Science and Technology in São Paulo, Brazil
Carlos H. de Brito Cruz
Scientific Director
Fapesp
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State of São Paulo, Brasil
2
34% of Brazil’s GNP
40 Million people
52% of Brazilian science
13% of State budget to HE
and R&D
1,5% GNP for R&D
3 State Universities
52 Tech Faculties
45% of the PhDs formed in
Brazil (4,500 in 2008)
19 State Research
Institutes
1 Research Foundation
65% of R&D public support
comes from State
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São Paulo: R&D Expenditures, 2010,by source
• R&D expenditures total 1.64% of state GDP
– Grew from 1.52% in 2008
• Public expenditures
– State 62%
– Federal 38%
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SP, R&D ExpenditureInternational standing
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Fapesp: São Paulo Research Foundation
• Mission: support research in all fields• Receives 18,000 proposals per year, all peer reviewed• Funded by the State of São Paulo with 1% of all state tax
revenues• Started operations in 1962• Annual budget: $PPP 503 M in 2010 (est. $PPP 560 M, 2011)
– Fellowships (3,000 SI, 3,000 MS, 3,000 DR, 1,300 PD)– Academic R&D
• Young Investigators
– University-Industry Joint R&D– Small bussiness R&D
• 1,500 projects since 1997 (one award per week in 2010)
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FAPESP expenditures, 2009By field of science
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FAPESP: international agreements for joint research funding
• Agreements with foreign funding agencies, universities and companies
• 242 joint proposals supported, 2005-2010
– France 85; U.S 52; Germany 39; U.K. 20; Argentina 10; Canada 12; Portugal 8
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RCUK (UK)KCL; Surrey;Southampton; Nottingham (UK)DFG (Ge)CNRS; ANR (Fr) INSERM;INRIA;INRA (Fr)U. Toronto (Ca)U. W. Ontario (Ca)
UE-CNPq (Bioenergy)CONICET (Ar) CONICYT (Ch)ISTP (Ca)NSF (U.S.)Microsoft Research; MIT (U.S.)FCT (Portugal)
International co-authorship: 1998-2008Royal Society, March 2011
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Brazil: growing scientific production
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São Paulo
Brazil
SP/Brazil (%)
SOAR: Southern Observatory for Astrophysical Research
12
J.B. Haislip et al., “A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 0.12 for GRB 050904”,
Nature 440, 181-183 (9 March 2006).
Infrared afterglow observation
after a GRB - unveils the
explosion which happened 13
billion years ago
IAG, USP; IF, UFRGS
Fapesp, CNPq, NSF
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Pierre Auger Cosmic Rays Observatory
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Science, November 2007
Other relevant programs
• 11 Centers for Research, Innovation and Diffusion (CEPID) – Long term (11 years) funding for advanced research
• 423 Thematic Projects– 5 years researc
• Biota: Virtual Institute for Biodiversity
• BIOEN: Bioenergy Research
• PFGCC: Global Climate Change Research
• PIPE: Small Business Innovative Research
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Some desirable qualities for a research project (must convince reviewers)
• Strong core of fundamental science
– Internationally competitive
– Perspective of results being published in high impact journals
– Sound justification
• What is the state of the art
• Why and how does the proposal connect to it
• Previous experience of the prospective researchers
• Technology connections, if they exist
• Science education opportunities
• Graduate and undergraduate education
• Attraction of excellent foreign vistors and post-docs
• Management capability for the project
– Multi year: 10? 15?
– Institutional support: universities, research institutes
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Doctoral degreesUSP, Unicamp and UNESP, 2009
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U.S. and SP universities that graduate more than 700 PhDs per year
Brasil EUA Doutorados Num Prof.
USP 2.244 5.434
Unicamp 871 1.743
U. CA, Berkeley 856 2.028
U. TX Austin 821 2.500
Unesp 805 3.554
U. WI Madison 740 2.033
U. IL Urbana-Champaign 735 3.081
U. CA, Los Angeles 724 4.016
OH State U. main campus 719 5.272
U. MI Ann Arbor 716 n.d.
EUA 2008: S&E Doctorate Awards, 2008, Table 3.
