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Zjkmejm 2<

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Mcmjtraekjs Loskjs

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Koe Lmordscmy (<2?4)

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Xfme imtocs rmojt wktf eae-imtocs, tfm imtocs casm mcmjtraes ta lmjaim pasktkvm kaes

wfkcm tfm eae-imtocs hoke mcmjtraes ta lmjaim emhotkvm kaes. Tfmy jailkem sujf tfot

tfmy orm emutroc. Tfks dmtmrikems tfm euilmr ag mojf mcmimet ke tfm jaipaued. Tfm

oiauet ag mcmjtraes hokemd ly eae-imtocs ks sujf tfot tfm autmr sfmccs orm ccmd sa tfot

tfmy fovm ealcm hos mcmjtrae jaehurotkae. Tfks joe lm usmd wktf tfm pmrkadkj tolcm ag

mcmimets ta dmtmrikem tfm oiauet ag mcmjtraes hokemd. Xfme o imtoc jailkems wktf oeae-imtoc cknm tfks, tfme, kt ks joccmd kaekj laedkeh. Tfks ks ke jaetrost ta faw eae-imtocs

jailkem wktf aem oeatfmr. Tfmy sform tfmkr vocmejm mcmjtraes, ar mcmjtraes ke tfmkr autmr

sfmcc ke atfmr wards, sujf tfot tfmkr autmr sfmccs orm ccmd. Tfks ks joccmd javocmet

laedkeh.

Mcmjtrkjkty Oed Iohemtksi

Ea aem neaws wfot mcmjtrkj oed iohemtkj mcds orm atfmr tfoe tfmy orm o gari ag memrhy

oed dmem aem oeatfmr0 o portkjcm wktf o emhotkvm mcmjtrkj mcd, cknm oe mcmjtrae, wkcc

ottrojt o portkjcm wktf o pasktkvm mcmjtrkj mcd, cknm o pratae, oed cknm jforhms wkcc rmpmc. Oiohemtkj mcd wkcc ottrojt ar rmpmc o portkjcm wktf oe mcmjtrkj mcd ojjardkeh ta kts pacorkty

oed tfm pacorktkms ag tfm portkjcms ojjardkeh ta tfm olavm sjfmim. Mcmjtrkj portkjcms wktf o

emhotkvm jforhm, mcmjtraes, ke iatkae tfrauhf o wkrm, wfkjf ks mcmjtrkjkty, wkcc hmemrotm o

iohemtkj mcd ojjardkeh ta tfm rkhft foed rucm, oed jaevmrsmcy, o iohemtkj mcd wkcc

kedujm oe mcmjtrkj jurrmet ke o wkrm. O iohemtkj iotmrkoc, wfkjf ks joccmd o iohemt, ks

imrmcy o jaccmjtkae ag jforhmd portkjcms occ occ ockhemd sujf tfot tfm avmr occ mggmjt ag tfmsm

mcmjtrkj mcds ks o iohemtkj mcd. Ckhft ks oe mcmjtraiohemtkj wovm.

Mcmjtraekjs

Tfmrm orm tfrmm ospmjts ta oe mcmjtrkjoc jkrjukt0 Wactohm, Jurrmet, oed \mskstoejm (W, K, \).Wactohm, ocsa joccmd Mcmjtraiatkvm Garjm, ks cknm prmssurm. Kt ks tfm prmssurm tfot pusfms

tfm mcmjtrkjkty tfrauhf tfm wkrm. Tfm jurrmet ks cknm tfm strmehtf ag aw ag mcmjtrkjkty

tfrauhf tfm wkrm, cktmroccy tfm euilmr ag mcmjtraes tfot poss tfrauhf o jrass smjtkaeoc ormo

ag tfm wkrm ke o smjaed. Tfm rmskstoejm ks cknm o caod, tfot tfkeh ae wfkjf tfm jurrmet dams

warn, cknm awkeh tfrauhf o tuehstme coimet ta fmot kt up oed jousm ckhft ta lm mikttmd

grai tfm hos surrauedkeh kt. Atfmr caods jaucd lm dakeh warn ae o spmonmr ta jousm

vacuim, ar dakeh warn ta pradujm imjfoekjoc iatkaes, os wktf troesdujmrs. Za tfm warn

daem rmprmsmets o cass ag memrhy ta yaur pawmr saurjm. Xm rmcotm vactohm, imosurmd ke

vacts, ta jurrmet imosurmd ke oips, ta rmskstoejm imosurmd ke afis os sujf0

W9K\

Kg wm rmwrktm tfks os0

W/\ 9 K

Kt lmjaims jcmor wfy tfks ks jarrmjt0 jurrmet ks kejrmosmd wktf vactohm oed dmjrmosmd wktf

rmskstoejm.

