science frm 1

7/28/2019 science frm 1

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Science is the systematic study ofnatureand how it affects us and our environment.

Science can explain natural phenomenathat happen in our environment.

How?

Through careful observations, studies andscientific investigations.


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Forensic technician

Environmentalist

Science teacher

Archeologist Doctor


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VARIOUS FIELDS IN SCIENCE

Science covers a very wide area of study and is

divided into various fields, such as:

Biology: the study of living things

Physics : the study of interaction of matter and energy

Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical

properties of substances, their reactions and uses

Geology : the study of rocks and minerals Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets

Meteorology : the study of weather and climate


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Wearing goggles

Carrying bottles by

the body; not the

neck


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Bunsen burner Tripod stand and wire gauze

Test tube Crucible


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Syringe

Test tube holder

Retort stand and clamp


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1. Identifying problem

2. Forming a hypothesis

3. Planning the experiment

4. Controlling the variables

5. Collecting data

6. Analysing and interpreting data

7. Drawing a conclusion

8. Writing a report


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1. List the steps of scientific

investigation.


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2. Write down a report on Simple

pendulum experiment.


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To investigate how the length of the pendulum

string affect the time for 10 complete swings

of the pendulum.

How the length of the pendulum string affectthe time for 10 complete swings of the

pendulum?


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If the length of the pendulum is longer, the

time taken for 10 complete swing of the

pendulum is longer.


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Manipulated (what to change)

: the length of the pendulum

Responding (what is observed): time taken for 10 complete swings

Constant (kept the same)

: mass of the pendulum bob


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Pendulum bob, string/thread, retort stand and

clamp, stop watch

Apparatus set-up:


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1. Prepare the simple pendulum with a 10cm longthread.

2. Pull the pendulum bob to one side, then release.

3. Record the time taken for 10 completeoscillations in a table.

4. Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulumof different lengths, e.g. 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and50cm.

5. Draw a graph showing the time taken versuslength of pendulum for 10 complete oscillations.


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1. A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was

prepared.

2. The pendulum was pulled to one side, and then

was released.

3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was

recorded in a table.

4. The experiment was repeated using a simplependulum with 20cm, 30cm, 40 and 50cm long.

5. A graph showing the time taken versus length of

pendulum for 10 complete oscillations was drawn.


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1 10 10

2 20 13

3 30 15

4 40 18

5 50 20


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1 10 10 1.0

2 20 13 1.3

3 30 15 1.5

4 40 18 1.85 50 20 2.0


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Graph of time taken for 10 complete oscillationsversus length of simple pendulum.


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From the graph, we can say that:

1. The pendulum with a longer string takes

time to oscillate than thependulum with a shorter string.

2. The time taken for the pendulum to make one

complete oscillation will when thependulum string is longer.

longer

increase


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From the results, the hypothesis is

.

The time taken for the simple pendulum to

make one complete oscillation

with the length of the pendulum.

accepted

increases


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Measurement is important because:

It helps to describe things everyday;

It is a part of the scientific investigation

process

(e.g: simple pendulum experiment)


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Can be measured Cannot be measured

How far is your house to

the school?

How beautiful a person

is?

How long does you taketo finish your

homework?

How does a durian

taste?

How hot is a glass ofwater? How soft a pillow is?

How a flower smell?


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A physical quantity is something that can be

measured.

There are five basic quantities: length, time,

mass, temperature and electric current.

Measurement of physical quantities consist of

two parts:

A number indicating value or how much;

A unit of measurement.


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Unit is a scale that helps you understand

a particular measurement.

S.I units: International standard unit ofmeasurement (Systeme International d

Unites).


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Allow us to analyse data and compare

information easily and more accurately;

No confusion because there is specificsymbols for each unit;

Allow us to solve problems related to

measurement.


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Physical

quantitiesSI units Symbols Definition

LengthMetre m

A measurement of how long

something from one point to another

Mass Kilogram kg A measurement of how much matterthere is in an object

TimeSecond s

A measurement of the interval

between two events

Temperature

Kelvin K

A measurement of the warmness or

coldness in any object

Electric currentAmpere A

A measurement of the rate flow of

electric charges through a circuit


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Prefixes are added to units like meter and

gram when we need to state values that are

too small or too large.

Prefix Multiplier SymbolNumerical

value

Micro X 10-6 0.000001

Milli X 10-3

m 0.001Centi X 10-2 c 0.01

Kilo X 103 k 1000

Mega X 106 M 1000000


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The weight of an object is the pull of the Earth

(force of gravity) on the object.

The S.I unit of weight is Newton (N).

The weight of any object depends on the

gravitational force.

The weight of an object is obtained using a

spring balance or compression spring

balance.


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The mass of an object is the quantity of

matter in the object.

The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

The mass of an object can be obtained using a

triple beam balance or lever balance.


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It is the amount of

matter in an object.

It is the gravitational

pull on an object.

Its value is fixed.Its value varies from

place to place.

Unit: kilogram (kg) Unit: Newton (N)

Measured using beam

balance or lever

balance.

Measured using spring

balance or weighing

balance.


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Tools: ruler, metre rule, measuring tape

Measuring the length of a straight line:

Using metre rule or a ruler

Correct position of eye (to avoid parallax error)


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Measuring the length of a curve:

Using a ruler and a piece of thread

A knot is tied at the end of a thread

The thread is stretched along the curve carefully

Make a mark at the end of the curve

Stretch the thread along the ruler to obtain the length

Using an opisometer


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Measuring the diameter of a spherical

object:

Using two wooden blocks and a ruler

Using a set-square and a ruler

i h di f bj


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Measuring the diameter of an object:

The external diameter is measured using external

calipers and a ruler

The internal diameter is measured using internal

caliper and a ruler.


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Measuring the thickness of an object:

The thickness of a piece of paper can be

determined by measuring the thickness of a stackof papers and dividing the value of number of

sheets of paper.

sheetsofNumberpaperofstackaofThicknesssheetsingleaofThickness


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The thickness of a glass tube can be measured by

taking the difference between its external and

internal diameter.

2

diameterinternal-diameterExternalglassofThickness


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Area is the total surface covered by an object.

The SI unit is square metre (m2).

Regular-shaped areas can be calculated using

Mathematical formulae.

Irregular-shaped areas can be estimated by

using a graph paper.

Using graph paper:


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Using graph paper:

Trace the object on thegraph paper.

Estimate the area bycounting the number of fullsquares, half full squaresand more than half full

squares (tick the squares) Area of the object is

estimated by multiplyingthe number of squares with

the area of one square. The area can be estimated

more accurately withsmaller squares.


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Volume of an object is the total spaceoccupied by the object.

The SI unit is cubic metre (m3).

It also can be measured in millilitre (ml). The apparatus: measuring cylinder, burette

and pipette.

1 ml = 1 cm31 l = 1000 cm3= 1000 ml

1 m3= 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 000 000 ml


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Measuring volumes of liquids

The volume must be taken at the meniscus level

of the liquid. Use a piece of white paper to enable the

meniscus to be seen clearly.

The eye is positioned at the same level of the

meniscus to avoid parallax error.

Measuring volumes of solids


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Measuring volumes of solids

The volume of regular-shaped and irregular-shaped

can be measured using water displacement method.

The object to be measured must be submerged in the

measuring cylinder filled with water.

The volume of the water displaced is the volume of

the object.


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The volume of a solid can also be measured using

a displacement can or a Eureka can.

The volume of the water that flows out from thecan is the volume of the solid measured.


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The volume of a light object can be measured

with the aid of a weight, for example, a stone.

The stone which is tied to the cork enables the

cork to be submerged in the water.

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