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Science Warm-up 9/6/2011
• What are some ways that you get energy? Is this the same for everyone? What about everything around the world?
• Write a paragraph response to this prompt. (minimum of 5 sentences)
Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy
• Thermodynamics
• Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
• Metabolism
• ATP
What is energy? (p.218)
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
• There are 2 main laws:1) Energy can be transformed,
but energy cannot be created or destroyed.
2) Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.
How do organisms get energy? (p.219)
• 2 different varieties:
Auto-trophsHetero-trophs
Self-eaterOther-eater
Both are based on the Sun
Metabolism (p.220)
• Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in a cell.
• Catabolic vs. Anabolic
• Breaking down vs Building up
ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
• Adenosine triphosphate is the cell’s currency for energy
• ATP stores energy, and then releases energy when it is turned into ADP
Overview of Photosynthesis (p.222)
• Photosynthesis is turning light energy into chemical energy.
• Turns sunlight into sugar
Phase One: Light Reactions (p.223)
• The first step is to absorb light energy
• This process happens in the pigments of the chloroplasts.
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
• This is where energy for the plant is stored for the long term.
• Most plants store energy in the form of glucose.
Review of photosynthesis
• Sunlight splits a water molecule.
• Hydrogen ion is passed through an electron transport.
• The CO2 moves through the Calvin Cycle.
• Excess energy is stored in glucose.
Alternative Pathways
• C4 Pathway
• CAM Plants
• Commonly found in desert plants. This is more efficient in very high temperatures, drought and CO2 limitations.
Section 3: Cellular Respiration
• Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration.
• The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.
Phases of Cellular Respiration
• There are 2 main phases of cellular respiration:GlycolysisAerobic respiration
Glycolysis
• Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.
• Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose (2 total) that is broken down.
• Glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
• Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.
• The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.
Electron Transport
• The final step for the glucose molecule.
• Point at which ATP is produced
• Produces 34 ATP
Molecular Yield of ATP per Glucose Molecule
Reaction ATP Used ATP Gained
Glycolosis 2 4
Production of Acetyl-CoA
2 0
Krebs Cycle 0 2
Electron Transport Chain
0 34
Aerobic vs Anaerobic
• Aerobic- with oxygenLong distance running
• Marathon
• Anaerobic- without oxygenSprinting
• 100 meter dash
Anaerobic respiration
• After glycolysis, one of the following 2 processes occurs:Alcohol fermentation
• Wine
Lactic acid fermentation• Muscles