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Tfm Hoko Grojtoc

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Koe Lmordscmy

Japyrkhft © <2?4 ly Koe Lmordscmy

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Grai iy morckmr studkms wfmrm K lmhoe ta cmore olaut grojtocs, oed sulsmqumet studkms ke

Lkacahy, oed Jckiotm Zjkmejm, K fovm eoccy lmme olcm ta put keta wards o prkiktkvm

eatkae K fod tfot wos spornmd ly cmorekeh ag tfm tfm Hoko Fypatfmsks ag Cavmcajn oed tfm

skikcor, lut dkggmrmet, kdmo ag Hoko put garword ly Ksooj Oskiav ke fks sjkmejm jtkae

jaejcuskae ta fks Gauedotkae Trkcahy, Gauedotkae Oed Mortf. O prkiktkvm eatkae ks

dmemd ke Zpojmtkim, Hmaimtry, Oed Jasiacahy ly Xkcckoi C. Lurnm os0

O guedoimetoc mcmimet ke o pfyskjoc tfmary tfot ks eat dmemd wktfke tfm tfmary lut ks

prmsuimd ta lm neawe, mktfmr ly dmsjrkptkae ar grai o iarm guedoimetoc tfmary.

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Memrhmtkj Mqukcklrkui oed Hoko Tfm Grojtoc

Ckgm ks tfot wfkjf smcg-hmemrotms emhotkvm metrapy. Tfot ks, kt ojqukrms tfm memrhy kt emmds

ta sustoke kts emjmssory lkacahkjoc guejtkaes, sujf os imtolacksi, pfatasyetfmsks, oed

faimastosks. Ckvkeh tfkehs orm arhoekzmd oed tfmy joe‛t ioketoke arhoekzotkae wktfaut

memrhy. Fmoctfy ckgm ks tfot wfkjf ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, wfkjf ks ta soy kt casms osiujf memrhy os kt hokes. Xm soy tfks lmjousm kg oe arhoeksi dams eat lure tfm memrhy kt

ojqukrms, kt wkcc starm tfm mxjmss memrhy os got, wfkjf pradujms o stroke ae tfm fmort

lmjousm kt fos ta puip lcaad tfrauhf iarm wmkhft. Tfm mortf ks skikcor ke tfks rmspmjt ke

tfot o fmoctfy mortf ks aem tfot ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui os wmcc lmjousm kg tfm mortf

hokes iarm memrhy grai tfm sue tfoe kt ks caskeh, tfme kt ks worikeh wfkjf drkms up

rmsmrvakrs, oed nkccs jraps. Ketmrmstkehcy, wfme ckgm ae mortf ks ke memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui,

tfm mortf tmeds tawords memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, lmjousm ckgm ckvkeh ke mxjmss pradujms o

stroke ae tfm pcoemt‛s eoturoc prajmssms tfot ketmrrupts kts guejtkaeockty cknm rmhmemrotkvm

jyjcms sujf os tfm wotmr jyjcm oed jorlae jyjcm. Ke tfks smesm wm smm tfot oekioc oed

pcoet ckgm ikrrar tfm woy tfm pfyskjoc ospmjts ag tfm pcoemt guejtkae ke sujf o woy tfot wm

joe soy ckgm ks lut o port ag o hrmotmr wfacm. Tfm loskj uekt ag occ ag ckgm ks tfm jmcc, wfkjfks jaestrujtmd ag eae-ckvkeh iacmjucms. Fawmvmr, jmccs jailkem ta gari tkssums, tkssums

gari ta ionm arhoes, oed arhoes warn tahmtfmr ta ionm arhoe systmis. @ust os jmccs orm

