hours. These conditions proved favourable to obtain high yields of fatty acid methyl esters known otherwise as biodiesel.

No31

Enhanced Performance of Antimony Sulphide Mesoscopic Solar Cells by Employing Nb:TiO2 Compact Layer

Victor Odari,*,a,b,c Pascal Kaienburg,b Shuo Wang,b Robinson Musembi,*,a Julius Mwabora,a

Thomas Kirchartzb aUniversity of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.

bIEK-5, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany. cMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.

[email protected]; [email protected] Antimony sulphide (Sb2S3) has received attention as a promising absorber material for photovoltaic devices and further studies are now focusing on optimization of the devices to improve their performance. A compact layer of TiO2 is normally used in mesoscopic and extremely thin absorber solar cells to block holes from reaching the transparent conducting oxide electrode. Doping of this layer with transition metals and nitrogen has an impact in its electronic properties and thereby on the device performance. This work reports on the enhancement of charge transport in mesoscopic antimony sulphide solar cells with TiO2 compact layer by doping with niobium which led to solar cells with improved fill factor and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.7% relative to 1.3% for devices using a pristine TiO2 compact layer. The photovoltaic devices were fabricated at room temperature using aqueous



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chemical bath deposition technique. The enhancement of the device performance is attributed to charge compensation achieved by formation of Ti vacancies which leads to a decrease in selective contact resistance and an increase in charge recombination. This is inferred from a detailed impedance spectroscopy study performed on these devices. References: [1] Gödel, Karl C., Yong Chan Choi, Bart Roose, Aditya Sadhanala, Henry J. Snaith, Sang Il Seok, Ullrich Steiner and Sandeep K. Pathak, Chem. Commun. 51 (MAY). Royal Society of Chemistry: 2015, 8640–43. doi:10.1039/C5CC01966D. [2] Kulkarni, Anil N, Sandeep A Arote, Habib M Pathan, and Rajendra S Patil, Bull. Mater. Sci., 2015, 38 (2): 493–98. [3] Savadogo, O, and K C Mandal. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 1992, doi:10.1016/0927-0248(92)90131-8. [4] Tumelero, Milton A., Ricardo Faccio, and Andre A. Pasa. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2016, 120 (3): 1390–99. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b10233. [5] Xiong Yin, Yanjun Guo, Zhaosheng Xue, Peng Xu, Meng He and Bin Liu, Nano Research, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s12274-015-0711-4.

No43

A Simple Method for Photovoltaic System Performance Prediction

I. Faye*a, A. Ndiayea, D. Kobora, A. K Dialloa, R. Ndioukanea Ziguinchor, Senegal

[email protected]

This paper proposes a novel method to predict the PV module performance for engineering application. Five parameters are introduced in this method to account for the complex dependance of the PV module performance. Upon solar-irradiance intensity and PV module temperature rise. Accordingly, the most important parameters, .i.e. the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor and maximum power of the PV module, may be determined under different solar irradiance intensities and module température. And the coefficient α, β and γ were estimate in under different solar-irradiances and temperatures. To validate the developed method, field measured data collected on a mesurement splateforme installed at University of Dakar in Senegal in a Sahelien climat are used. A period of one operation year of the PV module is considered. Good agreements between the



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sumilated results and the field data are found. This model is simple and especially useful for engineers to calculate the actual performance of the PV module under operating conditions with limeted data provied by the PV module manufactures needed. Keywords: PV module; short-circuit current; open circuit-voltage; maximum power output; I-V curve

(1)

α = (2)

βi = (3)

β = (4)

= (5)

γ = (6)

(7)

R2 = 1- (8)

No44

Relationsphip Between Energy Comsumption (Electricity), Economic Growth and Sustainable Development

Ugochukwu Paul Ubah,a Samuel Igbatayob

a,bEconomics Department, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria.



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[email protected]; [email protected]

This study examines the nexus of energy consumption(electricity), economic growth, sustainable Development with deep consideration of the classical production propellers i.e capital and labour stock and how much energy (electricity) consumption augments these other variables that are abundant in Nigeria to propel economic growth and sustainable development. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between energy (electricity) consumption, economic growth and development in Nigeria and also to examine the existence of a long-run relationship between energy (electricity) consumption and capital formation, labour stock and real economic growth in the country. The study also examines the level at which capital formation depends on electricity to enable real economic growth in Nigeria and finally to determine the causal relationship between real economic growth and energy (electricity) consumption in Nigeria. In relation to methodology, experimental design combining theoretical and empirical dynamics, were adopted on tests for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) stationarity test. Johansen test for Cointegration and further adoption of the Vector Error Correction Mechanism to investigate the long and short run relationship dynamics and the granger causality test for causation analysis was also examined. The results reveals, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test for stationarity showed that some of the variables under study were integrated at order one while others were integrated at order two; therefore, they are not stationary at levels but at first differencing, the Johanson Cointegration test indicated that there existed four Cointegration relationships, thus the VECM was employed to adjust for short run shocks, and it is evident that capital stock and electricity are positively related to economic growth and development on the long run, while labour has a negative relationship in the long run but a positive one in the short run. The granger causality test indicated a unidirectional causal relationship moving from energy (electricity) consumption to economic growth in Nigeria. In conclusion, it is evident from the above analysis that Nigeria is a highly energy dependent nation with rising population levels, accompanied by increasing needs for industrial activities. Therefore, from the forgoing, it is obvious that a sustainable energy policy that has a comprehensive structure for diversification will spur sustainable economic growth and development, thus reinforcing inclusive economic growth economic growth. References: Akinlo, A.E., (2009) Electricity and Economic growth in Nigeria: Evidence from Cointegration and co-feature analysis. Journal of policy modelling, 32(5), 681-693. Kouakou A.K., (2011) Economic growth and Electricity consumption in Cote d’Ivoire: Evidence from a time series Analysis. Energy policy, 39 3638-3644. Odhiambo, N.M., (2009b) Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in south Africa: A Trivariate Cuasality Test. Energy Economics, 31(5).



