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Science and Medicine
• Scientists got a good look at cells and discovered they were made up of smaller organelles.
• Gregor Mendel, a monk, worked with pea plants and discovered dominant and recessive traits.– Beginning of study of genetics.
Gregor Mendel
• Edward Jenner invented vaccinations.– Dosing someone with weak or dead strains of
a disease, so antibodies are created.
• Jenner noticed milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox.
• Created the Smallpox Vaccine, virtually wiping smallpox out.
Edward Jenner
• Louis Pasteur learned that heating, then cooling liquids will kill any bacteria.– Called Pasteurization.
• Anesthetics began to be used in surgery.– Chloroform, laudanum, ether.
• Joseph Lister began working on sterilizing hospitals and medical equipment to prevent infection.– Used a spray of carbolic acid.
Joseph Lister
Social Sciences
• Study of human behavior and interaction.
• Anthropology – Study of different cultures, both past and present.
• Sociology – Study of people’s interactions in society.
• Psychology – Study of the mind and human behavior.– Two major pioneers in psychology:
• Ivan Pavlov.
• Studied “conditioned response.”– Train someone to behave a certain way to
stimulus.
• Studied “positive and negative reinforcement.”– Modify behavior through rewards and
punishments.
• Sigmund Freud.
• Founded Psychiatry, or the study and treatment of mental illness.
• Believed that events subconsciously affected behavior.
• Divided brain into 3 sections:– Id – Crocodile brain.– Ego – Conscious brain.– Superego – Unconscious brain.
Literature
• New movement in literature – Romanticism.– View of life as it should be, not how it is.
• James Fenimore Cooper – “Last of the Mohicans.”– American Indians were “noble savages.”
• Brothers Grimm – Collected German fairy tales.– Little Red Riding Hood – Wolf ate part of
Grandma, chopped up the rest and served it to Red, bottled Grandma’s blood and served it as wine.
– Hansel and Gretel – Wolf eats breadcrumbs, kids get lost; Dad finds them; Witch kills Dad; Witch eats Hansel; Gretel gets away, comes back and kills Witch.
• Mary Shelley – Frankenstein.– Scary monster story, monster is
“misunderstood”.
• Bram Stoker – Dracula.– Scary monster story.
• Sir Walter Scott – Ivanhoe.– Noble, glorious knights.
• Goethe – Faust.– Man makes deal with the Devil.
Music• Ludwig van Beethoven.
• Franz Schubert.
• Frederick Chopin.– All had powerful, passionate music.
• Pyotr Tchaikovsky – Russian.– Wrote 1812 Overture to celebrate Napoleon’s
defeat at Waterloo.
• Richard Wagner – German.– Ride of the Valkyries.– Hitler’s favorite composer.
Ludwig van Beethoven Franz Schubert
Frederick Chopin Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Richard Wagner
Valkyrie
Art• New art movement – Realism.
– Show things as they are, not as they ought to be.