port ag ckgm, ckgm ks port ag tfm pfyskjoc mortf> kg pcoets dkd eat da pfatasyetfmsks, tfme

jorlae dkaxkdm cmvmcs waucd rksm. Jorlae dkaxkdm ks o fmot rmtokekeh hos. Taa iujf ag kt

oed tfm mortf waucd gokc ta casm os iujf fmot os kt rmjmkvms grai tfm sue, waucd lm aut ag

memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, tfm orjtkj kjm jops waucd imct, dmjrmoskeh tfm oclmda ag tfm mortf,

jouskeh cmss sueckhft ta lm rmmjtmd lojn keta spojm (jrmotkeh o gmmdlojn caap), oed

rmsmrvakrs, rkvmrs, oed jraps waucd dry up. Tfks jaeemjtkae ag ckgm, tfm lkaspfmrm, ta tfm

pfyskjoc (otiaspfmrm oed wotmr) tfot ionms tfm mortf cknm aem hkoet arhoeksi, ks joccmd

Hoko. Ke o smesm tfm arhoekzotkae ag jmccs keta tkssums, tkssums keta arhoes, arhoes keta

arhoe systmis, hams lmyaed tfm arhoeksi. Tfm arhoeksis ionm papucotkaes, tfmpapucotkaes ionm jaiiuektkms, tfm jaiiuektkms ketmrojt wktf tfm pfyskjoc mevkraeimet

ta gari mjasystmis, oed tfm tfm mjasystmis ionm tfm lkaspfmrm. Xm jaucd soy Hoko ks o

grojtoc, lut ke kdmo eat pfyskjoc hmaimtry, lmjousm tfm kdmo lmfked tfm pcoemt ks skikcor ta

tfm kdmo lmfked kts ckgm jaipaemets, oed tfm ckgm jaipaemets dkspcoy smcg-skikcorkty os wm

iavm grai skipcm ta jaipcmx, skehcm jmcc ta arhoekzmd strujturms, lut mxpoedmd. Grojtocs

fovm smcg-skikcorkty os aem ag tfmkr prapmrtkms.

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Faimastosks Oed Imtolacksi Ag Tfm Hoko Grojtoc

Xm gojm o jrksks neawe os tfm oetfrapajmem, wfmrmke fuioes orm octmrkeh tfm

mevkraeimet ke sujf o woy tfot tfmy orm oddkeh o emw, lut dkggmrmet, coymr ta tfm hmacahkj

rmjard. \opkd dmgarmstotkae oed kejrmosm ke hrmmefausm hosms orm puttkeh tfm Mortf aut ag

memrhmtkj mqukcklrkui, sujf tfot tfm jorlae hrkd ks soturotmd, wfkjf imoes tfm imjfoeksiwfkjf syejs fmot rmtokekeh jorlae dkaxkdm ks avmr toxmd, oed tfm mortf ks worikeh. Tfm

nmy ta fmockeh tfm Mortf ks ke uedmrstoedkeh tfm faimastosks oed imtolacksi ag Hoko,

wfkjf ks gauedmd ke tfm grojtoc eoturm ag Hoko, tfot ks wm emmd ta neaw wfot tfm prapmr

strujturm ag tfm Hoko grojtoc sfaucd lm, tfot ks grai kts loskj strujturm stortkeh wktf skehcm

jmccucor ckgm ta tfmkr arhoekzotkaes keta arhoeksis, ta tfm arhoekzotkae ag arhoeksis keta

systmis ag arhoeksis, oed occ keta tfm pcoemt, wfkjf kejcudms tfm pfyskjoc, sujf os tfm

jaipasktkae ag tfm otiaspfmrm. @ust os jmccs orm jaipasmd ag eae-ckvkeh iacmjucms, tfm

pfyskjoc ospmjts ag tfm mortf, jaipasmd ag lkacahkjoc metktkms, ks sujf tfot tfm wfacm

pcoemt ks ockvm. Tfus tfm nmy wards ta uedmrstoed orm imtolacksi oed faimastosks0

Imtolacksi ks occ tfm jfmikjoc rmojtkaes tfot ajjur ke o jmcc, oed faimastosks, ks tfmioketmeoejm ag ketmreoc jaedktkaes tfot occaw imtolackj prajmssms ta ajjur. Tfus wm

iust ionm surm tfm faimastosks ag Hoko ks sujf tfot kts imtolackj prajmssms joe lm

jorrkmd aut sa tfot ckgm ae mortf ks sustokeolcm. Tfus wm emmd ta neaw faw tfm Hoko

Grojtoc sfaucd lm strujturmd.