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No46

Conversion of Biomass into Useful Forms of Energy

BOUWAI Pohognaki University Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal

Email address: [email protected] We are interested to biomass because Biomass energy is an abundant, secure, environmentalfriendly, and renewable source of energy. Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel [1]. Biomass is the plant material derived from the reaction between CO2 in the air, water and sunlight, via photosynthesis, to produce carbohydrates that form the building blocks of biomass [2]. We want in this presentation to describe the different ways to convert biomass into useful forms of energy. This ways include direct combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis, Digestion and fermentation. Direct burning is as it sounds. Plant material is chipped, dried, and then burned to boil water, make steam, and then electricity. Gasification is the conversion of biomass into a gas and carbon powder. Fermentation is the production of alcohol (ethanol mainly) from sugars in biomass [3]. [1] Sriram, N.; Shahidehpour, M. Renewable Biomass Energy. 60616. (http://www.iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/pdf/papers/renewables/biomassenergy.pdf) [2] McKendry, P.; Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresource Technology 83.ELSEVIER 2002, 37–46. (http://www.jv-engineers.com/files/Biomass-Overview.pdf) [3] http://www.colorado.edu/geolsci/courses/GEOL3520/Biomass.pdf




95

No48

Transitioning to Renewable Energy in Nigeria: The German Energiewende Experience

Sunday Olusheyi Falaye

Econergco West Africa Limited, Lagos, Nigeria [email protected]

Nigeria with a population of over 180 million inhabitants currently generates an average of 4 gigawatt of electricity against the estimated energy needs of 62 gigawatts. This is in contrast with Germany with lower population of 80.62 million as of 2015 and generates about 82 gigawatts of electricity, with 30% of that from renewable sources. The current electricity generated capacity clearly demonstrates that Nigeria is facing an energy crisis. The situation is becoming more critical as the population and industrial activity increases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a sustainable solution to the nation’s energy challenges through renewable energy sources due to the abundance untapped solar and unexploited wind energy opportunities. Nigeria receives huge amount of solar radiation with annual average estimated to be 7 KW/m2/day in the northern border regions and about 3.5 KW/m2/day in the coastal regions of south, and an annual average daily sunshine hours vary from 8 hrs/day in the northern border regions to 6 hrs/day in the coastal regions of south, and has abundant wind energy resources which remain unexploited. This paper explores Nigeria’s renewable energy potential and review the Energiewende policy of the German government, and the strategies which were adopted that has promoted the renewable energy sources in Germany from 6.3% of energy mix a decade ago to 30% today with solar energy having the highest share. The paper would further look at the replicability of German Renewable Energy revolution, the main drives of their success and the key success factors of its energy policies and law. References: Abdusalam D.; Mbamali I.; Mamman M.; An Assessment of Solar Radiation Patterns for Sustainable Implementation of Solar Home Systems in Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research. 2012 Vol.2 No.6 p 238-243. Ajayi, O. O.; Ajanaku, K. O.; Nigeria’s Energy Challenge and Power Development: The Way Forward. Energy & Environment Journal. 2009 Vol.20, No.3 Can Germany's renewable energy revolution be replicated in the United States?. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://thebulletin.org/can-germanys-renewable-energy-revolution-be-replicated-united-states9169 Emodi, N. V.; & Ebele, N. E. (2016). Policies Enhancing Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Nigeria. Sustainable Energy. 2016 Vol.4 No.1 p7-16. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://pubs.sciepub.com/rse/4/1/2/ German Energy Transition. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://energytransition.de/ HOW DO WE FIX IT? Germany Could Be a Model for How We’ll Get Power in the Future http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/11/climate-change/germany-renewable-energy-revolution-text Olaoye, T.; Ajilore, T.; Akinluwade, K.; Omole, F.; Adetunji, A., Energy Crisis in Nigeria: Need for Renewable Energy Mix. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 2016 Vol.4 No.1 p1-8. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from http://pubs.sciepub.com/rse/4/1/1/



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Renewable energy in Germany. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany Renewable Energy in Germany. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany

No49

Traffic Electric Power Generation (TEPG)

Zvirevo Chisadza aPan African University, Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (PAUWES), Tlemcen,

