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Science , Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica .

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Science , Technology and Innovation in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña Coordinador Comité Regional Latinoamérica y el Caribe, ICSU Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, México Director Adjunto de Desarrollo Científico y Académico. Life expectancy (2006). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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José A. de la Peña Coordinador Comité Regional Latinoamérica y el Caribe, ICSU Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, México Director Adjunto de Desarrollo Científico y Académico
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Page 1: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

José A. de la PeñaCoordinador Comité Regional Latinoamérica y el Caribe,

ICSUInstituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, México

Director Adjunto de Desarrollo Científico y Académico

Page 2: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 3: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 4: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA)

ACAD

EMIA MEXICANA DE CIENCIAS

Page 5: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Europe

Latin America

Middle East and North Africa

East Asia and Oceania

South Asia

South Sahara Africa

Page 6: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Peer Employer staff/stud citation/staff

internat staff

student 1 Harvard US 100 100 100 96 93

91 2 University of Cambridge UK 100 100 99 83 98

96 2 University of Oxford UK 100 100 100 82 97

96 2 Yale University US 100 98 100 91 84 75 5 Imperial College London UK 99 99 100 81 98

100 175 University of São Paulo Brazil 65 59 51 63 24 14 177 University of Campinas Brazil 52 30 78 73 43 16 188 University of Oslo Norway 61 25 54 62 51 55 190 University of Surrey UK 33 79 61 64 95 92 191 Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. US 44 44 44 90 70 58

192 Univ. Nac. Aut. de México Mex. 74 78 64 13 28 13

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 7: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

5,035 4,3245,546 5,025 4,466 4,555 4,520 4,806

6,0817,404 7,925

9,285 8,836

11,5541,019876

1,123904

830 1,245 1,469 1,327

964

892833

803 1,191

1,772

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 e/

Nacionales Al Extranjero

6,054

5,200

6,669

5,2965,929

5,989 6,1337,045

5,800

8,2968,758

10,088

13,326Vigentes

Master and PhD fellowships, 1994-2007

10,110 10,266 10,000 10,24911,934 12,371

13,48316,816

19,24320,111

25,339

10,027

Crecimiento de nuevas becas = - 1% Crecimiento de nuevas becas = 67%

Page 8: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

EuropaPaís InvestigadoresAlemania 268,943España 92,523Francia 192,790Italia 71,242Reino Unido 157,662Suecia 47,836

América del NortePaís InvestigadoresCanada 112,624E.U.A 1,334,628México 33,907México 33,907

América del SurPaís InvestigadoresArgentina 29,471Brasil 59,838Chile 7,085

OrientePaís InvestigadoresJapón 675,330Corea 151,254

Page 9: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Most dinamically growing countries in 1991-2003, with at least 500 papers in 1991.

RangoRango CountryCountry AGRAGR GrowthGrowth

11 South KoreaSouth Korea 18.8%18.8% 669.3%669.3%

22 TurkeyTurkey 16.6%16.6% 517.9%517.9%

33 SingaporeSingapore 13.5%13.5% 341.6%341.6%

44 China PRChina PR 13.4%13.4% 341.6%341.6%

55 PortugalPortugal 10.9%10.9% 243.5%243.5%

66 TaiwanTaiwan 9.4%9.4% 189.1%189.1%

77 MexicoMexico 8.5%8.5% 164.3%164.3%

88 RomaniaRomania 8.8%8.8% 161.5%161.5%

99 BrazilBrazil 8.1%8.1% 148.8%148.8%

1010 GreeceGreece 6.2%6.2% 103.3%103.3%

1111 SpainSpain 5.0%5.0% 78.3%78.3%

Page 10: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Year Total SNI SNI 31-40 % 31-40 SNI 51-60 % 51-60

1990 6165 3073 49 764 12 1995 5868 2545 43 825 14 2000 7466 2448 32 1407 18 2005 10904 3195 29 2281 20 2008 14681 3875 26 3869 26

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 11: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Garrahan (1990): In my country there are scientists but not science.

Collaboration is closer with the US and Europa than among countries of the region.

E. Garfield: inside the latinamerican countries there are ‘islands of competition’. They dont share equipement, dont quote each other…

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 12: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Research networks are based on the logic of collaboration: they connect groups with similar interests in the search for the resolution of complex problems.

Networks provide the force and intelligence of multi-disciplinary groups of differents institutions in different countries.