Koe Lmordscmy

Ajtalmr ?6, <2?4

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Jckiotm

 Os jckiotm sjkmejm ks o emw sjkmejm, tfmrm orm ioey iadmcs gar tfmjckiotm oed K cmoremd iy jckiotm sjkmejm ot IKT ke o grmm aeckem mdVjaursm. Aem joe hmemrotm o loskj iadmc gar jckiotm wktf eatfkehiarm tfoe fkhf sjfaac ochmlro uskeh eatfkeh iarm tfoe tfmtmipmroturm ag tfm sue, tfm dkstoejm ag tfm mortf grai tfm sue, oedtfm mortf‛s oclmda, tfm pmrjmet ag ckhft kt rmgcmjts lojn keta spojm.

Tfm cuikeaskty ag tfm sue ks0

 

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Tfot ks tfm mggmjtkvm memrhy fkttkeh tfm mortf pmr smjaed pmr squormimtmr. Tfks rodkotkae ks mquoc ta tfm tmipmroturm, T 

m, ta tfm gaurtf

pawmr ly tfm stmggoe-laczioee jaestoet, skhio ("  ). T m joe lm joccmd

tfm mggmjtkvm tmipmroturm, tfm tmipmroturm metmrkeh tfm mortf.

 

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<, oed dkstrklutms ktsmcg avmr tfm

metkrm mortf surgojm, 4" r <, wfkcm :2% ks rmgcmjtmd lojn keta spojm

dum ta tfm mortf‛s oclmda, o, wfkjf ks mquoc ta 2.:, sa

 

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fmot troesgmr oed eat jaevmjtkvm fmot troesgmr. Ke atfmr wards, tfmrmks jaackeh dum ta voparkzotkae ag wotmr (tfm gariotkae ag jcauds) oeddum ta tfm jaedmesotkae ag wotmr vopar keta roke drapcmts(prmjkpktotkae ar tfm gariotkae ag roke).

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 Zuiiory

Tfm kejaikeh rodkotkae grai tfm sue ks olaut ?:82 wotts pmr squorm imtmr os dmtmrikemd

ly tfm memrhy pmr smjaed mikttmd ly tfm sue rmdujmd ly tfm kevmrsm squorm cow ot mortf

arlkt. Xm jocjucotm tfm tatoc olsarlmd memrhy ketmrjmptmd ly tfm Mortf's dksj (pk)rU<, kts

dkstrklutkae avmr kts surgojm ormo 4(pk)rU< oed tonm keta ojjauet tfot olaut :2% ag tfot ksrmmjtmd lojn keta spojm, sa tfm mggmjtkvm rodkotkae fkttkeh tfm Mortf's surgojm ks olaut

82% ag tfm kejaikeh rodkotkae rmdujmd ly gaur. \odkotkvm memrhy ks mquoc ta tmipmroturm

ta tfm gaurtf pawmr ly tfm Ztmgoe-lactzioee jaestoet. Fawmvmr, tfm mggmjtkvm kejaikeh

rodkotkae ks ocsa troppmd ly hrmmefausm hosms oed mikttmd dawe tawords tfm surgojm ag

tfm mortf (os wmcc os mikttmd up tawords spojm grai tfks cawmr otiaspfmrm joccmd tfm

trapaspfmrm), tfm iast pawmrguc hrmmefausm hos lmkeh JA< (Jorlae Dkaxkdm) oed iast

oluedoet oed kipartoet ks wotmr vopaur. Tfks daulcms tfm rodkotkae worikeh tfm surgojm

ag tfm pcoemt. Tfm otiaspfmrm ks prmdaikeotmcy Ektrahme hos (E<) oed Axyhme hos (A<),

olaut ;= pmrjmet. Tfmsm hosms, fawmvmr, orm eat hrmmefausm hosms. Tfm hrmmefausm hos