Algeria´. [email protected]

World energy requirements are extremely increasing. Power demands are critically exceeding the available power. Thus the conventional ways of electricity generation cannot meet the high demands of electrical energy. Other renewable means still do not meet the high energy demands. In few years to come, if not now, the existing power sources will become scarce, therefore there is need for non-conventional electricity generation ways. In this paper, design and implementation of a Traffic Electric Power Generation (TEPG) system is presented. Electricity is generated by replacing traditional speed humps into power humps. Mechanical energy of moving vehicles generates electricity. Rollers are fixed on ramps on which vehicles pass. When vehicles pass through the speed humps, they turn a flying wheel and rollers connected to a generator which in turn generates electricity. Power humps can be effectively placed near traffic lights, at parking lots entrance or any other place where traffic density is high. To boost energy produced, power hump circuits are connected in series. Power generated can be used for streetlights, traffic lights or other viable uses. From the practical results, each power hump serves four traffic lights for ten hours. The system contributes to environmental sustainability through sustainable energy generation and requires fewer readily available raw materials. Keywords: traffic electricity, sustainable energy, power hump, energy



97

No50

Characterization of Fuel Briquettes Coming from the Agroforestry Residues from Casamance Region

Philippe Bernard Himbane,*,a Lat Grand Ndiaye,b Diouma Koborc aOussouye, Senegal; bFatick, Senegal; cTambacounda, Senegal

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]* For decades, the man looked into the forest to meet its energy needs; creating the disappearance of several hectares of forests. Our planet being under threat emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases; we must be aware while ensuring the energy transition. Therefore, some countries with potential of biomass residues have turned to producing biocharbons to remedy for the deforestation problem. By cons, Casamance, by its very high biodiversity, is characterized by significant production of agro-forestry-pastoral residues which, practically do not undergo any energy valorization. For this purpose, two thesis work were already underway: one deals with the hydrodynamic study and the energy valorization by thermochemical processing of biomass waste for feeding a brickyard and the other concerns the valorization of agro-forestry-pastoral residues of Casamance in fuel briquettes for industrial and domestic households. This thesis, which is the continuation of these two works deals with the characterization of fuel briquettes coming from agroforestry residues from Casamance area. This study's main objective is the production and the energy characterization of biomass briquettes to define optimal conditions of cooking with a furnace in households see at industrial level with the use of briquettes. A double arbitration between the experimental and the numerical will thus enable the sizing of a blast furnace or resizing of the blast "Yokkuté" furnace to ensure better cooking effectiveness by using produced briquettes. Thus, we propose in this thesis to develop a doctoral type research comprising a threefold approach, analytical, numerical and experimental for the characterization of different types of agricultural residues of the region of Casamance. This study will be conducted jointly by the Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor, the Center of Studies and Research on Renewable Energy (CERER) in Dakar and a French university for some characterizations and this as part of a collaboration convention.



98

No52

Extraction de l’Huile de Jatropha Pure et Utilisation sur Different Moteurs Thermiques

NDIAYE Atoumane

Dakar, Senegal [email protected]

The study carried out in this paper made it possible to characterize the motorized mechanical press for the extraction of Jatropha oil and then to show the use of Jatropha oil in a multifunctional platform. After an experimental study a use of the oil in a platform was carried out. In the experimental study, two tests were carried out. The first one is limited to the extraction to allow the adoption of the right technique and then to apply it for the second test which has for object to extract and the treatment by decantation demucilagination and filtration. The parameters studied are the performance of the press and the electrical consumption of the entire device. A bibliographical review enabled us to make a comparative study between the different extraction methods. Extraction with soxhlet gives a yield of 34 to 38% according to the duration, in this case the seeds are placed in an oven to remove the moisture while avoiding to evaporate the volatile constituents. The manual press requires great physical effort: a yield of about 19.5% and a daily productivity of (4.5 L/day). The motorized press: efficiency of the order of 25 to 30% and daily productivity being able to exceed 100 L per day, this yield decreases from 22 to 25% after the settling and filtration phase. The calorific value of Jatropha oil (38.8 MJ/kg) is higher than that of other agrofuels. Despite this, it is lower than diesel (43.8 MJ/kg). The viscosity of JATROPHA at 40 °C (36 cSt) is almost 10 times higher than that of diesel which is between 3 to 4 cSt. The gums contained in the oil consist of water-sensitive phospholipids. They form



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a gel capable of blocking the filters and may damage the injection pump in the case of direct use in an engine. However the technique of hydration of the gums elaborated makes it possible to eliminate a good part of the mucilages (of the crude oil) that is to say of the viscous substances. At the level of the platform the thermal engines are adapted to the system of bicarburation. The motor drive coupling worked well. The engine coupled to the alternator allowed to generate current to operate the press, filter and lighting system of the platform. The training of operators was ensured for the durability of the equipment. All the equipment necessary for the proper functioning of the platform has been acquired. Keywords: Extraction, motorized press, multifunctional platform, Jatropha

No55

Modeling of the Scattering Process and the Optical Photo-Generation Rate of a

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell: Influence of the TiO2 Radius

