Science Curriculum Design(Hawai‘i International Conference on Education)

Francis M. Pottenger III, PhDJanuary 8, 2010

Inquiry is a cognitive survival mechanism of our species.

Inquiry is how we humans know and make sense of our surroundings.

In sum, inquiry is the multiple ways we discover, invent, and test answers and solutions to questions and problems, and make conclusions about their usefulness.

Inquiry is a process of considered thought in contrast to reflexive response.

Out of inquiry, we construct a mental virtual reality, an analog of our surroundings and ourselves; thus, we are constructivists; we are makers of knowledge.

We correct our mental versions of the world by personal inquiry into natural phenomena and the knowledge of others.

Infrastructure

Knowledge Generation Existing Knowledge

Informal Knowlege

•Directed by inquiring person•Personally produced knowledge •Creates a heuristic problem solutions, testing, and interpretation•Creates new knowledge

•Directed by inquiring person individual receiver•Personally, acquired knowledge •Learn of another’s problem solutions, tests, and interpretations•Learns existing knowledge

Formal Knowlege

• Directed by a community • Individual producer• Community produced knowledge •Creates a rule-based problem solutions, testing, interpretation, and community validated products•• Creates new knowledge

• Directed by a community• Individual receiver• Community instructed knowledge • Learn products of rule-based problem solving, testing, interpretation, and community validation • Learns existing knowledge

.

Associated Members Special Functions Common Function Epistemic Descriptivists, Experimentalists, and Theorists

Generating basic theoretic, experimental, and descriptive knowledge

Technological Experimentalists

Generating experimental applied knowledge

Technologists Generating applications of knowledge

Planner-Evaluators Identifying and evaluating product needs

Technical Users Evaluating product utility through use

Education

A discipline is a community of persons. A discipline is an expression of human

imagination. A discipline is a domain. A discipline is a mode of inquiry. A discipline is a tradition. A discipline is a conceptual structure. A discipline is a specialized language or other

system of symbols. A discipline is a heritage of literature and

artifacts and networks of communication. A discipline is a valuing and affective stance. A discipline is an instructive community.

Phases of Inquiry

Phases Procedures

Initiation

• Originate an Interest that results in a problematic focus

• Originate a defined problematic focus for the inquiry

Infrastructure • Identify informal path personal creation, Interpersonal learning

• Identify formal path community creation, community Instruction

learning

Invention

• Design a testable resolution of the question, problem, or need

• Design a test or way to determine the workability or the resolution

Investigation

• Create the testable resolution

• Carry out the test and analyze results

Interpretation

• Evaluate results. Researchers draw conclusions about the workability

• Evaluate conclusions. Community evaluates research conclusions

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge • Communicate generated knowledge to community

Inquiry Modes Description Protocuriosity Accidental gain of new knowledge through environmental interactions Curiosity Search for new knowledge out of an innate need to know Replicative

Search for new knowledge by validating inquiry through duplication of known operations

Technological Search for new knowledge in satisfaction of a need through construction, production, and testing of psychomotor actions, artifacts, systems, procedures

Authoritative Search for knowledge new to the seeker in established knowledge found in artifacts and people

Evaluative Search for new knowledge about the capacity of the products to meet valuing criteria of standards

Quantitative Search for new knowledge about quantity and number Communicative Search for new knowledge ways to transmit representation of things or

events to others Inductive Search for new knowledge in correlated data patterns and generalizable

relationships in data association—a hypothesis-finding process Deductive Search for new knowledge in logical synthesis of existing knowledge—

hypothesis making process Experimental Search for new knowledge through testing predictions flowing out of

hypotheses Theoretical Search for new explanatory knowledge systems through synthesis of

multiple generalizations and hypotheses

Investigation Provide test conditions

Tes t products/ Situations

Provide test products/situations

Execute Tests Mentations as test

Use mentation protocols

Observations as test

Use observation protocols

Interactions as test

Use interaction protocols

Execute analyses Analyze propositions

Use logic analysis protocols

Analyze data Use data analysis protocols Interpretation Draw conclusions Evaluation of

resolution Provide researcher’s claim

Evaluate conclusions

Evaluations of acceptability

Provide community warrant

Instruction Communicate developing knowledge

Communications Collegial

Report on inquiry progress

Communicate Developed Knowledge

Communications to disciplinary and lay publics

Report on inquiry products

Taxonomy of Inquiry (part 2)