JA<, tfauhf aecy mxksts ke trojm oiauets, oed wotmr vopaur, lrkeh tfm tmipmroturm ag tfm

Mortf up grai ikeus ?6 dmhrmms jmetkhrodm (?6 lmcaw grmmzkeh) ta oe alsmrvmd ovmrohm agpcus ?= dmhrmms jmetkhrodm (?= dmhrmms olavm grmmzkeh). Xktfaut tfmsm jrujkoc hrmmefausm

hosms, tfm Mortf waucd lm grazme. Tfmy fovm tfks meariaus mggmjt ae worikeh tfm pcoemt

mvme wktf JA< mxkstkeh aecy ot 422 ports pmr ikcckae. Kt ajjurs eoturoccy oed ionms ckgm

ae Mortf passklcm. Fawmvmr, taa iujf ag kt oed tfm Mortf joe lm taa wori, oed wm orm

eaw smmkeh oiauets lmyaed tfm eoturoc cmvmcs tfrauhf oetfrapahmekj saurjms, tfot orm

ionkeh tfm Mortf worimr tfoe ks govarolcm gar tfm jaedktkaes lmst gar ckgm ta lm

ioxkioccy sustokeolcm. Xm smm tfks kejrmosm ke JA< lmhkeekeh wktf tfm kedustrkoc mro.

Tfm smjtars iast rmspaesklcm gar tfm kejrmosm orm pawmr, kedustry, oed troespartotkae.

Caankeh ot rmjards ag JA< oiauets wm smm tfot kt wos :?= ports pmr ikcckae ke ?;=6 oed

rasm ta :;2 ports pmr ikcckae ke <2?2. Kt rasm olavm 422 ke <2?:. Atfmr hrmmefausm hosms

orm imtfoem (JF4) oed Ektraus Axkdm (E<A). Ohrkjucturoc ojtkvktkms daikeotm miksskaesgar ektraus axkdm oed imtfoem. O fmoctfy mortf ks aem tfot ks ke rodkotkvm mqukcklrkui, tfot

ks, kt casms os iujf rodkotkae os kt rmjmkvms. Jurrmetcy wm orm sckhftcy aut ag rodkotkvm

locoejm, tfm Mortf olsarls olaut aem wott pmr squorm imtmr iarm tfoe kt casms. Tfot

imoes kts tmipmroturm ks eat stmody, lut kejrmoskeh.

Koe Lmordscmy

@ucy ??, <2?4

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Mjaeaikjs Oed Tfm Hoko Grojtoc

Lmjousm Jopktocksi caans gar tfm jfmopmst woy gar o pmrsae ta ture tfm Mortf‛s rmsaurjms

keta prat, kt hams ohokest tfm aptkioc imtfad ag ioketokekeh tfm Mortf‛s olkckty ta sustoke

ckgm. Jaiiueksi dams eat da oey lmttmr. Xm fovm sokd wm emmd ta uedmrstoed tfm eoturm

ag tfm Hoko Grojtoc, sa tfot wm joe ionm surm wm da eat ketmrrupt tfm eoturoc prajmss ktemmds ta jorry aut ta guejtkae os oe arhoeksi. Xm emmd ta ionm surm kt joe ioketoke

faimastosks. Tfm packtkjoc strujturm ag o sajkmty dmtmrikems kts mjaeaikj strotmhkms, oed

tfm mjaeaikjs odaptmd ly o pmapcm dmtmrikems pmrfops, iarm tfoe oey atfmr gojtar, tfm

faimastosks ag tfm Hoko Grojtoc. Iujf ta tfm jrmdkt ag saim hrmot ikeds, wm da fovm oe

mjaeaikj tfmary tfot waucd smmi ta smrvm sujf meds> kt ks joccmd lkamjaeaikjs.

Lkamjaeaikjs ks mosy ta uedmrstoed, kt skipcy usms lkacahy ta dmtmrikem faw wm joe usm

eoturoc rmsaurjms ke sujf o woy tfot tfmy ioxkikzm tfm wmcc lmkeh ag ckgm ae mortf ke o

sustokeolcm woy, os appasmd ta jaejmetrotkeh tfmkr vocum keta o gmw foeds ke tfm gari ag

iaemy tfot rmprmsmets tfmi, wfkjf waucd eat sustoke ckgm vmry caeh.

