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Science
AHSGE Numbered Flash Cards
Created by Lauderdale County School District
By Stephen Phillips, Paul Crawford, and Pam Tanner
1. SI Units of Volume
Liters, millileters, and cubic centimeters
2. SI units of distance
Kilometers, meters, centimeters, and millimeters
3. SI units of mass
Kilograms, grams milligrams
4. Lab safety review When combining an acid or base with water, always pour the acid
or base into the water. When lighting a Bunsen burner, hold a lighted match next to the
barrel and turn on gas Never smell a chemical directly from a container. Always use
your hand to wave (waft) some of the odors toward your nose. Never pour any unused chemical back into its original container. In case of an accident in a lab, always tell the teacher first. Always point a heated test tube or bottle away from yourself and
others.
5. Steps of the scientific methoda. Observe/state the problem/ask a questionb. Form a hypothesisc. Test the hypothesis (perform an
experiment)d. Analyze and record datae. Form a conclusion
6. Phrases that describe a hypothesisA preliminary conclusion, a
suggested answer, a possible solution
7. Compare control (control setup) and variables:Control: part of the experiment
that does not change during the experiment (no change)
Variables : part of the experiment that changes during the experiment
8. Compare autotrophs and heterotrophs: Autotrophs: organisms that have the
ability to produce their own food Heterotrophs: organisms that depend on
other organisms for a source of food; they can not make their own food
9. Producers
Autotrophs that are eaten by heterotrophs
10. Consumers
Heterotrophs that eat other organisms such as Herbivores – plant eaters Carnivores – animal eaters Omnivores – eat both plants and animals Parasites – live in or on other organisms and
do harm
11. Decomposers
Heterotrophs that decompose organic material; can be called saprophytes; best examples – fungi and bacteria
12. Water cycle
Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
13. Nitrogen cycle
a. Aided by decomposersb. Animals and humans get nitrogen
from eating proteinc. Nitrogen from atmosphere fixed
by lightning, bacteria, or the roots of plants.
14. Transpiration
Evaporation of water out of plants; when water is pulled out of plants into the environment; 90% of evaporation from terrestrial environments is caused by transpiration
15. Compare aerobic and anerobic.
Aerobic processes require oxygen while anerobic processes do not require oxygen
16. Photosynthesis
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O C6H2O6 +O2
17. Cellular respiration (anerobic respiration)C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
18. Define food chain and list an example that includes at least 5 organisms.
A food chain is a simple or single line feeding relationship; example – grass->grasshopper->small bird->snake->hawk
19. Define food web and diagram an example. A food web is a series of
complex interconnecting food chains
20. Draw and label an ecological (energy) pyramid.
Autotrophs/Producers
AAAAA
Ecological pyramid (also called an energy pyramid)
1st order consumer
2nd order consumer
3rd order consumer
4th
het
erot
roph
s
Number of organisms and Amount of energy decreases from the bottom to the top
Each level receives approximately 10% of the energy that the previous level used
21. Define and draw an example of the molecules in a solid.Particles are packed together tightly; has a
definite shape and volume
22. Define liquid and draw an example of the molecules in a liquid.Particles are not held together as tightly as a solid;
has a definite volume but not a definite shape
23. Define gas and draw an example of the molecules in a gas.
Particles in a gas move around; has no definite shape nor volume
24. Factors that affect the rates of change.
a. Increasing the surface or contact area (breaking materials down into smaller pieces)
b. Increasing concentrationc. Stirringd. Adding a catalyst (increases the reaction rate by lowering the
amount of activation energy which is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction)
e. Adding biological catalyst (enzymes) – which are usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things
f. Increasing temperature
25. Kinetic energy
Energy of a moving object
26. List the seven order system of classification in order from the largest (most inclusive; least specific) to the smallest (least inclusive; most specific).Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
27. Define binomial nomenclature and correctly write 3 scientific names using the rules for binomial nomenclature.
A two part scientific nameScientific name examples –
Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Panthera leo
28. Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)Only prokaryotic kingdomAll unicellularExample – bacteria and
cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae)
29. Kingdom Protista
EukaryotesMostly unicellularExamples include amoeba,
paramecium, and euglena
30. Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls that contain a tough carbohydrate called chitin
31. Kingdom Plantae
Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls that contain a tough carbohydrate called chitin
32. Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs that have no cell walls
33. Amoeba
34. Paramecium
35. Euglena
36. Compare the following structures used in locomotion (movement).a. Pseudopods – “false foot” used by amoebas
for movement; produced by changing shapes of the cell membrane and cytoplasm
b. Cilia – short hair-like or thread-like structure; found on paramecium
c. Flagella – long whip-like, hair-like, or thread-like structure; found on euglenas
37. Saprophytes
Organisms that feed on dead organic material; includes species of fungi and bacteria
