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Science, Systems, Matter, and EnergyScience, Systems, Matter, and Energy
Review Session
Brian Kaestner
Review Session
Brian Kaestner
Fig. 3.3, p. 46
Good accuracy and good precision
Poor accuracyand poor precision
Poor accuracyand good precision
Matter Quality and Material EfficiencyMatter Quality and Material Efficiency
High-quality matter High-quality matter
Low-quality matter Low-quality matter
Entropy Entropy
Material efficiency(resource productivity)
Material efficiency(resource productivity)
High Quality
Solid
Salt
Coal
Gasoline
Aluminum can
Low Quality
Gas
Solution of salt in water
Coal-fired powerplant emissions
Automobile emissions
Aluminum ore
Fig. 3.9, p. 57
The Law of Conservation of MatterThe Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter is not consumed Matter is not consumed
Matter only changes formMatter only changes form
There is no “away”There is no “away”
Matter and PollutionMatter and Pollution
Chemical nature of pollutants Chemical nature of pollutants
Concentration Concentration
Persistence Persistence
Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants
Biodegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutants
Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants
Nondegradable pollutants Nondegradable pollutants
Energy: FormsEnergy: Forms
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Potential energyPotential energyHeatHeatSun
High energy, shortwavelength
Low energy, longwavelength
Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation
Cosmicrays
Gammarays
X rays Farultraviolet
waves
Nearultraviolet
waves
Visiblewaves
Nearinfraredwaves
Farinfraredwaves
microwaves TVwaves
Radiowaves
Wavelengthin meters(not to scale)
10-14 10-12 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-1 1
Fig. 3.10, p. 58
Energy: QualityEnergy: Quality
High-quality energy
High-quality energy
Low-quality energy
Low-quality energy
ElectricityVery high temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C)Nuclear fission (uranium)Nuclear fusion (deuterium)Concentrated sunlightHigh-velocity wind
High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C)Hydrogen gasNatural gasGasolineCoalFood
Normal sunlightModerate-velocity windHigh-velocity water flowConcentrated geothermal energyModerate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C)Wood and crop wastes
Dispersed geothermal energyLow-temperature heat (100°C or lower)
Very high
High
Moderate
Low
Source of Energy Relative Energy Quality(usefulness)
Energy tasks
Very high-temperature heat (greater than 2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity to run electrical devices (lights, motors)
Mechanical motion (to move vehicles and other things)High-temperature heat (1,000–2,500°C) for industrial processes and producing electricity
Moderate-temperature heat (100–1,000°C) for industrial processes, cooking, producing steam, electricity, and hot water
Low-temperature heat(100°C or less) for
space heating
Fig. 3.11, p. 59
The First Ironclad Law of EnergyThe First Ironclad Law of Energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Energy only changes form Energy only changes form
You can’t get something for nothing You can’t get something for nothing
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUTENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT
The Second Ironclad Law of EnergyThe Second Ironclad Law of Energy
Second Law of ThermodynamicsSecond Law of Thermodynamics
In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat
In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat
You cannot break even in terms of energy quality
You cannot break even in terms of energy quality
Nuclear ChangesNuclear Changes
Natural radioactive decayNatural radioactive decayRadioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)Gamma raysGamma raysAlpha particlesAlpha particlesBeta particlesBeta particlesHalf life Half life Ionizing radiationIonizing radiation
Sheet of paper
Block of wood
Concretewall
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Fig. 3.12, p. 62
Nuclear ReactionsNuclear Reactions
FissionFission FusionFusion
Fig. 3.17, p. 64Fig. 3.16, p. 64
Fuel Reaction Conditions Products
D-T Fusion
Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus
Hydrogen-3 ortritium nucleus
Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus
Hydrogen-2 ordeuterium nucleus
D-D Fusion
+
+
+
+
Neutron
Energy
+ +
Helium-4nucleus
+ +
Helium-3nucleus
Energy
Neutron
+ +
+ +
100 million ˚C
1 billion ˚CNeutron
Proton+
n
U23592
9236 Kr
Ba14156
n
n
n
9236 Kr
U23592
U23592
Ba14156
9236
Kr
Ba14156
9236
Kr
Ba14156
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
U23592
U23592
U23592
U23592
n
Fig. 3.18, p. 66
Solarenergy
Wasteheat
Chemicalenergy
(photosynthesis)
Wasteheat
Wasteheat
Wasteheat
Chemicalenergy(food)
Mechanicalenergy(moving,thinking,
living)
Connections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental ProblemsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws and Environmental Problems
High-throughput (waste) economy High-throughput (waste) economy
Matter-recycling economy Matter-recycling economy
Low-throughput economy Low-throughput economyInputs
(from environment)
High-qualityenergy
Matter
SystemThroughputs
Output(intro environment)
Unsustainablehigh-wasteeconomy
Low-qualityheat
energy
Wastematter
andpollution
Fig. 3.19, p. 66See Fig. 3.20, p. 67
Fig. 3.20, p. 67
Inputs(from environment)
SystemThroughputs
Outputs(from environment)
High-qualityenergy
Matter
Pollutionprevention
byreducing
matterthroughput
Sustainablelow-wasteeconomy
Recycleand
reuse
Pollutioncontrol
bycleaningup some
pollutants
Matteroutput
Low-qualityenergy(heat)
Wastematter
andpollution
MatterFeedback
Energy Feedback