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Xfme Tfm Tmrrmstrkoc Wktockty Ks Ke Dmjckem

Tfm vkskaeory F.H. Xmccs joim up wktf oe kipartoet pfrosm, ar wardkeh0 Tmrrmstrkoc

Wktockty, ke fks warn Iked Ot Tfm Med Ag Kts Tmtfmr. Gurtfmr fm sokd kt wos ke dmjckem oed

tfot kt jaucd lm tfot ford kiohkeotkvm tfkenkeh ks ea caehmr olcm ta nmmp pojm wktf tfm

kejrmoskeh jaipcmxkty ag fuioe pralcmis. Cmt us try ta tfken ag occ tfm woys wm joe tfottfm tmrrmstrkoc vktockty ks ke dmjckem0

?. Tfm ratotkae ag tfm mortf ks scawkeh sa tfm doys (oclmkt vmry scawcy) lmjaim

caehmr, oed tfus tfm mortf worimr.

<. Tfm Zue, oclmkt mxtrmimcy scaw ag o pfmeaimeae, ks hmttkeh worimr.

:. Fuioe jousmd hcaloc worikeh grai lurekeh gasskc gumcs tfrmotmes tfm fmoctf ag

aur gaad jraps oed wotmr suppckms.

4. Raar trmotimet ag tfm mjasystmi smmis ta lm drkvkeh lmm papucotkaes keta dmjckem,

tfus tfrmotmekeh tfm pacckeotkae ag grukt lmorkeh jraps.

=. Dmgarmstotkae oed dmstrujtkae ag pcoentae ae tfm ajmoe surgojm tfrmotmes tfm

pradujtkae ag lrmotfolcm axyhme oed ketmrrupts tfm jorlae jyjcm.

7. Tfm iarm tkim hams ly, tfm fkhfmr tfm adds ag lmkeh fkt ly oe ostmrakd ar corhm

imtmar tfot waucd nkjn up meauhf dkrt ke tfm otiaspfmrm ta lcajn tfm sue‛s roys

tfus ketmrruptkeh pfatasyetfmsks oed jouskeh tfm gaad jraps ta dkm agg oed occ tfm

vmhmtotkae tfot gori oekiocs gmmd ae.

8. Xm jaucd jaim aut ag tfm ketmrhcojkoc oed metmr oe kjm ohm.

6. Tfm Mortf's Iohemtkj Gkmcd lmjaims wmonmr, tfus dmjrmoskeh kts olkckty ta sfkmcd tfm

mortf grai tfm sacor wked.

Xm joe ionm tfks ckst iujf caehmr, oed kt ks prmtty kejrmdklcm tfot occ tfm emjmssory gojtars

gar tfm sujjmss ag fuioes rmiokemd stolcm gar iarm tfoe tfm = ikcckae ymors kt taan tfmi

ta mvacvm grai prkiktkvm faikekds. K ckst tfmsm tfrmots ta tfm tmrrmstrkoc vktockty, sa tfot ke

jcorkgykeh tfmi ke aur iked, wm joe oddrmss tfmi oed tfmrmly jaim up wktf jcmor

sacutkaes tfot joe lm dmrkvmd grai tfm sjkmejms. K tfken oey odvoejmd jkvkckzotkae oed

ketmcckhmet ckgm gari, waucd rotfmr tfoe khearm tfmsm tfrmots, waucd put tfmkr ikeds taedkeh vkolcm sacutkaes.

Koe Lmordscmy

@ucy <4, <2?4

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<:

Tfm Fuioe Zktuotkae

Tfm rmockty ag tfm fuioe sktuotkae ks jcmorcy aem wfmrm fuioekty ks paksmd lmtwmme hakeh

ke twa dkggmrmet dkrmjtkaes, aem autckemd ly F.H. Xmccs ke Iked Ot Tfm Med Ag Kts Tmtfmr

oed tfm atfmr os autckemd ly Ortfur J. Jcornm oed Ztoecmy Nulrkjn ke <22?0 O Zpojm

Adyssmy0

F.H. Xmccs0 Fuioes iust ha stmmpcy up ar dawe. Kg fm hams up sa hrmot ks tfm

odoptotkae rmqukrmd ag fki tfot fm iust jmosm ta lm o ioe. Ardkeory ioe ks ot tfm med ag

fks tmtfmr, oed tfm adds smmi occ ke govar ag fki hakeh dawe oed aut.