38. Draw and label the parts of a typical flower.
39. Define stamen and its parts (anther, filament, and pollen).
a. stamen – the entire male part of a flowerb. anther – the topmost part of the flower
that produces pollenc. filament – the stalk of the stamen that
supports the antherd. pollen – contains the sperm cells of plants
40. Define pistil and its parts (stigma, style, ovary, and ovule).a. Pistil – the entire female part of a flowerb. Stigma – the topmost sticky surface of the pistil that
receives the pollenc. Style – the tube through which pollen descend from
the stigma to the ovaryd. Ovary – the bulb shaped structure at the bottom of
the pistil that contains the ovulese. Ovules – egg cells of plants
41. Compare sepals and petals.
Sepals – leaves under the petals; outermost whorl of leaves on the flower that protect the bud
Petals – the leaves of the flower that are typically brightly colored to attract pollinators
42. Nonvascular plants
Simple plants that lack vascular tissues
Are considered to have no true roots, stems, or leaves
Example – Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)
43. Vascular plants
Complex plants that have vascular tissues
Have true roots, stems, and leavesExamples – ferns and fern like
plant, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
44. Compare xylem and phloem.
Xylem – vascular tissue that carries water and minerals upward in plants
Phloem – vascular tissue that carries sugars made by the plant during photosynthesis either upward or downward in the plant
45. Gymnosperms
Vascular plants that produce seeds that are not covered by a fruit
Sometimes called the “naked – seed” plants Mainly pollinated by the wind Mainly cone-bearing evergreens that have
needlelike leaves Examples – pines, cedars, spruce, fir
46. Angiosperms
Vascular plants that produce seeds that are protected by a fruit (ripened ovary that surrounds and protects the seeds)
Produce reproductive structures called flowers
Largest group in the plant kingdom
47. Ferns
Vascular, spore-producing plantsSpores are typically found on the
underside of the leaves fronds – leaves of a fern
Have creeping underground stems called rhizomes
48. Prop plants
Plants that have root systems that are at least partly exposed to the air such as some types of plants that live in swamps and corn
49. Tropical rainforest plants
Have wide leaves to help them absorb as much sunlight as possible because of thick vegetation growth
Upper layers of the trees in the rainforests are called canopy
50. Tundra plants
Small plants that grow rapidly during their short growing seasons
Have to be able to reproduce quickly because of short growing seasons
Able to survive extreme cold during winter because of blankets of snow on them
51. Desert plants
Have leaves that are modified into spines in order to help them to reduce water loss
Have shallow root systems that branch out in order to absorb as much water as possible
Have stomata that open only at night in order to slow water loss
52. Stomata and guard cells
Stomata are tiny openings typically on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange
Guard cells are the cells that surround the stomata that cause the stomata to open and close
53. Mimicry
A harmless animal resembles one that is harmful such as a scarlet kingsnake (harmless) resembling the poisonous coral snake
54. Protective coloration
A form of camouflage that helps an animal to blend in with their surroundings in order to make it more difficult for predators to get them
55. Warning Coloration
Coloration on animals that “warns” other animals to stay away
56. Compare radial and bilateral symmetry.Radial symmetry – animals with
central point with structures that radiate out from the center
Bilateral symmetry – animals that can be divided into two basically equal sides
57. Compare vertebrates and invertebratesInvertebrates are animals that
lack a backbone (they make up 95-99% of all animal species)
Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone
58. Phylum Porifera
Sponges Simplest Animal group Cells and tissus – No organs or organ systems Filter feeders – means that they get food by filtering
water Sessile as adults – means that they move very little if
any at all Asymmetrical – means that they have no particular
shape
59. Phylum Cnidaria
Animals with stinging cells on tentacles that surround their mouths
Includes jellyfish, corals and sea anemones
Considered to have radial symmetry
60. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms No true body segmentsMostly parasites
61. Phylum Nematoda
RoundwormsMany are parasitesUnsegmented
62. Phylum Annelida
Segmented wormsInclude earthworms, leeches
and marine wormsClosed circulation – blood is
contained within vessels
63. Phylum Mollusca
Described as soft-bodies animals with a shell
64. Gastropods
Mollusks that include slugs and snails
65. Bivalves
Mollusks that include clams, oysters, and mussels
Bivalves are important as biological indicators because they are filter feeders
66. Cephalopods
Mollusks that include squid and octopi
