Effect of Powdery Waste Tire on Permeability of

Kaolin

Ali Arefnia

Ph.D, Geotechnical Engineering Department

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Skudai, JohorBahru, Johor, Malaysia

ali1979arefnia@yahoo.com

Khairul Anuar Bin Kassim

Dean of Civil Engineering Faculty

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)

Skudai, JohorBahru, Johor, Malaysia

kanuar@utm.my

The use of solid wastes has been highlighted in different

application of geotechnical engineering such as retaining walls,

embankments and roads. Waste tires have been used as light weight material in the last decades. In this research, effect of Powdery

Waste Tire (PWT) on permeability of Kaolin was investigated. PWT

in percentages of 20%, 40% and 60% by weight were replaced and

mixed with Kaolin. A number of 20 permeability tests were conducted on four different mixtures included pure Kaolin. Samples were

compacted before performing the permeability test. The results

indicated that permeability of Kaolin-PWT mixtures increased up to

467% for 60% of PWT replaced with Kaolin as compared to pure Kaolin. In conclusion, increasing the amount of PWT increases the

permeability of mixtures and makes desirable mixtures to use as a fill

material which needed high permeability in constructions.

Keywords: Powdery Waste Tire (PWT), Kaolin, Permeability

I. INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic conductivity is a measurement of the rate that water flows through a unit cross-sectional area of porous medium under laminar flow conditions, unit hydraulic gradients and standard temperature conditions. Hydraulic conductivity is an important characteristic for drainage materials.

Several researchers have contributed to the study of geotechnical properties of tire modified soils [1-7]. Cetin et al. [6] studied fine and coarse grained tire-chips in terms of strength and permeability in mixtures that contained clayey soils. The results of their study indicated that 20% and 30% mixture of coarse grained fine grained tire-chips, respectively, were most effective when low weight, low permeability, and strength are needed. In their studies on tire chips, Edil and Bosscher [8] looked at soil mixtures containing tire chips. They concluded that hydraulic conductivity was reduced when 30% to 50% sand was mixed with the tire chips.

The hydraulic retention time of water in the drainage areas of a Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA) fill is typically low depending on the degree of compaction and overload. The moisture content of TDA is the result of any surface water and any bound water is low because of the relatively large size of the tire chips [9]. The suitability of shredded tire chips as a material which is permeable reactive barriers has been studied

by evaluating the sorption characteristics of TDA and establishing their mechanical properties. Compaction and compressibility tests established the best tire-chip mixtures. The results of these tests confirmed that TDAs are appropriate for use in permeable reactive barriers especially for barriers designed to resist residual free products and aqueous phase hydrophobic organic contaminants [10].

According to a review of study by Reddy and Marella [11], a summary of tire shred hydraulic conductivity is presented in TABLE I. Tire shred size ranged from 0.18 to 5.5 inches. The hydraulic conductivity of the tire shreds based on shred tire size ranged from 0.0005 to 59.3 cm/s. Variation of hydraulic conductivity values can be explained by the size, composition, and compaction level (initial density/void ratio) of the tire shreds and normal stress.

In general, the majority of studies in this area agree that fine TDAs possess good drainage properties with permeability values ranging from 1.1 to 7.7 cm/s [12, 13 and 14]. The hydraulic conductivity of tire chips or shred is a property related to size, density and pressure. Therefore, in this study, effect of Powdery Waste Tire (PWT) as a kind of finest TDA on permeability of Kaolin is investigated to complete the previous researches based on TDA size and soil type.

II. Material and test procedure

A. Kaolin

Water washed Kaolin is formed by slurring the raw clay and then centrifuging it to remove impurities. The Kaolin used in this study was purchased from Kaolin (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. Kaolin properties are presented in TABLE II and Fig. 1 respectively.

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TABLE I. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SIZE TIRE SHREDS [11]

Reference Tire Shred Size

(inch)

Hydraulic

Conductivity (cm/s) Specific Test Conditions

Bressette, 1984 ASTM, 1998 1-2.5 2.9-23.5 -

0.2-2.0 3.8-59.3 -

Hall, 1991

1.5 1.43-2.64 Simulated overburden of 0 to 35

feet of MSW

0.75 0.79-2.74 Simulated overburden of 0 to 25

feet of MSW

Humphrey et al., 1992,

Humphrey and Sandford, 1993

ASTM, 1998

0.4-2 7.7 Void ratio=0.925

0.4-2 2.1 0.488

0.75-3 15.4 1.114

0.75-3 4.8 0.583

0.4-1.5 6.9 0.833

0.4-1.5 1.5 0.414

Edil et al., 1992

Edil and Bosscher, 1994 2-3

0.6 Stress (psf): 0

0.45 1440

0.4 2881

Ahmed and Lovell, 1993 0.5-1.5 0.58 -

Duffy, 1995 2

0.7 2500 psf (40 feet MSW)

0.53 5000 psf (80 feet MSW)

0.25 10000 psf (160 feet MSW)

0.12 15000 psf (240 feet MSW)

Narejo and Shettima, 1995 2.4-4.0

55.0 1879

20.0 3132

10.0 7308

6.0 11484

Andrews and Guay, 1996 1-2 1.0 -

Masad et al., 1996 0.18 0.002 3132

510-4 7308

Cecich et al., 1996 0.2-0.6 0.03 ASTM D2434

Bernal et al., 1996 2 1.2 -

Zimmerman, 1997 8-16

9.0 Void ratio=2.77

3.2 1.53

1.8 0.78

Lawrence et al., 1998

0.5-1.5 7.6 Void ratio=0.693

0.5-1.5 1.5 0.328

0.5-3 16.3 0.857

0.5-3 5.6 0.546

Chu, 1998

0.25-0.5 0.16 -

0.5-1.0 0.18 -

1.0-1.5 0.18 -

Reddy and Saichek, 1998 0.5-5.5 0.65 3400 psf, Compression - 50%

0.5-5.5 0.01 21000 psf Compression - 65%

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TABLE II. KAOLIN PROPERTIES (KAOLIN MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.)