May not operate

Phases Proced ures Informal Structur e s Initiation • Focus Question , Investiga tion • Execute the Te s t Observatio n Interpreta tion • Evaluat e , Conclusion Instru ction • Co mmunicate Report

Proto-curiousity Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Structures Infrastructure • Generate Personal knowledge • Learn Artifacts, existing knowledge Initiation • Focus Question, problem, need Invention • Design products Emotion, discovery, prediction,

body action, description • Design test Interaction, observation Investigation • Provide test conditions Situation • Execute the test Interaction, observation Interpretation • Evaluate, individuals’

conclusions Conclusion

Curiousity Inquiry Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Structures Formal Structures Infrastructure • Generate Personal knowledge Community knowledge • Learn Existing knowledge Community instruction Initiation • Focus Need Need Invention • Design products Prediction, description Prediction, description • Design test Interaction Interaction Investigation • Provide test conditions Provide test

Products/situations Provide test Products/situations

• Execute the test and analyze

Replicate Replicate/analyze

Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers’ conclusions

Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Replicative Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Structures

Formal Structures

Infrastructure • Generate Personal knowledge Community knowledge • Learn Existing knowledge Community

instruction Initiation • Focus Need Need Invention • Design products Emotion, prediction,

body actions, artifacts All mind products

Emotion, prediction, body actions, artifacts All mind products

• Design test/analysis Interaction, observation,

mentation

Interaction, observation,

mentation Investigation • Provide test conditions Provide test

Products/situations Provide test Products/situations

• Execute test and analyze Test Test/analyze Interpretation • Draw conclusions

researcher Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish/manufacture

Technological Structural Profile

Phases Procedure Function Infrastructure Learn Learn existing knowledge Initiate Need Need to know Invention Seeks authority Discovers Investigation Test acquisition Interaction, observation Interpretation Draws conclusions •Compares with existing

knowledge? •Associates/connects with existing knowledge?

Informal Personal Learning Profile

Phases Procedure Function Infrastructure Learn Instruction in Disciplinary Knowledge Initiate Need Need to Know Invention Seeks Authority Discovers Investigation Test Acqusition Interaction, Observation Interpretation Instructor

Community Representative Evaluates

•Warrant Assimilation of Existing knowledge

May not operate

Formal Authoritative Community Instruction

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Formal Initiation * Focus Need Need Invention • Testable products Emotions,

discoveries, description

Emotions, discoveries, description

• Design test Interaction, observation

Interaction, observation

• Design test protocols Various Investigation • Provide test conditions Provide test

Products/situations Provide test products/situations

• Carry out the test and analyze Test Test/analyze Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers conclusions Conclusion Conclusion • Evaluate conclusions by

community Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Evaluative Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Inquiry Formal Inquiry Infrastructure • Generate Personal Community • Learn Authority Community Instruction Initiation Focus Need, Question Need, Question Invention • Testable products Emotions, Predictions

Descriptions, Procedure

Emotions, Predictions Descriptions, Procedure Exlanation

• Design Test Interaction, Observation

Mentation

Interaction, Observation Mentation

• Design Test Protocols Logical Investigation • Provide Test

Conditions Provide Test Products/Situations

Provide Test Products/Situations

• Execute Test and Analyze

Test Test/Analyze

Interpretation • Evaluate, Researchers Conclusions

Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate Conclusions by Community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate Developing Knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate Generated Knowledge

Publish

Quantitative Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Inquiry Formal Inquiry Infrastructure • Generate Personal Community • Learn Authority Community

instruction Initiation Focus Need, question Need, question Invention • Test able products Emotions, predictions,

descriptions Emotions, predictions,

descriptions • Design test Interaction,

observation, mentation

Interaction, observation,

mentation • Design test protocols Various Investigation • Provide test conditions Provide test

Products/situations Provide test Products/situations

• Execute test and analyze

Test Test/ analyze

Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers’ conclusions

Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Communicative Structural Profile

Phases Procedures Informal Inquiry

Formal Inquiry

Initiation Focus Problem, question Problem, Question Invention • Test able products Emotion, prediction,

explanation Emotion, Prediction, artifact, Explanation

• Design test Mentation Mentation • Design test protocols Logic Logic Investigation • Carry out test and analyze Test Test/Analyze Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers’

conclusions Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Deductive Structural Profile