Considered to be the smartest invertebrates
67. Phylum Arthropoda
Jointed appendages animals with segmentation and exoskeletons
Largest animal phylum
68. Arachnida
Arthropods that include spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
Eight legsBody regions – cephalothorax
and abdomen
69. Crustaceans
Arthropods that include shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles
Mostly aquatic with many of them livng in marine (ocean) environments
Two pairs of antennae
70. Millipedes and centipedes (types of arthropods)Millipedes – two pairs of legs per
body segment• Herbivores
Centipedes – one pair of legs per body segment • Carnivores with poison claws
71. Class Insecta (Types of arthropods) The largest class in the animal kingdom 6 legs Many with two pairs of wings 3 body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen Many use pheromones which are chemicals
used to attract other insects in order to mate of find food
72. Phylum Echinodermata
Spiny-skinned animalsRadial symmetryIncludes starfish, sea urchins, sand
dollarsHave a water vascular system with
tube feet
73. Phylum Chordata and Subphylum VertebrataIncludes all of the animals with
a backbone – fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
74. Class Agnatha
Jawless fishesInclude hagfish and lampreys
(many of which are parasites)
75. Class Chondichthyes
Cartilage fishes Includes sharks, rays, and skatesEctotherms2 chambered hearts – an atrium and a
ventricle Most use external fertilization
76. Class Osteichthyes
Bony fishes Largest vertebrate animal group Ectotherms 2 chambered hearts – an atrium and a
ventricle Most use external fertilization Have a gill covering called an operculum
77. Class Amphibia
Frogs, toads, and salamanders Amphibian refers to double life – begin life as a
larva in water and are able to move on land as adults
Ecotherms 3 chambered hearts – two atria and one ventricle External fertilization
78. Class Reptilia
Snakes, lizards, and turtles Lay eggs on land Most have 3 chambered hearts except for
crocidilians which have 4 heart chambers Ectotherms Internal fertilization
79. Class Aves
Birds 4 chambered hearts – two atria and two
ventricles Endotherms – basically means warm-blooded Many have hhollow bones that help them to fly Have air sacs associated with lungs Internal fertilization
80. Class Mammalia)Vertebrates that have hair or
fur and give their young mileInclude monotremes,
marsupials, and placentals
81. Monotremes
Egg-laying mammalsIncludes the duck-billed
platypus and the spiny anteater (also known as the echidna)
82. Marsupials
Pouched mammalsIncludes kangaroos, koalas,
Virginia opossum (only native North American marsupial)
83. Placentals
Females in this group have a placenta (which is an organ of exchange between the mother and the unborn offspring)
Most mammals are included in this category such as bats, dogs, rodents, marine mammals, humans
84. Compare chromosomes, DNA, and genes. Chromosomes – rod-shaped structures that
contain DNA that is tightly wrapped around proteins
DNA – stands for deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the genetic code that is responsible for controlling cell functions
Genes – segments of DNA that code for proteins
85. Compare germ and somatic mutations.Germ mutations – mutations that
affect reproductive cells that can be passed on from parent to offspring
Somatic mutations – mutations that affect somatic (body) cells that are not passed on to offspring
86. Chromosomal mutations
Mutations that affect chromosomes such as Inversions – reversal of chromosome parts Duplications – chromosome parts are duplicated Deletions – chromosome parts are deleted Translocation – nonhomologous chromosomes exchange
parts Polyploidy – extra sets of chromosomes; almost always
fatal in humans and animals but usually beneficial in plants
87. Nondisjunction
Type of chromosal mutationFailure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosisCauses Down Syndrome
(Trisomy 21)
88. Gene mutations
Gene mutations are mutations that affect segments of DNA
Point mutations – mutations that affect specific nucleotides on chromosomes; sickle cell anemia is a disorder caused by a point mutation
Frameshift mutations – misreading of the genetic code during translation
89. Define pedigree and draw an example.A family record that shows how
traits are inherited over generations
90. Compare genotype and phenotype.Genotype – the genetic
makeup of an organismPhenotype – the physical
appearance of an organism based upon the genotype
91. Compare homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive. Homozygous dominant – 2 dominant
forms of a gene are paired Heterozygous – 2 different forms of a
gene are paired Homozygous recessive – 2 recessive
forms of a gene are paired
92. Use a Punnett square to show a cross between heterozygous organisms. List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the cross.
93. Use a Punnett square to show a cross between a heterozygous and homozygous recessive organism. List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the cross.
