Central Bicol State University of AgricultureSan Jose Pili, Camarines Sur
PSCI 102- Science , Technology and Society
Contemporary Science and Technology
Prepared by: Mayores, Richard S. BSE 3C- Physical
Science Villamor, Famila Gerni BSE 3C-Physical
Science
Objectives:1.Define contemporary science2. Differentiate contemporary science
and traditional science3.Discuss some notable distinguishing
features of science and technology
TRADITIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Abacus
Morse code
Old model of computer
Scientific calculator
Laptop
Science and technology through the years
Therefore, contemporary science and technology cannot meet the things that we have now today without harnessing indigenous knowledge from the past.
Science- it is about the body of knowledge as a whole including the people, skills and organizations involved.
Technology –not only about gadgets but as well as the methods, technics and materials to come up with the gadget.
Characteristic of Contemporary Science and Technology
1.Polymorphism 4 dimension of scientific and technological activities
2. Products of contemporary science and technology
3. Settings4. Resources5. Practitioner
1. Polymorphism
poly-many; morph-formsTherefore, Science and technology comes in many forms.
New kinds of activities continue to improve and added to the arsenal of contemporary technology part.
CHEMISTRY
Inorganic chemistry
Biochemistry
The study of compounds which do not contain C-H bond. Many inorganic compounds are those which contain metal
The study of carbon and its compound.
The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organism.
The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools used to measure properties of matter
Cellular phones come in different units and models
2. Products of Science and Technology
-exhibit a number of distinctive features sufficiently common to qualify as characteristics of their own form of activity
Technologya. Complexity-structure-operations
The complexity of technology
APOLLO 8 SPACECRAFT AUTOMOBILEHad an approximately 5.6 million parts
Contain about 14,000 parts
b. System-embeddedness-sociotechnical support systems depends on their manufacture, use and maintenance-there are invisible linkages that connects the technics in question to their respective support system
For instance to acquire a contemporary system-embedded technic as an automobile for personal use, one has to encounter a series of sociotechnical systems. These systems are:
Road network
Energy supply
Spare parts supply
Registration, insurance
Police toll
Legal systems
c. Production Specialization and Incomprehensibility
-each technique product is different from the other
eg. Different person for design different person for engine
-some contemporary technics are incomprehensible to majority of their users, most often they limited idea on how they are made, worked or repaired
d. Formalized Technical Procedures
-most often embodied in computer programs
-it includes those related design, production, operation and maintenance of contemporary technics and technical systemEngineers create computer-based procedure for easy operation and maintenance of technical system
e. Sociotechnical Systems Analysis
- Quantitative examination a particular system of interest
-determines how a system performs or would perform under certain conditions/assumptions
- this analysis is usually done with a view to decide how a structure or restructure the system by devising a formalized procedure or method to be followed in seeking to control its performance or behavior to achieve the desired and most favorable condition
Sciencea. Abstract and Abstruse
Nature -hard or not easy to
understand -needs mathematical ideas
methods and sophisticated theories
-involves phenomena remote from everyday experience and sometimes involve counterintuitive and unintelligible
The relativity of space and time
Black holes in the Universe
b. Theory-dependence-contemporary scientific knowledge is attached and exists only on high theoretical platforms
c. Growth of Scientific knowledge-scientific knowledge are faster and readily accessible of the number of journals that are available at various times
The number of scientific journals has grown roughly exponentially for more than three centuries. Doubling roughly every 15 years, the number of such publications has grown 100 fold every century.
3. SettingsBefore the 20th century-took place in garages, basements
and in small shops
21st century
Facilities for science researches were built:approximately 6,700 university related and other not-for-profit centers devoted to research in the physical and life sciences in US and Canada
Expansion and consolidation of housing of scientific and technological activities in an extensive network of firmly established, substantial size formed organizations
Other organizations devoted to data
collection and analysis, training, planning
operations and maintenance were
established
4. Resources- Without the contribution of
resources, any endeavor or activity in this world is destine to end up in failure.
Two types of Resources A. Input resources B. Transformative
resources
A. Input resources- supplies of various kinds introduced or incorporated into scientific or technological contexts to enable and facilitate certain ideas and undertakings
Important input resources 1. Materials
2. Natural Phenomena 3. Money
1. Materials- material inputs to technological activity consisted largely of raw materials in the form of bones, stones and wood for tools and implements, straw, leaves for baskets, and animal skin for clothing
2. Natural PhenomenaThere was a great increase of
inputs in science in the contemporary era. This was brought about in part to the growing developments of new and improve technics which include:
It shows that the domain of natural phenomena to scientific exploration is expanding.
computer microscope
Imaging Machine
c. MoneyAn indispensable
component or input in contemporary science and technology. Without it any endeavor is unlikely to succeed or accomplish its objectives and come up with its target output.
Some contributors to the increasing price of most contemporary scientific research:
1.Expensive technology2. More high-salaried
workers3. High institutional
overhead costs
b. Transformative Resources
Transformative resources are those that used in converting inputs of scientific and technological activities into their respective outputs or products.
It can be divided into two kinds:
- First-Order resources-Second-Order resources
Transformative Resources
First-order resources
Technics, technical system,
mathematical techniques
Labor power, materials alteration processes,
energy forms
Second-order resources
Methods and knowledge
5. Practitioner
Engineers
Scientists
Technicians
a. Numbers and densityThe ratio of total scientists and
engineers to the US population in 1990 was 1 to 1,807, while in 1988, the ratio of total scientist and engineers to the US population was 1 to 45. this indicates that the density of engineers and scientists in the US has increased in this century.b. Collaborative and teams
Contemporary scientific and technological activities is usually pursued on a collaborative or team basis.
c. Management Skills
In a big scale technological projects, there is an urgent need for someone who possesses some managerial capabilities and who will be responsible for important project related decision making, such as setting the personnel levels, allocating tasks for competing units, and selecting a way satisfying all design constraint, certifying testing and meeting schedules.
d. Reaffirmation of Individual Practitioner
Although the importance of the team of management skills approach in the 20th century technological and scientific has increased significantly, the role of the individual has by no means been shadowed. Individual practitioners sometimes are the key sources of ideas for inventions, innovations or experiments.
e. Training and Specialization-master’s and doctor’s degree are the reflection of the growing role of scientific knowledge
1986- Doctoral Degree529,100 of 2.186 million -
scientists (24.2%)561,300 of 2.44 million -
engineers (23%)
Scientific trainings and gatherings
Thank you!