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Science and Public Policy The Inevitable Connections between Science and Politics
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Science and Public Policy
The Inevitable Connections between Science and Politics
A Basic Diagram
Recent News
Damage to the Insula Disrupts Addiction to Cigarette SmokingScience Vol. 315. no. 5811 26 January 2007 pp. 531 - 534 Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa
Carver College of MedicineLaboratory of Computational Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, University of
Iowa Carver College of MedicineCognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center, University of Southern California Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Star Tribune January 26 2007
Important Scientific Concerns – Who decides what’s important?
Stem Cell ResearchClimate Change...Genomic ResearchRenewable Energy • Ethanol• BiodieselClean Coal Technology
Resources
Federal Spending (Heritage Foundation)Federal Spending (Cato Institute)Federal Spending on HIV/AIDS (National Academies Press)The Economic Effects of Federal Spending on Infrastructure and Other Investments
(Congressional Budget Office)Trends in Research Investment Cause Concern For U.S. Global Leadership in Certain Fields
(National Academies) Federal spending on research and development has been declining (Brad DeLong UCLA)Federal spending: the good times have stopped rolling (Chronicle of Higher Education)
Failure to pass federal spending bills could affect scientific research (Medical News Today)
Funding for Scientific Research
Corporate Research
• Individuals employed in corporations • Individuals working in educational institutions, nonprofit corporations, government
entities sponsored/financed by corporations
Government Research
• Individuals employed in federal government agencies • Individuals working in educational institutions, nonprofit corporations, and
governments sponsored/financed by the federal government
National Science Foundation Survey Data
NSF Research Support Category
UMN Research Expenditures
UMN Rank among 17
“peers”
#1 Research Expenditures
Federally SponsoredResearch
$308 Million 10th$625 Million
(U Washington)
State & Local GovernmentSponsored Research
$50 Million 4th $80 Million (U Florida)
Institutional Research Support $70 Million 13th
$210 Million(U Wisconsin)
Industry Sponsored Research $22 Million 12th
$86 Million(Penn State U)
All Other Sources $76 Million 3rd$123 Million
(UCLA)
Declining Federal R&D Budget: A Big Problem
• Federal sources provide >70% of UMN research funding
• 2007 NIH budget expected to increase just 0.7%
• For third year in a row will fail to keep pace with inflation
Corporations
3M Products and Services
Dow Chemicals• Dow AgroSciences• Breast Implants on Trial (PBS)
Monsanto
Merck
GlaxoSmithKline• Advair
Research Sponsored by the Federal Government
A federal grant is an award of financial assistance from a federal agency to a recipient to carry out a public purpose of support authorized by a law of the United States
Twenty-six Federal agencies annually offer over 1,000 grant programs
Grant categories
National Institutes of Health
Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Composed of 27 Institutes and Centers Primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research Provides leadership and direction to programs designed to improve the health of the
Nation by conducting and supporting research • in the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and cure of human diseases • in the processes of human growth and development • in the biological effects of environmental contaminants • in the understanding of mental, addictive and physical disorders • in directing programs for the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information
in medicine and health, including the development and support of medical libraries and the training of medical librarians and other health information specialists
National Institutes of Health
Invests over $27 billion annually in medical research
10% of the budget, supports projects conducted by nearly 6,000 scientists in its own laboratories, most of which are on the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland
>80% of its funding is awarded through almost 50,000 competitive grants to more than 212,000 researchers at over 2,800 universities, medical schools, and other research institutions in every state and around the world
Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research
NIH Office of Budget
National Science Foundation
An independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense…"
Annual budget of about $5.58 billion Funding source for approximately 20% of all federally supported basic research conducted
by America's colleges and universities In many fields such as mathematics, computer science and the social sciences, NSF is the
major source of federal backing NSF supports all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except medical sciences Mission to keep the United States at the leading edge of discovery in areas from
astronomy to geology to zoology
National Science Foundation
