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Chemistry

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• Science: a system of knowledge and the methods used to gain new knowledge.

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• Technology: is a broad concept that deals with ones ability to use and have knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment.

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• Observation: is information that you obtain through your senses.

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• Controlled Experiment: In scientific research, an experiment is a method of investigating causal relationships among variables. An experiment is a cornerstone of the empirical approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both natural sciences and social sciences. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate theoretical assumptions.

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• Scientific Notation: Makes very large or very small numbers easier to work with.

• The number 123,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written as :

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• Quantitative: is data measured or identified on a numerical scale. Numerical data can be analysed using statistical methods, and results can be displayed using tables, charts, histograms and graphs.

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Qualitative:

The term qualitative is used to describe certain types of information. Qualitative data are described in terms of quality (that is, 'informal' or relative characteristics such as warmth and flavor).

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Variable: is a symbol that stands for a value that may vary; the term usually occurs in opposition to constant, which is a symbol for a non-varying value

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The independent variable is typically the variable being manipulated or changed and the dependent variable is the observed result of the independent variable being manipulated.For example concerning nutrition, the independent variable of your daily vitamin C intake (how much should I take) can determine the dependent variable of your life span (what is the result or observation as a result of manipulating the 'independent variable').

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Scientific controls: are a vital part of the scientific method, since they can eliminate or minimize unintended influences such as researcher bias, environmental changes and biological variation. Controlled experiments are used to investigate the effect of a variable on a particular system.In a controlled experiment one set of samples have been (or is believed to be) modified and the other set of samples are either expected to show no change (negative control) or expected to show a definite change (positive control).

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Placebo: is a sham medical intervention.

In one common placebo procedure, a patient is given an inert sugar pill, told that it may improve his/her condition, but not told that it is in fact inert. Such an intervention may cause the patient to believe the treatment will change his/her condition; and this belief does indeed sometimes have a therapeutic effect, causing the patient's condition to improve. This phenomenon is known as the placebo effect.

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• solid- state of matter with a definite shape and volume

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• liquid- state of matter having a definite volume, but not a definite shape

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• gas- state of matter without a definite shape or volume

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• Plasma: In physics and chemistry, plasma is a partially ionized gas, in which a certain proportion of electrons are free rather than being bound to an atom or molecule.

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• Homogeneous: – composed of parts or elements that are all of the

same kind; – of the same kind or nature; essentially alike.

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• Sublimation:– Chemistry– a. to sublime (a solid substance); extract by this

process.– b. to refine or purify (a substance).– Chemistry. the crystals, deposit, or material

obtained when a substance is sublimated.

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• Precipitate:– to separate from solution or suspension b : to

condense from a vapor and fall as rain or snow

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• kinetic energy- energy of a system based on its motion

• (KE = ½mv2)

• The kinetic energy of an object is the

• energy it possesses because of its motion.

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• Pressure: is the result of a force distributed over an area. – Force is measured in newtons (N)– Area in square meters (m2)– Pressure is measured in N/m2

– The Si unit of measure for pressure is called a Pascal (Pa) 1 Pa is equal to 1 N/m2

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• Heat of Fusion

• The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature.

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• Heat of Vaporization

• The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid at its boiling point into vapor without an increase in temperature.

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• Subatomic Particles- particles that make up an atom. The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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• atomic nucleus- comprised of all the protons and neutrons in the center of an atom, occupying a tiny amount of the space and containing the majority of the mass within an atom

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• mass number- equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

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• atomic mass unit (AMU)- a unit of measurement defined as 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

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• positive charge- particle having more protons than electrons

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• neutral charge- particle having an equal number of electrons and protons

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• negative charge- particle having more electrons than protons

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• periodic table- table illustrating the periodic system, in which the chemical elements, formerly arranged in the order of their atomic weights and now according to their atomic numbers, are shown in related groups

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• subshell- orbitals of various shapes and energies within an energy level; which are s,p,d,f

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• period- 1. in geology, the basic unit of geologic time

• 2. in physics, the duration of one complete cycle of a wave or oscillation; the reciprocal of the frequency

• 3. in chemistry, a horizontal row on the periodic table

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group- vertical column on the Periodic Table; also known as a family

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• metal- any element that is usually shiny, a good conductor of heat and electricity, can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets or drawn into wires, and usually forms cations

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• transition elements- elements found in groups 3-12 including the actinides and lanthanides

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• nonmetal- any element that has low melting points, low density, poor conduction of electricity and heat, and usually forms anions

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• valence electrons- electrons found in orbits farthest from the nucleus of the atom that determine the way in which the atom will combine with other atoms, and thus determine its chemical properties

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• electron configuration- specific arrangement of electrons in the orbital's of an atom

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• energy level- one of a quantized series of states of the electrons within an atom separated from others in the series by distinct quantities of energy

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• ground state- position of an electron in its lowest possible energy level within an atom

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• ion- electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons

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• anion- a negatively charged ion; symbol placed in the second position when writing the formula of a chemical compound

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• cations- a positively charged ion; symbol placed in the first position when writing the formula of a chemical compound

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• chemical bonds- any of a number of strong attractive forces produced by electron interactions; e.g. covalent, ionic, metallic

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• ionic bond- type of chemical bond involving the transfer of electrons and the formation of ions; can often form between a metal and a non-metal

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• electro negativity- a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons

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• covalent bond- type of chemical bond where electrons are shared

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• chemical reaction- a process in which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged into new substances

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• molecular attraction- force of attraction between two or more molecules that produces a weak bond

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• ionic compound- compound where two or more ions are held next to each other by electrical attraction

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• polar bond- covalent bond in which a pair of electrons are shared unequally between bonded atoms

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• metallic bond- type of chemical bond between metal atoms formed by the valence electrons moving freely throughout the metal

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• nonpolar bond- a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held equally by both atoms

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• polyatomic ion – a covalently bonded group of atoms that has only a positive or negative charge and acts as a unit

                                                                           

                    

                                                                               

               

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• law of conservation of matter and energy- matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be rearranged or transferred; thus the amount of energy and matter is constant in the universe

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• induced dipole interaction- temporary condition in which the positive part of a polar molecule attracts the negative part of another molecule

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• reactant- substance that is altered in a chemical reaction

• product- substance formed in a chemical reaction

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• isotopes- atoms having the same number of protons (atomic number) but having different numbers of neutrons

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• coefficient- whole numbers written in front of individual compounds or atoms within a chemical equation indicating the relative amounts of each for the purpose of balancing the equation

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• mole- amount of a substance, expressed in grams, that contains 6.022 × 1023 (Avogadro's number) atoms, molecules, ions, or other elementary units

• molar mass- mass of a formula, the sum of the component atomic masses expressed in grams per mole

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• combustion reaction- a chemical reaction using oxygen and producing heat and/or light

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• decomposition reaction- a chemical reaction in which a single compound reacts to produce two or more products (AB A + B)

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• synthesis reactions- chemical reaction in which a single compound is created from two or more reactants (A + B AB)

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• replacement reaction, single- chemical reaction in which a compound and either a molecule or element react by switching partners and are rearranged into a different compound and element or molecule (AB + C A + BC)

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• replacement reaction, double- chemical reaction in which two compounds react by switching partners to form two new compounds (AB + CD AD + CB)

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• oxidation-reduction reaction- type of chemical reaction that involves loss of electrons from one reactant and gain of electrons by another

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• Frame of Reference: is a system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another.

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