El Hadji Oumar GUEYE,* Alle Dioum, Papa Douta Tall, AboubaKer Chedikh Beye Groupe Physique des Solides et Sciences des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences et

Techniques, Dakar, Senegal. [email protected] / [email protected]

We report on a methodology for optical and electrical modeling of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In order to take into account the scattering process, the optical model is based on the determination of the effective permittivity of the mixture and the scattering coefficient using Mie and Bruggeman theories, considering spherical particles. Then, from the radiative transfer equation, the optical generation rate of cell is deduced. From the presented model, the dependence effects of the nanoparticles size upon the extinction coefficient and the optical generation rate are evidenced. Thus, we noticed that the extinction coefficient decreases with the increase of the TiO2 nanoparticles and vanishes when the wavelengths increases in the visible spectrum. A significant uniformity of the absorption for radius smaller than 10 nm is observed, however at a radius about 80 nm, we observe non-uniformity. The simulated results based on this model are in good agreement with the experimental results. Keywords: Dye-sensitized solar cell, Mie theory, scattering parameters, Bruggeman

References:



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[1] Rothenberger, G., Comte, P., Grätzel, M. 1999, ‘‘A contribution to the optical design of dye_sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells,’’ Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 58, 321-336. [2] Craig F Bohren, Donald R Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. [3] B. Maheu, J. N. Letoulouzan and G. Gouesbet. 1984, Four-flux models to solve the scattering transfer equation in terms of Lorenz-Mie parameters. Applied Optics Vol. 23, No. 19.

No57

Modeling of the Recombination-Dependence of the Spectral Photoconductivity Distribution of a Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cell Based on

Polymer

Cheikh Ba Wade*, Abdoulaye Ndiaye Dione, Alle Dioum, Sosse Ndiaye, Aboubaker Chedikh Beye

Groupe de Physique du Solide et Sciences des Matériaux, Département de Physique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

[email protected]

New theoretical model has been developed to analyze the recombination-dependence of the spectral photoconductivity distribution of the bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic (BHJ-OPV) cell based on blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) as electron-donor and a soluble derivative of fullerene called [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as electron-acceptor. In order to determine the analytical expression of the spectral photoconductivity of the cell is deduced from the electron density, photogenerated within the bulk of the photoactive layer of P3HT:PCBM, under monochromatic illumination. The one-dimensional of the general equation continuity is resolved in steady state by assuming to each interface a recombination velocity of the electron. The model gives insight into the dependence effects of the effective surface recombination velocities at the front and back the transport layer (P3TH:PCBM), accounting for three recombination processes of the carrier escape at the wrong contact and the recombination due to the interface defects on the recombination-dependence of the spectral photoconductivity of the cell.



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Keywords: Solar cell, polymer, bulk-heterojunction, recombination, interface

References: [1] Sliauzys, G.; Juska, G.; Arlauskas, K.; Pivrikas, A.; Osterbacka, R.; Scharber, M.; Mozer, A.; Sariciftci, N.S. 2006, Recombination of photogenerated and injected charge carriers in p-conjugated polymer/fullerene blends, Thin Solid Films, 511: 224 [2] Pivrikas, A.; Sariciftci1, N. S.; Juska, G.; Osterbacka, R.; Pivrikas, A. 2007, Res. Appl.; 15: 677–696. [3] Dioum, A.; Gaye, M. B.; Safae, A; Ndiaye, S.; Lo, B.; Assaid, E. M.; Beye, A. C. 2013, Proceeding of the 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Paris, France, pp: 2704-2710.

No58

Numerical Study of the Optical and Electrical Properties of the Organic/Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

Abdoulaye Ndiaye DIONE,* Alle Dioum, Sosse Ndiaye, Aboubaker Chedikh Beye

Groupe de Physique du Solide et Sciences des Matériaux, Département de Physique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal

[email protected] / [email protected] Analysis of the photon absorption rate in mesoporous hybrid organic-inorganic based on Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cell using an optical model is reported. Taking into account the scattering process, the model is based on computing both the effective permittivity and the scattering coefficient of the mixture (TiO2 + Perovskite) using Mie and Bruggeman theories. In this approach, the photoactive layer consisting of mixture of



102

dioxide titanium spherical nanoparticles and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite molecules is modeled. The T-Matrix theory is used instead of the radiative transfer equation commonly used by most authors. In our T-Matrix theory based model, the photon absorption rate of the cell is calculated with focus on its dependence on the thickness of the photoactive layer and the size of the TiO2 nanoparticles. Keywords: Hybrid solar cell, perovskite, mesostructure, TiO2, nanoparticles

References: [1] Service, R. F. 2014, Science 344, 458. [2] Etgar, P. L.; Gao, Z. ; Xue, Q. ; Peng, A. K. ; Chandiran, B. ; Liu, Md. ; Nazeeruddin, K. and Grätzel, M. 2012, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 17396–17399. [3] Stefaan De Wolf, Jakub Holovsky, Soo-Jin Moon, Philipp Loper, Bjoern Niesen, Martin Ledinsky, Franz-Josef Haug, Jun-Ho Yum, and Christophe Ballif. 2014, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 5, 1035−1039. [4] Bruggeman, D.A.G. 1935, Ann. Phys., (Leipzig) 24, 636-679. [5] Abélès, F. 1950, Ann. of Physics, 5, 596–639.