USP, Unesp e Unicamp: 2009
FAPESP Research Program on Global Climate Change
• Global Climate Modelling
– Supercomputer – 15 Tflops sustainable
• FINEP + FAPESP
• Calls for Proposals
• Water, Carbon and Nitrogen cycles, Ecosystems, Aerosols, Land use change, Agriculture and husbandry, Human health, Human dimensions
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Modeling Global Climate with an eye on the South Atlantic - Salinity
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Possible with a new supercomputer (30,258 cores; 244
TFlps/sw; 3.84 Pb disk + 6 Pb tape; )
Fresh water discharge from the Amazon River lowers regional
salinity (res. 10 – 100 km)
Authors: Gilvan Sampaio e Carlos Nobre, PFPMCG, INPE
10 years time frame, displayed monthly
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GCC effects on Coffee plantations in SP
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+1oC
+5oC+3oC
Present
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Non-Renewable Renewable
En
erg
y s
ou
rces i
n B
razil,
2006
47% of Brazil’s energy comes from renewable sources (2009)
21
cane
18%
Renewables in Brazil: 47%; World: 13%; OECD: 7,2%
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Sugarcane for ethanol uses 0,6% of total area
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Area used for sugarcane for ethanol (4,8
MHa, 0,6%)
Area used for agriculture (76,7 MHa, 9%)
Rural properties area (355 MHa, 42%)
Total country area (851 MHa, 100%)
Source: Horta Nogueira e Seabra (2008)
modified for 2008 data
Small bioenergy footprint
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6 10 13 18 21 26 31 50
Weeks after CO2
A (
µm
ol C
O2 m
-2 s
-1)
Ambiente
Elevado ******
***
*
(a)
Ambient
Elevated
Microarray analyses 5000
genes
Sugarcane in increased CO2
2421/02/11
Buckeridge M. Et al. Plant Cell and Environment, vol.31, p. 1116 (2008)
ElevatedAmbientProductivity
60% more Biomass
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R&D driven increase in sugarcane and ethanol productiviy
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2050: Available land for biofuels(Doornbosch and Steenblik, 2007)
Land (in Gha) North Am.
South &
Centr. Am.
Europe &
Russia Africa Asia Oceania World
Total land surface 2,1 2,0 2,3 3,0 3,1 0,9 13,40
1 Apt for Rainfed cultivation 0,4 0,9 0,5 0,9 0,5 0,1 3,30
2 Apt and Under forest 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,80
3 Apt, already in use 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,6 0,1 1,50
4 Necessary for food, housing and
infrastructure until 2030/50
0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,30
5 Available (Gross) [5=1-2-3-4] 0,00 0,25 0,08 0,44 -0,07 0,04 0,74
6 % for grassland 0% 0% 50% 60% n/a 0%
7 Additional land potentially available
(7)=(5)x(1-% for grassland)
0,00 0,25 0,04 0,18 -0,07 0,04 0,44
a. Most studies assume that only a small fraction of additional land is needed to feed the world’s growing population — from 6.5 billion people at
present to 9 billion people in 2050 — and that most of the increase in food requirements will be met by an increase in agricultural productivity.6 Here
it is assumed that 0.2 Gha is needed for additional food production (based on Fisher and Schrattenholzer, 2001 where a yearly increase in agricultural
productivity of 1.1% is assumed); the remainder (roughly 0.1 Gha) is needed for additional housing and infrastructure.
b. A negative number is shown here as more land is cultivated than potentially available for rain-fed cultivation because of irrigation. The negative land
available has not been rounded to zero because food imports are likely to be needed from other region with implications on their land use.
c. Numbers in this column don’t add up because of rounding.
So. Centr. Am: 0.25GHa @ 10kL/Ha.yr 2,500GL /yr (in 2005: 40 GL)
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Energy consumptionOECD and Non-OECD
Source: International Energy Outlook 2009
Estimate for 2010
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Reference quantities
2004 2050
Gasoline consumption (1) 1,200 GL 2,200 GL
Ethanol consumption 30 GL
Ethanol substituting 10% gasoline 265 GL
Ethanol substituting 100% gasoline 2,650 GL(1) Source: National Energy Information Center (NEIC)
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Area available in South & Central America by 2050: 0,25 Gha
Area available in Africa by 2050: 0,18 Gha
(both according to Doornbosch & Steenblik, OECD, 2007)
0.43GHa @ 5 kL/Ha.yr 2,015 GL /yr (in 2005: 40 GL)
Potential for substituting for 76% of the world gasoline demand considering the
available area in South and Central America and Africa
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Brazil: a Natural Knowledge Economy (K.
Bound, Demos, 2008)
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n http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Brazil_NKE_web.pdf
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BIOTA’s Map for Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning
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Fapesp –Industry: joint calls for proposals
• Fapesp and a company issue a joint call for proposals– Themes proposed by industry– Exploratory R&D– Joint Steering Committee– Merit review by Fapesp
• Embraer, Natura, Ouro Fino, Oxiteno, Microsoft Research, Telefónica, Dedini, PadTec, SABESP, VALE, Whirlpool, Braskem.....