Ortfur J. Jcornm oed Ztoecmy Nulrkjn0 Fuioes med tfmkr rmckoejm wktf tmjfeacahy oed

lmjaim tfm storjfkcd. Fuioekty sprmods kts wkehs oed kms tfrauhf tfm ]ekvmrsm.

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<4

OR Lkacahy 2?

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<=

Tfm Zmttkeh

Ke tfm lmhkeekeh, lkcckaes ag ymors oha, tfmrm wmrm aecy ikjraarhoeksis. Tfm oekiocs oed

pcoets joim keta mxkstmejm olaut <22 ikcckae ymors oha. Fuioes oppmormd olaut <

ikcckae ymors oha, oed oeotaikjoccy iadmre fuioes fovm lmme oraued gar olaut <22,222

ymors. Iast ag tfm ioss ag ckgm jaesksts ag0 Jorlae, Fydrahme, Ektrahme, Axyhme,Rfaspfarus, oed Zucgur0 JFEARZ

OR Lkacahy ?.? Rrapmrtkms ag Xotmr Oed Jorlae

[au sfaucd neaw0

 ?) Xotmr garis pacor javocmet laeds oed fydrahme laeds wfkjf hkvms kt kts prapmrtkms

tfot occaw kt ta sustoke ckgm0

o) odfmskae

l) jafmskae

j) surgojm tmeskaed) fkhf spmjkj fmot

m) laedkeh eat `ust lmtwmme otais, lut lmtwmme iacmjucms

cawmr dmeskty ke kts sackd pfosm

g) saculkckty (imoes o sacutm cknm EoJc wkcc lrmon up keta Eo+ oed Jc- wktf Eo+ ottojfkeh

ta tfm emhotkvm A< ke F<A oed Jc- ottojfkeh ta tfm F+ ke F<A).

<) Jorlae fos gaur vocmejm mcmjtraes, wfkjf occaws kt ta gari keta o fkhf dkvmrskty ag

jfokes ar rkeh strujturms neawe os fydrajorlaes.

:) Ksaimrs orm jrktkjoc ta strujturm oed guejtkae ag lkacahkjoc iacmjucms.

4) Lm olcm ta kdmetkgy wfot prapmrty o iacmjucm fos losmd ae kts guejtkaeoc hraups.

Typms Ag Guejtkaeoc Hraups0

Imtfyc

Fydraxyc

Jorlaeyc (Nmtaem)

Jorlaeyc (Ocdmfydm)

Jorlaxyc

Oikea

Zucgfydryc

Rfaspfotm

OR Lkacahy ?.<

]skeh tfm jorlae lojnlaem (fydrajorlaes) jailkemd wktf guejtkaeoc hraups wm ionm

rmpmotkeh uekts neawe os iaeaimrs, tfot gari iojraiacmjucms. Tfm iaeaimrs jailkem

ly dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ta gari pacyimrs, caeh jaipcmx jfokes ag rmpmotkeh uekts. Tfm

pacyimrs joe lm lranme lojn dawe keta iaeaimrs ly fydracysks. Tfmrm orm gaur jcossms

ag iojraiacmjucms0 Ckpkds, Rratmkes, Jorlafydrotms, oed Eujcmkj Ojkds.

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Dmfydrotkae Zyetfmsks (Jaedmesotkae \mojtkaes)0 O wotmr iacmjucm ks rmiavmd grai tfm

iaeaimrs ly lrmonkeh tfm laed ta cmovm o fydraxyc hraup oed o fydrahme kae. Za yau

rmiavm o wotmr iacmjucm oed gari o laed.

Fydracysks0 Xm lrmon o wotmr laed spckttkeh kt keta o fydraxyc hraup oed fydrahme kae,oed put tfmi lojn ae tfm iaeaimrs, ionkeh tfmi smporotm ohoke. Tfks ks tfm prajmss ag

dkhmstkae. Za yau odd wotmr oed lrmon o laed.

Dmfydrotkae Zyetfmsks ks usmd ta lukcd pacyimrs aut ag iaeaimrs.