No62

The Magnetocaloric Effect and its Application to Magnetic Refrigeration

Mamadou Ndiaye,* Alle Dioum, Aboubaker Chedikh Beye Groupe Physique des Solides et Sciences des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences et

Techniques, Dakar, Senegal [email protected] / [email protected]



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Nowadays, the production of cold is of high interest in many sectors such as health, building, food, transport etc. It absorbs more than 15% of the total worldwide electric production [1]. Indeed, we actually know that the many cold production systems use the thermodynamic principle of compression and depression of toxic frigorigen fluids called refrigerants which may be hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) or chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). However, this conventional technology is a source of pollution. With the discovery of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and its application to magnetic refrigeration (MR) opens a new way towards a cleaner (efficiency) method of production of cold. The MCE is an intrinsic thermal response for the application or removal of a magnetic field to a magnetic material, which can be characterized by the coupled variations of the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) or/and isothermal magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) [2,3]. In our presentation, we will demonstrate this property of magnetic materials presenting a fairly large refrigerant capacity (RC), and its application to magnetic cooling.

The S-T diagram illustrating the existence of the magnetocaloric effect. The solid lines represent the total entropy in two different magnetic fields: H0=0 and H1≠0. The horizontal arrow shows ΔTad and the vertical arrow shows ΔSM when the magnetic field is changed from H0 to H1. The dotted line shows the combined lattice and electronic (non-magnetic) entropy, and dashed lines show the magnetic entropy in the two fields. S0 and T0 are zero field entropy and temperature; S1 and T1 are entropy and temperature at the elevated magnetic field H1 [4].

References: [1] Afef Lebouc, Morgan Almanza, Jean Paul Yonnet, Ulrich Legait, Julien Roudaut. Réfrigération magnétique Etat de l’art et développements récents. Symposium de Génie Electrique 2014, Jul 2014, Cachan, France. <hal-01065207> [2] Zhang, Y. et al. Excellent magnetocaloric properties in RE2Cu2Cd (RE = Dy and Tm) compounds and its composite materials. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34192. [3] S. Choura Maatar, R. M’nassri, W. Cheikhrouhou Koubaa, M. Koubaa, A. Cheikhrouhou, Structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La0.8Ca0.2xNaxMnO3 manganites (0<x < 0.2), J. Solid State Chem. 2015, 83,225. [4] Pecharsky, V.K.; Gschneiner, K.A., Magnetocaloric effect and magnetic refrigeration, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1999, 44, 200.



104

No63

Investigating the Effect of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cowdung with Common Ugandan Weeds on Biochemical Methane Potential

Yunus Alokore1*, Joan Nansubuga2, Emmanuel Menya2

1Department of Energy Engineering, Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Science (Including Climate Change), B.P 119, Pole Chetouane, Tlemcen, Algeria;

2Department of Biosystems Engineering, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda *[email protected]

Biogas technology has existed in Uganda since 1950s. However, its adoption has majorly been hindered by inadequate feedstock, with cowdung being the most commonly employed feedstock in biogas production. Anaerobic digestion of single feedstock is normally unreliable due to the resulting low quantities and quality of biogas. Besides, the bio-digesters are often left non-operational when feedstocks get depleted. Alternative substrates such as water lily and Lantana camara offer an opportunity for co-digestion with cowdung. These feedstocks are fast growing, and readily available. This paper therefore aims at investigating the effect of anaerobic co-digestion of cowdung with water lily and Lantana camara on biochemical methane potential. The water lily and Lantana camara were separately co-digested with cowdung at 25, 50 and 75%. The findings of the research revealed that a ratio of 1:1 of Lantana camara to cow dung could obtain on average 37.60% methane (CH4) and 71.8 L/day of biogas. It was also observed that a ratio of 1:3 of water lily to cow dung could averagely produce 31.1% CH4and 47L/day of biogas. These amounts were higher than those obtained from anaerobic digestion of cowdung which yielded an average of 24.2% CH4 and 38.9L/day biogas. The findings of the research therefore suggest that co-digestion could enhance both the quality and quantity of biogas. Keywords: Biogas technology; inadequate feedstock; co-digestion; common weeds; Uganda



105

No64

Assessing the Viability of Solar Still Technology as a Solution to Rural Africa Unclean Water Problems – An Overview

Tonny Kukeera1,*, Sofiane Amara1,2 ,Yunus Alokore1, Nwadiaru Ogechi Vivian1

1Department of Energy Engineering, Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (Including Climate Change) –Tlemcen. University, B.P 119, Pole Chetouane,

Tlemcen 1300, Algeria. 2Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid – Tlemcen,