Networks allow the sharing of intrumentation, documentation, the exchange of scholars and students.

Page 13: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Otros, 31%

Argentina, 2%Japon, 2%

Brasil, 3%

Italia, 3%

Rusia, 3%

Canada, 4%

Alemania, 5%

Inglaterra, 5%

Francia, 6%

España, 8%

EUA, 28%

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 14: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

MedioAmbiente y

sustentabilidad

MedioAmbiente y

sustentabilidad

EcosistemasEcosistemas

Enseñanza, Planeación

de las Ciencias y Estudios Multidisciplinarios

Enseñanza, Planeación

de las Ciencias y Estudios Multidisciplinarios

AguaAgua

Alimentos, Agricultura

y Biotecnología

Alimentos, Agricultura

y Biotecnología

EnergíaEnergía

Pobreza yDesarrollo

Urbano

Pobreza yDesarrollo

Urbano

Nanociencias y Nuevos

materiales

Nanociencias y Nuevos

materiales

Tecnologíasde la

Información

Tecnologíasde la

Información

Código debarras de

la vida

Código debarras de

la vida

Física deAltas

Energías

Física deAltas

Energías

ProcesosIndustriales

ProcesosIndustriales

NuevasTendencias

de la Medicina

NuevasTendencias

de la Medicina

Modelación matemática y computacional

Page 15: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Integration process in Latinamerica:

Collaboration with international organizations. The case of ICSU.

Continental networks.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

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Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 17: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Mission: To strengthen international science for the benefit of society

Vision: “A world where science is used for the benefit of all, excellence in science is valued and scientific knowledge is effectively linked to policy-making. In such a world, universal and equitable access to scientific data and information is a reality and all countries have the scientific capacity to use these ….”

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

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16 April 20072nd RCLAC Meeting 18

ICSU scientific programs:IPY 2007-2008

IPY is a Programme of ICSU and WMOIPY is a Programme of ICSU and WMO

An intensive burst of internationally coordinated, interdisciplinary,

scientific research and observations focussed on the

Earth’s Polar regions

1 March 2007 to 1 March 2009

Page 19: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

The ROLAC should serve as source of information on science for the region and serve as link with the following entities:

1. International organizations. World Bank, UNESCO, OAS, OIE, IDB. 2. National ICSU members. 3. Disciplinary unions. 4. Networks of LAC region scientific

societies.

1st RLAC: Panamá City, december 2006; 2nd RLAC: Río de Janeiro, Brazil, april 2007; 3rd RCLAC: Mexico, september 2007; 4th RCLAC: Santiago, Chile, march 2008.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 20: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

The Committee reached the decision that Mathematical Education should be a priority area to be developed. The Committee decided also to develop the following areas:

Biodiversity: knowledge, preservation and utilization of biodiversity of all countries in the LAC region assuring that the scientific communities of the small countries are engaged in ICSU programs (DIVERSITAS).

Natural disasters: prevention and mitigation of risks specially of hydrometeorologic origin with special attention to the necessary social science research.

Sustainable energy: assessment of the potential capacities for development and implementation of novel technologies in the LAC region and evaluation of the social impact of the use and development of new energy resources.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 21: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Historically, the strongest links of the scientific communities of the region were with the United States and Europe.

Since the 50´s there were efforts to have closer disciplinary contacts among the countries in the region.

In particular, the ELAF (Escuela Latinoamericana de Física) and the ELAM (Escuela Latinoamericana de Matemáticas) were organized.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 22: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

In 1990, UNESCO initiated other Latin American regional scientific networks using the model of RELAB. They were the following:

RELAFI (Latin American Physics Network); RELACQ

(Latin American Chemical Science Network);

RELAMA (Latin American Mathematics Network);

RELAA (Latin American Astronomy Network);

RELACT (Latin American Earth Sciences Network).

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 23: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

After a couple of years RELAMA transformed to UMALCA (=Unión Matemática de América Latina y el Caribe).

UMALCA is a network formed by the mathematical societies of the countries of the region with more solid communities:

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, México, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela.

• Founded in July 1995 in Río de Janeiro.• It is was conceived as a scientific network under the

auspice of UNESCO, but support was very dim.• The societies members provide financial support for

the activities of UMALCA.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 24: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

•There are around 1,200 active mathematicians.•Distribution in the continent is uneven.•There are mathematical communities with long tradition (60 years) in Argentina and México.•Brazil has the largest mathematical community.•There has been strong development in Chile and Venezuela in the last years.