94. Mutagens
An agent of mutation (causes mutations) such as chemicals, ultraviolet radiation
95. Describe the structure and function of DNA
Contains the genetic code that controls cell function Made up of repeating units of nucleotides; each
nucleotide consists of a sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing bases
In DNA there are 4 nitrogen containing bases – adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine
DNA’s shape is called a double helix which can also be described as a twisted ladder
96. Compare dominance and recessive genetic characteristics.Dominant characteristics can
cover up or mask out other forms of the same trait
Recessive characteristics are traits that are covered up or masked out by dominant traits
97. Compare Codominance and Incomplete Dominance.Codominance – traits are
expressed at the same time such as AB blood types
Incomplete dominance – there is a blend of traits because neither trait is dominant like in 4 o’clock flowers
98. Compare diploid and haploid. Diploid – a complete set of
chromosomes; abbreviated (2n); somatic cells (body cells) are diploid
Haploid – half of the complete set of chromosomes; abbreviated (n); germ cells (reproductive cells ) are haploid
99. Terms used to describe reproductive cellsSex cells, germ cells, gamete cells
meiotic cells In animals and humans these cells
are the egg and sperm cells In plants these cells are pollen
(sperm) and ovules (egg)
100. Compare a zygote and an embryo.Zygote – an egg cell that has been
fertilized by a sperm cellEmbryo – a ball of cells that is
produced when a zygote begins to grow by producing more cells through cell division called mitosis
101. Compare prokaryote and eukaryote.Prokaryote – unicellular organisms that
do not have a well-defined nucleus; include bacteria and cyanobacteria
Eukaryote – organisms that possess a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
102. Compare passive and active transport.a. Passive transport – cell transport that
involves little or no energy (moves materials from a high to low concentration)
b. Active transport – cell transport that requires energy use (moves materials from a low to a high concentration)
103. Types of passive transport
a. Diffusion – movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration; attempt to move toward equilibrium
b. Osmosis – diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane
c. Facilitated diffusion – involves movement of materials that uses a carrier molecule which is usually a protein carrier
104. Define hypotonic and draw an example Higher concentration of a solute on the
inside of a cell Water will enter cell
105. Define hypertonic and draw an example. Higher concentration of a solute outside
of the cell membrane Water will leave cell
106. Define isotonic and draw an example.Equal amounts of solute on either side
of the cell membrane
107. Define turgor pressure and draw an example.Osmotic pressure on the inside of a plant
cell due to the water inside the plant cell’s vacuoles
108. Types of active transport
a. Endocytosis – movement of materials into a cell that requires energy; can be described as transporting into, cell eating, engulfing
b. Exocytosis – movement of materials out of a cell that requires energy; can be described as transported out of, discharged, gotten rid of , expelled
109. Compare the multicellular levels of organization from the simplest to the most complex.
a. Cell –simplest level of organizationb. Tissue – made of cells working togetherc. Organ – made of tissues working togetherd. Organ system– organs working togethere. Multicellular organism – many celled
living thing
110. Nucleus (of a cell)
Control center of the cellDNA is located in the nucleus
111. Golgi apparatus
Cell organelle that distributes, packages, and modifies materials needed by the cell
112. Lysosome
Cell organelle that distributes, packages and modifies materials needed by the cell
113. Vacuole
Area of the cell where materials such as water, proteins, and salts are stored
114. Mitochondrion
Cell organelle that obtains energy from food by combining (typically sugars) with oxygen
“Powerhouse of the cell”Particularly active cells have a lot
of mitochondrion
115. Plastid
Cell organelles in plant and plant-like cells that are used to help obtain energy (chloroplasts) plus store food and pigment
116. Chloroplast
Green disk-shaped cell organells found in plant and plant-like cells that absorb energy from sunlight to jump start the process of photosynthesis
117. Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell organelle responsible for cell transportation
118. Ribosomes
Cell organelles where proteins are made
119. In what ways are plant cells different from animal cells?
a. Plant cells have cell walls containing cellulose; animal cells have no cell walls
b. Plant cells have plastids such as chloroplasts; animal cells have no chloroplasts
c. Plant cells have vacuoles that tend to be larger than the vacuoles of animal cells
d. Plant cells tend to be more squared in shape while animal cells tend to be more rounded in shape
120. Exotic species (also called introduced or non-native)Species that are introduced
into an area where they were not present before
121. Dynamic equilibrium
Organisms must deal with changing environments
Also can be described as organisms remaining fairly balanced in their habits even though the environment around them is constantly changing
122. Compare abiotic and biotic factors.
Abiotic factors are nonliving factors in ecosystems such as rocks, dirt, and water
Biotic factors are living factors which include any living organism in the ecosystem
123. Describe symbiosis and the main types of symbiosis.Symbiosis – a relationship between 2
different species• Parasitism – one organism lives in or on another and does
harm
• Mutualism – 2 different species live together and both benefit
• Commensalism – 2 different species live together; one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
• Competition – the struggle between more than one species to obtain materials needed for survival
124. Compare density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.a. Density-dependent limiting factors – factors
that affect a population that are caused by the population size such as disease being spread, lack of water and food, not enough shelter
b. Density-independent limiting factors – factors that affect a population that are caused by nature such as hurricanes, wild fires, tornadoes
125. Question
Answer
126. Question
Answer
127. Question
Answer