Date post: | 20-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | jonas-allen |
View: | 212 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Science Venn Diagram
All of these sciences are related and overlap!!
copyright cmassengale 1
GGenetics
EEEvolution Taxonomy
2
ClassificatioClassificationn
copyright cmassengale
3
•There are There are 3 million 3 million known known species of organismsspecies of organisms
•This is This is only 5% of all only 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!
•New organisms New organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified
Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms
copyright cmassengale
What is a SPECIES?????A group of organisms that can naturally interbreed
copyright cmassengale 4
5
What is Classification?What is Classification?
ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities
Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy
TaxonomistsTaxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms
copyright cmassengale
6
Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying
•AccuratelyAccurately names names organisms organisms
•Provides clues to physical Provides clues to physical differencesdifferences
•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish
•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names
Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??
copyright cmassengale
Why LATIN?Latin was chosen because –-educated people knew the meaning of
the terms-it could be used as an international
language - it could gap the language barrier
-the language wouldn’t change with the language wouldn’t change with society society
copyright cmassengale 7
8
Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names
copyright cmassengale
9
Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists
copyright cmassengale
What does mephitis mean in Latin??
Noun1.A noxious gas emanating from something, esp. from the earth.2.A foul or poisonous stench.
copyright cmassengale 10
11
Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
•2500 years ago, 2500 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist
•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals
•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat --- ---land,land, seasea, , or or airair dwellers dwellers
copyright cmassengale
Where do you put this guy????Honk Honk
copyright cmassengale 12
13
Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•John Ray, a John Ray, a
botanistbotanist,, was was the first to use the first to use Latin for Latin for namingnaming
•His His names names were very long were very long descriptionsdescriptions telling telling everything everything about the plantabout the plant
copyright cmassengale
14
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778
•18th century Swedish Naturalist
•Classified organisms by their structure
•Developed naming system still used today
copyright cmassengale
15
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as bibinomial nomial nomenclaturenomenclature
•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)
copyright cmassengale
Canis lupus
copyright cmassengale 16
Term Meaning
BI= 2NOMIAL= NAMENOMENCLATURE= NAMING SYSTEM
copyright cmassengale 17
18
Standardized Standardized NamingNaming
•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused
•Genus speciesGenus species
•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek
•ItalicizedItalicized in printin print
•CCapitalize genusapitalize genus, , but NOT but NOT sspeciespecies
•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting
Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius
American American RobinRobincopyright cmassengale
19
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?copyright cmassengale
Bear or Raccoon???The giant panda shares characteristics with
both the red panda and bears. As a result, scientists have argued on how to classify giant pandas.
copyright cmassengale 20
21
Classification GroupsClassification Groups
•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed
•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific
•Domain, Domain, KingdomKingdom, , PhylumPhylum, , ClassClass, , OrderOrder, , FamilyFamily, , GenusGenus, , speciesspecies
copyright cmassengale
22
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups
DomainKingdom
Phylum(Division–is used for plants)
Class Order Family
Genus species
BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON
Most Specific
copyright cmassengale
23
DDumbumb
KKingsings
PPlaylay
CChesshess
OOnn
FFatat
GGreenreen
SStoolstools
copyright cmassengale
24copyright cmassengale
3 Domains
copyright cmassengale 25
6 kingdom Classification System
copyright cmassengale 26
27
•BroadestBroadest, , most inclusive most inclusive taxontaxon
Three domains based on RNA Three domains based on RNA differencesdifferences
1-Archaea – ancient bacteria 1-Archaea – ancient bacteria found in harsh environmentsfound in harsh environments
2-Bacteria- modern bacteria 2-Bacteria- modern bacteria found in common placesfound in common places
3-Eukarya- organisms that 3-Eukarya- organisms that have a nucleus have a nucleus
DomainsDomains
copyright cmassengale
28
ARCHAEA•Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
•Probably the 1st cells to evolve
•Live in HARSH environments
•Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles
copyright cmassengale
29
BACTERIA
•Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
•Some may cause DISEASE
•Found in ALL HABITATS ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
•Important decomposers for environment
•Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
copyright cmassengale
30
Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 KingdomsDivided into 4 Kingdoms
•ProtistaProtista
•Fungi Fungi
•PlantaePlantae
•AnimaliaAnimalia
copyright cmassengale
31
ProtistaProtista
•THESE ARE THESE ARE ORGANISMS THAT ORGANISMS THAT ARE ARE NOTNOT PLANTS, PLANTS, ANIMALS OR ANIMALS OR FUNGUSFUNGUS
•Can be unicellular Can be unicellular or multicellularor multicellular
•Can be Can be autotrophicautotrophic or or heterotrophicheterotrophic
•All Are All Are Aquatic/microscopicAquatic/microscopic
copyright cmassengale
• Normally Asexual
Examples of ProtistsAmoebas, Green Algae,
Dinoflaggellates
copyright cmassengale 32
33
FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,
except yeastexcept yeast
•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophs heterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
copyright cmassengale
Examples of FungiExamples of Fungi
Molds Yeasts Mushrooms
copyright cmassengale 34
35
PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular
•AutotrophicAutotrophic
•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – – PhotoPhotosynthesissynthesis
•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
copyright cmassengale
36
AnimaliaAnimalia
•MulticellularMulticellular
•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume food (consume food & digest it & digest it inside their inside their bodies)bodies)
•Feed on Feed on plantsplants or or animalsanimals
•Movement!Movement!
copyright cmassengale
37copyright cmassengale
38
TaxonsTaxons
•Most Most generagenera contain a contain a number of similar number of similar speciesspecies
•The genus The genus HomoHomo is an is an exception (only contains exception (only contains modern humans)modern humans)
•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale 39
40copyright cmassengale
41
Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy
•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)
•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
•Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins
copyright cmassengale
42
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.
copyright cmassengale
43
Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos
copyright cmassengale
44
CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales
copyright cmassengale
45
Primate Primate CladogramCladogram
copyright cmassengale
46
Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying
•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms
•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs
•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
copyright cmassengale
47
Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44
3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
copyright cmassengale
Thanks for Watching!!
copyright cmassengale 48