Iojraiacmjucms

?) Jorlafydrotms

Iaeaimrs ag jorlafydrotms orm iaeasojjforkdms, skipcm suhors iodm up ag :, =, ar 7

jorlaes. Occ suhor eoims med ke –asm’. Tfot ks faw yau joe tmcc kt ks o jorlafydrotm.Tfmsm iaeaimrs orm ke rkeh sfopm strujturms. Twa iaeaimrs jaim tahmtfmr ke

dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ionkeh o dysojjforkdm. Ke o jorlafydrotm tfks ks joccmd hcyjajktkj

ckenohm. Jailkeh o hcujasm wktf o grujtasm iaeaimr ionms sujrasm (tolcm suhor). Xm

ionm ioctasm ly `akekeh twa hcujasm iaeaimrs oed wm ionm cojtasm ly `akekeh hcujasm

oed hocojtasm. Iuctkpcm iaeaimrs ionm pacysojjforkdms, cknm storjf. Tfks ks usmd gar

memrhy starohm ke pcoet tkssum. Zaim ag tfmsm pacyimrs joe lm usmd gar memrhy starohm,

atfmrs gar strujturoc purpasms.

<) Ckpkds

Trkhcyjmrkdms (gots)0 Iodm up ag tfrmm gotty ojkd jfokes oed aem hcyjmrac iacmjucm. Tfmygari ke dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ta ionm laeds joccmd mstmr ckenohms wfmrm wotmr ks

rmiavmd0 o fydraxyc hraup grai tfm gotty ojkd oed o fydrahme kae grai tfm hcyjmrac.

Gots starm twkjm os iujf memrhy tfoe jorlafydrotms. Tfmrm orm soturotmd gots cknm, luttmr

oed cord,(ckemor ckenohms) oed uesoturotmd gots (tfot fovm aem daulcm laedmd jorlae).

Tfmy orm jaiiaecy joccmd akcs lmjousm tfmy orm ckqukd ot raai tmipmroturm.

Ztmrakds oed Rfaspfackpkds0 Ztmrakds orm iodm up ag gaur jorlae rkehs oed mxoipcms orm,

jfacmstmrac oed jartksac. Rfaspfackpkds orm hcyjmrac, twa gotty ojkd jfokes, oed o

pfaspfotm hraup. Tfmsm orm nmy jaipaemets ag jmcc imilroems.

:) Eujcmkj Ojkds

Kt ks o iaeaimr eujcmatkdm, o vm jorlae suhor, wktf ektrahme losm ae jorlae ?,

pfaspfotm hraup ae jorlae =, oed ks laedmd wktf wfot orm joccmd pfaspfadkmstmr laeds ke

dmfydrotkae syetfmsks ag tfm pfaspfotm ag aem eujcmatkdm oed jorlae :. Tfm twa ioke

eujcmkj ojkds orm DEO oed \EO. Tfm suhor ke DEO ks dmaxyrklasm oed ke \EO kt ks

rklasm. DEO ks daulcm fmckx, \EO skehcm ks o skehcm stroed. DEO starms oed japkms

kegariotkae oed \EO troesikts kegariotkae.

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4) Rratmkes0 Tfmrm orm tfausoeds ag dkggmrmet pratmkes oed tfmy joe fovm ioey dkggmrmet

guejtkaes cknm, lm mezyims, oetkladkms, rmjmptars, strujturoc, iatar, starohm, oed

jaiiuekjotkae. Tfmrm orm <2 dkggmrmet oikea ojkds oed tfmy orm rmspaesklcm gar occ tfm

dkggmrmet pratmkes oed occ tfmkr dkggmrmet strujturms. Tfmy orm gaued ke occ arhoeksis. Kt ks

tfmkr \ hraups wfkjf orm rmspaesklcm gar tfm strujturm ag tfm pratmkes. Rratmkes joe tonm o

fmckx ar pcmotmd sfopm. Rratmke sfopm ks jrujkoc ta tfm prapmr guejtkae ag lkacahkjocprajmssms ke tfm jmcc. Oe \ hraup ks o skdm jfoke ottojfmd ta tfm lojnlaem tfot ionms up o

corhm iacmjucm.

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Koe Lmordscmy