Physical Properties

In-house Test Method

Moisture Content Below 5.0 %

60 Mesh per inch (24 Mesh per cm)

Residue Below 20.0 %

Chemical Composition

XRF Test Method

Aluminium (Al2O3) 15.0 – 25.0 %

Silica (SiO2) 60.0 – 75.0 %

Iron (Fe2O3) Below 5.0 %

Potassium (K2O) Below 2.5 %

Magnesium (Mg O) Below 1.0 %

Loss on Ignition 1025 o C 5.0 – 10.0 %

Fig. 1. Kaolin used in this study

B. Powdery Waste Tire

Powdery Waste Tire (PWT) is derived from the used tires which has low unit weight with high permeability and also cheap compared with the other materials with the same properties for geotechnical engineering usages. PWT was collected from Yong Fong Rubber Industries Sdn. Bhd. while the size of PWT was 80 meshes as shown in Fig. 2 where mesh is defined as the number of particles per inch.

Fig. 2. Powdery Waste Tire (PWT)

C. Sample Preparation

In general, sample preparation was according to British standard [15] for compaction test and the preparation of samples for permeability test followed the optimum moisture content (OMC) resulted from compaction test [16]. For each test a 15 cm high cylindrical sample that was 10 cm in diameter was prepared. According to TABLE III, material were mixed and compacted in the mold in order to measure the permeability as shown in Fig. 3.

TABLE III. KAOLIN-PWT MIXTURE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT

Material

Material

Kaolin

(%)

PWT

(%)

K100 100 -

K80-PWT20 80 20

K60-PWT40 60 40

K40-PWT60 40 60

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K 100% K 100% Saturated K80-P20 K80-P20 Saturated

K60-P40 K60-P40 Saturated K40-P60 K40-P60 Saturated

Fig. 3. Permeability samples

D. Permeability Test

A falling head method and a consolidated test apparatus was use to assess the permeability tests of Kaolin and Kaolin-PWT mixtures. For each test a 15 cm high cylindrical sample that was 10 cm in diameter was prepared and thoroughly saturated as shown in Fig. 4. The permeability of each sample was evaluated by applying headwater pressure in a graduated glass burette. Permeability tests were conducted on different Kaolin-PWT mixtures. The permeability and the PWT percentage replaced with Kaolin are presented in TABLE IV. It is obvious that the permeability is measured on several mixtures such as 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% PWT replaced with Kaolin.

III. RESULTS

TABLE IV presents changes in the amount of permeability related to PWT percentage between 0% and 60% mixing with Kaolin in this study and also tabulated the results of the study by Cetin et al [6]. As can be seen in Fig. 5, adding the percentage of PWT in mixtures increases the permeability of Kaolin-PWT mixture gradually. It is correspondingly clear that permeability of Kaolin-PWT is increased sharply to 3.66E-05 in the range of 0% to 20% then it gradually rises to 4.71E-05

when 40% of PWT is replaced with Kaolin in the mixture. The growth moderately is increased up to 5.17E-05 when 60% PWT replaced with Kaolin. As can be seen in Fig. 6, the results of Cetin et al [6] confirm the trend of permeability increment when the amount of PWT is increased.

Fig. 4. Permeability tank used for sample saturation

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TABLE IV. PERMEABILITY OF KAOLIN-PWT MIXTURES AND COHESIVE

CLAY – FINE TIRE CHIPS MIXTURES

Kaolin - PWT Mixtures (Current Study)

Rubber

Percentage 0% 20% 40% 60%

Permeability

(mm/s) 9.11E-06 3.66E-05 4.71E-05 5.17E-05

Cohesive Clay – Fine Tire Chips Mixtures [6]

Rubber

Percentage 0% 20% 40% 50%

Permeability

(mm/s) 9E-08 2.8E-07 4.7E-07 6.5E-07

Fig. 5. Permeability of Kaolin-PWT mixture

Fig. 6. Permeability of Cohesive Clay – Fine Tire Chips Mixtures [6]

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Effect of Powdery Waste Tire (PWT) on permeability of Kaolin was investigated. PWT mixed with Kaolin in different percentages of 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by weight. Sample preparation was according to British standard. A number of 20

permeability tests were conducted on four different mixtures included pure Kaolin. The results indicated that permeability of Kaolin-PWT mixtures increased up to 467% for 60% of PWT replaced with Kaolin in comparison with pure Kaolin. Therefore, replacing more amount of PWT with Kaolin increases the permeability.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank Civil Engineering Faculty of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for providing laboratory equipment and supporting.

REFERENCES

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