Page 25: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

In 10 years, there have been 5 EMALCAs in México and 5 in Venezuela.

New EMALCAS: in mathematically emerging countries.

La Habana (2004),Cochabamba (2004),San José (2005),Asunción (2005),Nicaragua (2007), Bolivia (2007), Bogotá (2007).

Page 26: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 27: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

0

50

100

150

200

Argentina

Brasil

Canada

Chile

EspañaEstados Unidos

México

Uruguay

América Latina y el Caribe

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 28: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Not only higher investment is necessary.

Strategic planification is in order: definition of priorities; focusing the training of students, reasearch and applications; private and public investment on priority areas.

Page 29: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 30: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

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Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 32: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Scientific networks may help for the relations science-industry, as shown by recent studies by the MIT Sloan School of Management.

The process of invention-technological development-patenting and enterprenurial development accelerates through the interaction of different groups and institutions.

Page 33: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Source:United Nations Development Program. Report 2001

Country Patents granted % Exportation Phones % of Users of /million of products of per thousand University Internet habitants high technology habitants students /thousands

in sciences of persons

Finland 187 50.7 1203 27.4 200.2United States 289 66.2 993 13.9 179.1Sweden 271 59.7 1247 15.3 125.8Japan 994 80.8 1007 10 49UK 82 61.9 1037 14.9 57.4Canada 31 48.7 881 14.2 108Australia 75 16.2 862 25.3 125.9Germany 235 64.2 874 14.4 41.2Belgium 72 47.6 817 13.6 58.9France 205 58.9 943 12.6 36.4Hong Kong 6 33.6 1212 9.8 33.6Mexico 1 66.3 192 5 9.2Chile 0 6.1 358 13.2 6.2Brazil 2 32.9 238 3.4 7.2China 1 39 120 3.2 0.1

Technology: a comparison

Page 34: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Educación básica y secundaria.

Prestar especial atención a la formación y capacitación de maestros de estos niveles educativos.

Fomentar el interés y la curiosidad de los estudiantes por las áreas de las ciencias.

Educación terciaria.

Fomento a la creación de carreras científicas diferenciadas, orientadas a la resolución de problemas, según las condiciones de desarrollo científico e industrial y las prioridades de la región donde se encuentra la institución.

  Modernización de la infraestructura experimental a la que

pueden acceder los estudiantes de carreras científicas. Science in Latinamerica. José A.

de la Peña (México)

Page 35: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Posgrado y formación de científicos.

Incrementar los programas de becas y orientarlos hacia las áreas prioritarias de acuerdo a los intereses regionales de desarrollo de los países.

  Fortalecer los programas de posgrado de la

región por medio de intercambio de profesores y estudiantes, y la atracción de estudiantes a los centros científicos más importantes de la región.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 36: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Consolidación del sistema científico nacional.

Enfocar los esfuerzos de formación de estudiantes, creación de plazas de investigación, apoyo a la creación de grupos y unidades de investigación en áreas de interés estratégico para la región.

  Creación de plazas de investigación suficientes para

absorber a los mejores estudiantes graduados en las áreas prioritarias para el país, en particular, por medio de sistemas de retiro digno de profesores.

  Aumento del apoyo gubernamental al presupuesto en

Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, a fin de alcanzar en algunos años el mínimo recomendado de 1% como porcentaje del PIB.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 37: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Formación y consolidación de redes científicas.

Apoyar la formación y consolidación de redes científicas temáticas en las áreas de interés nacional y vincular estas redes con el sistema industrial del país.

  Apoyar la integración latinoamericana por medio

del fortalecimiento de redes de investigación en temas prioritarios para la región. Estas redes deberían contar con la atención de los gobiernos de la región.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)

Page 38: Science ,  Technology  and  Innovation  in  Latinamerica .

Apoyo a la vinculación ciencia-industria.

Crear, de parte del gobierno y de la iniciativa privada, las condiciones financieras (deducción impositiva, capital de riesgo…) para lograr el establecimiento de vínculos entre la academia y la industria.

  Fomentar programas de estancias de estudiantes

avanzados en la industria, de manera que se familiaricen con problemas reales de la región y la industria perciba la importancia de contar con personal con entrenamiento especializado de alto nivel.

  Promover una mayor inversión del capital privado (sobre

todo entre las grandes empresas) en investigación y desarrollo tecnológico.

Science in Latinamerica. José A. de la Peña (México)


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