Algeria B.P. 119 13000 Tlemcen – Algeria. *[email protected]; +213 552 600 105

The world and Africa at large continue to suffer problems associated with low access to clean water. This has trapped many people under extreme poverty and poor standards of living as much of the time is spent in searching for firewood and other biomass fuels for water purification through boiling as this is the main purification method used. The search for firewood not only consumes the household productivity time but also poses a threat to the environment in the long run following deforestation. Reliance on other purification methods e.g. electricity for purification is a solution far from reality because more than 600 million people in Africa have no access to electricity. Most of the regions in Africa receive an average irradiance ranging from 4 -6 kwh/m2/day, this presents an opportunity to utilize other purification technologies that use the sun as a direct source of energy. This paper presents the different water purification methods used in rural Africa and assesses the viability of solar still technology as an alternative measure for water purification. Keywords: Water purification, rural Africa, solar still technology References: 1. Elango, C., N. Gunasekaran, and K. Sampathkumar, Thermal models of solar still—A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. 47: p. 856-911. 2. UN. International Decade for Action "Water for Life" 2005 - 2015. 2013 [cited 2016 20th August ]; Available from: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml. 3. Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment. 2015, World Health Organisation (WHO): Geneva. 4. UNICEF. Gender and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. 2016 [cited 2016 20th August]; Available from: http://www.unicef.org/esaro/7310_Gender_and_WASH.html. 5. O’Reilly, K., “Traditional” women,“modern” water: Linking gender and commodification in Rajasthan, India. Geoforum, 2006. 37(6): p. 958-972. 6. Organization, W.H., Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: the urban and rural challenge of the decade. 2006. 7. Diabate, L., P. Blanc, and L. Wald, Solar radiation climate in Africa. Solar Energy, 2004. 76(6): p. 733-744. 8. John, F. and J. Mark, Nieuwenhuijsen,, Contaminants in drinking water Environmental Pollution and Effects. Oxford Journals, 2003. 68(1): p. 199-208. 9. Shahar, R., et al., Bacterial Capture by Peptide-Mimetic Oligoacyllysine Surfaces. American Society for Microbiology, 2010. 76(10): p. 3301-3307. 10. Kampala Water Safety Plan Case Study1. 2015, National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC): Kampala. 11. Safe water systemd: Slow sand filters. 2011, Centre for disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta




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12. Rosa, G. and T. Clasen, Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and medium-income countries. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2010. 82(2): p. 289-300. 13. Heitzinger, K., et al., The challenge of improving boiling: lessons learned from arandomized controlled trial of water pasteurization and safe storage in Peru. Epidemiology and Infection, 2016: p. 1-11. 14. Abhishek, S. and D. Navneet, A High Rated Solar Water Distillation Unit for Solar Homes. Journal of Engineering, 2016. 2016(2016): p. 8 Pages. 15. Arunkumar, T., et al., Experimental Study on Various Solar Still Designs. ISRN Renewable Energy, 2012. 2012(2012): p. 10 Pages. 16. Ahsan, A., et al., Design, fabrication and performance of an improved solar still. Desalination, 2012. 292(10): p. 105-112. 17. Nafey, A.S., et al., Parameters affecting solar still productivity. Energy conversion and management, 2000. 41(16): p. 1797-1809. 18. Kumar, K.V. and R.K. Bai, Performance study on solar still with enhanced condensation. Desalination, 2008. 230(1): p. 51-61. 19. Rufuss, D.D.W., et al., Solar stills: A comprehensive review of designs, performance and material advances. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 63: p. 464-496. 20. El-Bahi, A. and D. Inan, A solar still with minimum inclination, coupled to an outside condenser. Desalination, 1999. 123(1): p. 79-83. 21. Kabeel, A., et al., Solar still with condenser–A detailed review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 59: p. 839-857. 22. Panchal, H. and P. Shah, Char performance analysis of different energy absorbing plates on solar stills. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 2011. 2(4): p. 297-301. 23. Badran, O., Experimental study of the enhancement parameters on a single slope solar still productivity. Desalination, 2007. 209(1): p. 136-143. 24. Panchal, H.N., Use of thermal energy storage materials for enhancement in distillate output of solar still: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016. 61: p. 86-96. 25. Nafey, A., et al., Solar still productivity enhancement. Energy conversion and management, 2001. 42(11): p. 1401-1408. 26. Arunkumar, T., et al., An experimental study on a hemispherical solar still. Desalination, 2012. 286: p. 342-348. 27. Ahsan, A., et al., Parameters affecting the performance of a low cost solar still. Applied energy, 2014. 114: p. 924-930. 28. Tiwari, G., V. Dimri, and A. Chel, Parametric study of an active and passive solar distillation system: Energy and exergy analysis. Desalination, 2009. 242(1): p. 1-18. 29. Dimri, V., et al., Effect of condensing cover material on yield of an active solar still: an experimental validation. Desalination, 2008. 227(1): p. 178-189.