• 125 proposals received in 2010
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Embraer-FAPESP: R&D to build an innovative jet
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CFD simulation and tests
Research co-funded by FAPESP,
using several universities
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Small Bussiness Innovative Research (PIPE)
• SBIR– Innovative content– Commercial potential of associated R&D– Increase company competitiveness– Foster an “innovation culture” in small businesses in SP
• Conditions– Non refundable funding– Up to US$ 200.000 per project– Principal Investigator must be an employee of SB
• One proposal selected per week in 2010
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Location of SBIR projects951 R&D projects
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International cooperation projects, per country, 2005-2010
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COUNTRY
GERMANY 39
ARGENTINA 20
CANADA 12
U.S.A. 52
FRANCE 85
PORTUGAL 8
UK 20
FRANCE PORTUGAL 1
GERMANY USA 1
FRANCE E PERU 1
FRANCE E CHILE 1
FRANCE, ARGENTINA AND CHILE 1
FRANCE AND URUGUAY 1
Total (2005-2010) 242
R&D Expenditures in SP: 1.64% of State GDP in 2010
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FAPESP is actively seeking foreign scientists
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Opportunities for foreign scientists in SP: Post-doctoral fellowships
• Three year duration (5 years in some cases)
– Stipend
– Travel for awardee and family
– Support for moving and installation
– Plus 15% fo research incidentals (travel, small equip.)
• 1,213 proposals, 683 concessions in 2009
– 56% success rate
– 1,257 fellowships paid last month
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Opportunities for foreign scientists in SP: Young Investigator Awards
• 4 years grant
– Fellowship for PI
– Equipments
– Consummables
– Travel
– Fellowships for students
• 2,100 proposals, 753 concessions since 1996
– 242p/81c in 2009
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FAPESP, 2010
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Revenues, 2010 Value ($PPP) %
State appropriations (1%) 432.963.999 86%
Other 70.325.209 14%Total 503.289.208 100%
Expenditures, 2010 Value ($PPP) %
Fellowships 165.230.996 33%
Grants - Academic Research 242.160.468 48%
Grants - Application Oriented Research 71.643.432 14%
Operations 22.204.625 4%
Capex 2.049.686 0,4%Total 503.289.208 100%
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Articles ISI per scientist, 2004
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0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
Canadá
Irlanda
Austrália
Espanha
São Paulo
Chile
Coréia
México
Argentina
Brasil
Artigos ISI publicados por pesquisador, 2004
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Brazil: 11,368 PhDs graduated in 2009
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Biodiversity Virtual InstituteBIOTA
• A network of 200+ scientists
• Characterize the biodiversity of the State of São Paulo, and define mechanisms for its conservation and sustainable use – Study and disseminate data, information, and knowledge
about São Paulo’s biodiversity and its importance.
– Increase public and private organizations’ capacity in managing, monitoring and using biodiversity.
– Promoting informed decisions
• http://www.biota.org.br/
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BIOTA: Science – Perspectives, April 6 , 2009
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SP Environment Secretary bases Resolution on BIOTA research
• Plus two Governor’s Edits
– Decree 53.939, 06Jan09 –Legal Reserves
– Decree 54.746, 04Sep09 –Conservation Units Cantareira
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SP: target R&D expenditure for 2020
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2008 2020
R&D Expenditure (% State GDP) 1,52% 2,30%
Public R&D Expenditure (% State GDP) 0,56% 0,80%
Business R&D Expenditure (% State GDP) 0,96% 1,50%
SP GDP (Billion US$ 2008; 4,5% a.a.) 566 960
Dispêndio em P&D em SP (bilhões R$ 2008) 8,6 22,1
SP R&D Expenditures 2008 a 2020 200 billion US$ from 2008
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Brazil: 190 million people, 8th GNP
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Brazil
Basic Science Focus
• In the World and in Brazil there is in an “utilitarian” view about Science– Science that makes business more competitive
– Science that heals the sick
– Science that makes the poor rich
• FAPESP adds a not so “utilitarian” item– Science that makes mankind wiser
• In all fields there are fundamental questions
• Philosophy, Archeology, Literature, High Energy Physics, Cosmic Rays, Astronomy, Evolution,..
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Modeling Global Climate with an eye on the South Atlantic - Salinity
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Authors: Gilvan Sampaio e Carlos Nobre, PFPMCG, INPE
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Center for Metropolitan Sudies
53
Centre for Metropolitan Studies (CEM)
The Centre for Metropolitan Studies (CEM) is dedicated to the
study of recent dynamics in urban transformation, with focus on
the Sao Paulo Metropolitan area. The project comprises three
parts: Research, Technology Transfer and Dissemination of
Information.
CEBRAP and USP
Vulnerability
Inequality
Access to public services
Social networks
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