May not operate

Phases Procedures Informal Formal Infrastructure • Generate Personal Community • Learn Authority Community

instruction Initiation • Focus Need, problem,

question Need, problem, question

Invention • Testable products Emotions, discoveries, artifacts, explanation

Emotions, discoveries, artifacts, explanations

• Design test Interaction, observation,

mentation

Interaction, observation, mentation

• Design test protocols Various Investigation • Provide test conditions Provide test

Products/situations Provide test Products/situations

• Execute test and analyze Test Test/analyze Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers

conclusions Conclusion Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Deductive Structural Profile

Problem (1) Hypothesis (1)

[Deductive/Inductive Mode]

Problem (2) Find proof of hypothesis (1)

[Technological Mode]

Hypothesis (2) [Technological Mode]

Investigation (2)

[Technological Mode]

Conclusion (2) [Technological Mode]

Investigation (1) Logically, does Conclusion (2)

validate Hypothesis (1) [Deductive Mode]

Conclusion (1) Researcher’s

[Deductive Mode] Conclusion (1) Community’s

[Deductive Mode]

Phases Procedures Formal Inquiry Infrastructure • Generate Community • Learn Community instruction Initiation • Focus Questions, problems Invention • Design products Emotion, prediction, explanations • Design test/analysis Mentation Investigation • Carry out the test and analyze Test/analyze Interpretation • Evaluate, researchers

conclusions Conclusion

• Evaluate conclusions by community

Warrant

Instruction • Communicate developing knowledge

Ongoing

• Communicate generated knowledge

Publish

Theoretic Structural Profile

KNOWLEDGE GENERATION KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION

INITIATION • Originate interest • Originate focus

INVENTION • Create resolution • Create test

INVESTIGATION • Carry out test • Carry out analysis

INTERPRETATION • Evaluate results • Evaluate conclusions

INSTRUCTION • Communicate developing knowledge

INSTRUCTION • Communicate developed knowledge

DELIVERY ENGINEERING

TEACHER

Activity Level

STUDENT

Activity Level

Disciplinary experience delivery

Formative researcher assessment Diagnosis Facilitation

Formative class assessment Consensus formation

Understanding development

Formative researcher Assessment

Objective analysis

Sequence Level

Summative Class Assessment

Disciplinary experience

Researcher reflection

Internalization Skills and Concepts

Class reflection Internalization

Concepts consensus

Researcher reflection

Internalization Objective analysis

Sequence Level

Summative Self Assessment

CONTENT IN UPPER ELEMENTARY GRADES

TECHNOLOGY

Mental HealthSystems

Education Systems

Communication Sys.

GovernmentSystems

Merchandizing,Banking Systems

All Technologies

Music, Art, Drama, Writing

BIOLOGICAL NEED

Social Bonding

Learning

Communication

Control of Selfand Others

Acquisitiveness

Curiosity

Aesthetic Balance

DISCIPLINARYAREAS

AstronomyChemistryBiology

Earth SciencePhysicsEcology

Health

Nutrition

Information Science

Ethics

Economics

CONTENT IN LOWER ELEMENTARY GRADES

TECHNOLOGYVentilationPlumbing,Hydrology

Hunting, Gathering,Herding, Farming

Shelter CraftsSanitation

Animal BreedingMedicineTailoringSports

Transportation,Wayfinding

Family, CommunitySchooling

Language, GraphicsAll Technologies

Music, Art, Drama

BIOLOGICAL NEEDAir

Water

Food

SleepElimination

ReproductionDisease/Injury Prot.Thermal Protection

ExerciseMobility

Interpersonal BondingLearning

CommunicationCuriousity

Aesthetic Bonding

SCIENCEDescriptiveMeteorology

Natural History

DescriptiveAstronomy

flexible, interactive tool that allows the user to explore new ideas, build on ideas, jog memories, and explore knowledge status

interactive involving teacher and student

student(s) attempts to invent an answer to satisfy teacher’s testing question and teacher invents next testing question to guide student’s response in desired pathway

What is Socratic Inquiry

DASH Grade 2 Concept and Skill Inventory

Name:

Date:

Concepts Understanding

1. calendar no yes teach 2. weather no yes teach 3. rainfall no yes teach 4. wind no yes teach 5. moonset no yes teach 6. prediction no yes teach