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No65

External Quantum Efficiency of a Solar Cell Zno/Cdte: Effect of Emitter and Base Thicknesses

Moulaye DIAGNE*, Nacire Mbengue, Bassirou Ba*

aLaboratoire des Semi-conducteurs et d’Energie Solaire(LASES), Faculté des Sciences et Technique (FST) de l' Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), BP: 5005, Dakar-

Fann, Sénégal. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

In this work, a study is carried out in view to investigate the influence of base and emitter thicknesses on the quantum efficiency of a ZnO/CdTe solar cell. This quantum efficiency is a function of thicknesses of the ZnO transmitter and the CdTe base. This study allows to make choice on values of the thicknesses of ZnO and CdTe appropriate to optimize the performance of the solar cell. Keywords: Solar cells, zinc oxide, telluride of cadmium, quantum efficiency, absorption coefficient, refraction index References: [1] O.A. Niasse, B. Mbengue, B. BA, A. Ndiaye, I. Youm, Effets of excite on the quantum efficiency of the solar cell CdS/CdTe by the model of the dielectric function, Review of Renewable Energies. vol. 12 n. 3, 2009, pp. 501 – 512. [2] S. Z. Karazhanov, Y. Zhang, A .Mascarenhas, S. Deb, The effect of excitons on CdTe Solar Cells, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 87, n. 12, 2000, pp. 8786-8792. [3] S. Girish Kumar, K. S. R. Koteswara, Physics and chemistry of CdTe/CdS thin film Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices, Fundamental and Critical Aspects Energy Environmental, vol. 7, 2014, pp .45–102 [4] A. E. Rakhsni, Heterojonction Properties of Electrodeposited CdTe/CdS Solar Cells, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 90, n. 8, 2001, pp. 4265-4271.



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No70

Upgrading of Carbon-Based Reductants from Biomass Pyrolysis Under Pressurized Laboratory Kiln

Eric S. Noumi,*,a Patrick Rousset,b Joel Blin,c

aInternational Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

bAdvanced Fuel Processing Laboratory (AFPL), The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.

cFrench Agriculture Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 73 rue J. F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.

*[email protected] The main problems of substitution of top charged coke by charcoal in blast furnace are the missing compressive strength and the too high reactivity of charcoal, which means replacement is only possible in mini blast furnace. Although these furnace permit to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas, their production remain marginal and more research are necessary to upgrade charcoal properties for conventional blast furnace. Recent studies have shown that using pressure can increase gravimetric yields, fixed carbon content and considerably reduce carbonization time. The purpose of this study is to determine in a statistical manner how carbonizations parameters and especially pyrolysis pressure impact the charcoal quality in term of reactivity and mechanical parameter (such as crushing strength and friability). The experiments were based on multivariate statistical concepts, with the application of fractional factorial design techniques to identify the variables that are important synthesis of charcoal. The experimental study was carried out using Eucalyptus Urophylla and Eucalyptus Camadulensis wood and involved two carbonization temperature (350 and 600 °C), two relative working pressure (2 and 6 bars) and two heating rates (1 and 5 °C/min). Six response variables were analyzed and discussed following a random factorial design: the charcoal yield (Ychar), the fixed carbon content (Cf), the bulk density (D), the crushing strength (Rm), friability (F) and the reactivity (R) of charcoal. Except for the friability of charcoal, all other properties are well correlate with carbonization parameter. Given the demand of the steelmaking sector, the best charcoal would appear to be obtained at high temperature above 536 °C, moderate pressure above 5 bars and moderate heating rate around 1.02 °C/min.



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No71

Influence of Reflector in a Solar Cooker in Rural Areas of the Northern Region of Cameroon

G.B. Tchaya*a, M. Kamtab, M. Havetc C. Kapseud

aRenewable Energy Department, ISS – the University of Maroua P.O Box 46 Cameroon bElectric Department, IUT- the University of Ngaoundéré P.O Box 455 Ngaoundéré,

Cameroon. cFood Process Engineering Department, ONIRIS, Géraudière Street, CS 82225, 44322

NANTES Cedex 03, France. dEngineering Process Departments, ENSAI- the University Ngaoundéré P.O Box 455

Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. *[email protected] / [email protected]

This work is the development of a solar cooker with storage from local materials. The equipment is welcome in the northern region of Cameroon through its significant solar potential (600 W/m² on average). A cooker with an area of 0.20 m² was carried out on the scientific basis of heat transfer. Reading temperatures and irradiance were also made in different position of reflectors. The system helped bake a cake in 1 hour 30 minutes including warm-up time of the enclosure. The air's temperature has reached 145.75 °C for an irradiance of 1100 W/m² in empty room. The storage, using the black volcanic stone has not only reduce temperature fluctuations during the day but to keep the temperature at the value of 60 °C for 5 hours in the absence of the sun. Keywords: Reflectors, solar cooker, northern region of Cameroon, temperature, irradiance

No77

Turnability of the Plasmonic Response of the Gold Nanoparticles in Infrared Region

A Sambou*, B D Ngom, A C Beye

Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nano-Fabrication, Faculté des sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD) B.P. 25114 Dakar-Fann Dakar, Senegal.

*[email protected] We report on the modulation of the optical properties namely the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of gold nanoparticles core-shell as function of the surrounding medium (water, ethanol). We have study two different combinations (1) silica thin film coating gold nanospheres and (2) gold thin film coating silica nanoparticles. The optical model used is based on Mie theory by considering spherical gold nanoparticles core-shell and the simulation is done using Matlab program.