How NSF Works
Organizational Chart
NSF Funding
NSF Partners
Awards to Minnesota 2006
NSF PublicationsNSF for the Research & Education Community
National Academies
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
Agencies that Conduct and Sponsor Research
National Atmospheric and Oceanic AdministrationNOAA ResearchNOAA Organization
US Geological Survey
US Fish & Wildlife Service
DOE Office of Science – Homepage
NPS: Nature & Science
Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service (USDA)
Food & Nutrition (USDA)
Forestry Research & Development (Forest Service)Experimental Forests & Ranges (Forest Service)
North Central Research Station (Forest Service)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) relies on sound science to safeguard both human health and the environment
The Office of Research and Development (ORD) is the scientific research arm of EPAORD conducts research on ways to prevent pollution, protect human health, and
reduce risk The work at ORD laboratories, research centers, and offices across the country helps
improve the quality of air, water, and soilApplied science at ORD builds our understanding of how to protect and enhance the
relationship between humans and the ecosystems of Earth
EPA Research & Development
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Science and Policy
Annual Report
Science Online
The science inside e-book series
Funding in the Executive Branch
Budget of the United States Government • The President’s FY09 Budget• State by State Budget Information• Strengthening Health CareOffice of Management and Budget• OMB CircularsCouncil of Economic Advisers• Economic Report of the PresidentFederal Budget (The Concord Coalition)
United States Federal Budget (Wikipedia)
Funding in the Legislative Branch
Senate Committees
Senate Committee on AppropriationsSenate Budget Committee DemocratsSenate Budget Committee Republicans
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation• Committee Jurisdiction
Funding in the Legislative Branch
House Committees
Committee on the Budget Committee on AppropriationsJoint Economic Committee
Committee on Science and Technology• Committee Jurisdiction• Tracking R & D Funding
Funding in Agency Action
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Agricultural Research Service Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau (Justice)Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Interagency Coordinating Committee Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Fish and Wildlife Service
Food and Nutrition Service Food Safety and Inspection Service Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services Foreign Agricultural Service
Science in Legislation
Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act of 1988Chemical Safety Information, Site Security and Fuels Regulatory Relief Act 1999Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act of 1998Toxic Substances Control Act 1976Hazard Mitigation and Relocation Assistance Act of 1993Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 1975Hazardous Materials Transportation Act Amendments of 1976Hazardous Materials Transportation Authorization Act of 1994Hazardous Materials Transportation Control Act of 1970
The Toxic Substances Control Act
Principal legislation regulating industrial chemicals in commercePassed in 1976, TSCA gives the EPA broad authority to screen and regulate both new
and existing chemicalsMany chemicals are subject to additional regulations based on their intended usesUnder TSCA, EPA has the authority to limit or prohibit the manufacture and distribution
of a substance if it is found to pose an unreasonable risk
Congressional Findings (Legal Information Institute)Annual Report (Legal Information Institute)
Regulations and Chemical Safety (American Chemical Council)
Funding in Legislation
Public Laws
Status of Appropriation Legislation 2007
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Promotional Presentation
Center for Science and Public PolicyNatural Resources Defense Council
Sponsored Research at the University of Minnesota
Office of the Vice-President for Research
Funding Opportunities
Managing Sponsored Projects at the University of Minnesota
Research News Online
Levels and Trends in Sponsored Research FY 1998
2007 Annual BoR PresentationFINAL.ppt
Top Institutions for Federal Research and Development Spending (Chronicle of Higher Education)
Trends in Spending on Research (University of Michigan)
Genetically Modified Organisms
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980)Breaking the Law of Life (Resurgence)Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms (Human Genome Project)Liability and Labeling of Genetically Modified Organisms (The Campaign)The National Agricultural Law Center Search <gmo>Genetics Society of America, Statement on Genetically Modified Organisms Biosafety Protocol for Genetically Modified Organisms: Overview
Biotechnology: An Overview (Congressional Research Report for Congress)GM Organisms (New Scientist)GMOs at the FAODolly the Sheep (Americna University)Life Form Patenting and Family-Scale Agriculture: Implications and Recommendations
(Center for Rural Affairs)