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The results show an important influence of the surrounding medium and the size of the core as well as the shell thickness, on the optical properties with a redshift of the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). By using Mie theory and Drude model for the simulation of the Surface Plasmon Resonance model of spherical nanoparticles showed that for the control of the Surface Plasmon Resonance of the gold thin film coating silica nanoparticles it is important to considered three parameters (i) the size of core (ii) the surrounding medium and (iii) shell thickness, which enable the turning of the SPR through the near infrared; whereas gold nanosphere coated by silica results has a maximum wavelength at 530 nm, this Plasmon peak corresponding a R1/d ratio of 1.6. Thus, this work enabled optimizing core-shell structure with well-controlled sizes for biomedical application. References: [1] Wu, C.; Yu, C.; Chu, M. 2011, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 6, 807-813. [2] Delapierre, M. T.; Mohamed, J.; Mornet, S.; Duguet, E.; Ravaine, S.; 2008; Gold Bulletin, 195-207.

No79

Kinetic Studies of Cotton Stalks Char, Palm Shells Char and Cashew Nut Shells Char Gasification by Steam and CO2 at Different Temperatures

Ansoumane DIEDHIOUa,b, Lat-Grand. NDIAYEa, Ammar BENSAKHRIAb, Oumar SOCKa

aDépartement de Physique, Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, BP.523 Ziguinchor,

Sénégal. bUniversité de Technologie de Compiègne, Centre de recherche de Royallieu, EA 4297-

TIMR, BP20529 - 60205 Compiègne, France. cEcole supérieur de Chimie Organique et Minérale, EA 4297-TIMR, 1 allée du réseau Jean-

Marie Buckmaster - 60200 Compiègne, France. In order to reduce dependence on petroleum resources, it is important to pay particular attention to agricultural and vegetal residues to high heating value capacity and having an exploitable potential. Through thermo-chemical processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification, the amount huge of biomasses wastes of the Casamanse (south of Senegal) can be converted into solid, liquid, and gaseous. In order to do best and to satisfy the energy necessity, several parameters were tested. The effect of char samples, temperature, and gasifying agent on char conversion and on lower heating value of gas during steam and CO2 gasification of cotton stalks char, palm shells char and cashew nut shells char all of 630 μm were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The Char samples were tested at 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C using a flow of 90 NL/h of steam or CO2 carried in a flow of 10 NL/h. Thus the gas obtained, were analyzed through the micro-chromatography (μGC). The experimental results showed that char-CO2 reaction and char-steam reaction of isothermal gasification follow a different kinetic conversion pathway. Using the empirical function the comparison of char kinetic conversion was investigated. It was also observed that the temperature and the type of char sample are the most influential parameters during the gasification process. In order to interpret the char conversion during char-steam or char-CO2 gasification, and to determine the kinetic parameter of gasification process, the volumetric reaction model (VRM), shrinking core model (SCM) modified random pore model (RPM) at first-order kinetics were found to be the best for predicting the reactivity of char-steam and char-CO2.



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The activation energy obtained for the samples char gasification is comprised between: char-steam: Ea of SCM~73-125 kJ/mol, Ea of VRM~102-150 kJ/mol and Ea of

RPM~82-121 kJ/mol char-CO2: Ea of SCM~44-123 kJ/mol, Ea of VRM~95-183 kJ/mol and Ea of RPM~86-

139 kJ/mol These parameters are function of the char samples and smaller values of activation energy are for the char of the cotton stalk.

No80

Two-Dimension Numerical Simulation of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector: Far North Region of Cameroon

Charlain-Joel Ngangoum Keou, Donatien Njomo, Charlain-Joel Ngangoum Keou*

Environmental Energy Technologies Laboratory (EETL), University of Yaounde I, Cameroon. [email protected]

In this paper, we annually compute direct solar radiation based on monthly average Linke turbidity factor and various tracking modes in two chosen sites in the far north region of Cameroon. Also, a detailed two dimensional numerical heat transfer analysis of a PTC has been performed. The receiver has been divided into many control volumes along his length and each of them is a column consisting of glass, vacuum, absorber and fluid along which mass and energy balance have been applied. The Model developed in EES, with a maximum relative error value of 0.35%, has shown a great concordance with experimental data. Also, thermal efficiency range of systems about 66.67 to 73.2%. It has also been found that the one axis polar East–West and horizontal East–West tracking with 96% and 94% of full tracking mode respectively, were most suitable for a parabolic trough collector throughout the whole year in the two towns considered. The direct solar radiation, which reaches the reflector curve, was determined using a specific equation [1]. We have first evaluated local solar potential for the four tracking modes and unearthed that the one axis polar East–West and horizontal East–West tracking annually with 96% and 94% of full tracking mode respectively, were most suitable for a parabolic trough collector throughout the whole year in the two towns considered. [1] Marif Y, Benmoussa H, Bouguettaia H, Belhadj M, Zerrouki M. Numerical simulation of solar parabolic trough collector performance in the Algeria Saharan region. Energy Convers Manage2014; 85:521–529.



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