Scientific Identification & Classification

Scientific Identification & Classification

Applied plant sciences• Biology – the study of both plants and animals

1. Zoology –the part of biology that deals with animals2. Botany – the part of biology that deals with plants.

• Forestry – growing trees for lumber pr plywood• Horticulture – plants grown for food or

beautification• Agronomy – the study of soil and how plants

are grown in them• The way to distinguish among the applied

sciences is the purpose for which plants are grown

Plant Parts

• Leaves• Stems• Roots• Flowers

Leaves-External

• Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem

• Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf• Midrib-the large center vein• Veins-the structural framework of

the leaf• Margin-the edge of the leaf

Leaves-External

Leaf Retention

• Evergreen-Leaves stay on the plant all year long

• Deciduous-Leaves will fall off during the dormant periods

• Herbaceous-leaves and stems die back at the end of the season

Leaf Type

Leaf Type

Leaf Shapes

Cordate Elliptical Ovate Spatulate Deltoid

Lanceolate Liner

Leaf Margin

Leaf Arrangement

Alternate Opposite Whorled

Vein Pattern

Functions of the leaf

• Photosynthesis - process by which plants collect sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food.

• Respiration – converts sugars and starches into energy.

• Transpiration - the release of water vapor from the leaves of the plants. It also cools the plant.

Stems• Movement of Materials

• Support of the leaves and reproductive structures

• Food storages

• Reproduction with stem cuttings or grafting

Stems-External• Lenticels - breathing pores

found on stems and branches

• Bud scale scars-

indicate where terminal buds have been

• Leaf Scars- indicate where

leaves have been attached

• Terminal bud- bud on the

end of the stem

• Axillary or lateral budAxillary bud is located at the axil of the leaf, lateral bud

is located on the sides of stems.

Thorns & Prickles

ThornPrickle

Modified Stems

Stolon

Tuber

Cladophyll

Root Functions

• Anchor the plant and hold it upright

• Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem

• Store large quantities of plant food• Propagate or reproduce some

plants

Roots-External

• Root cap-indicates growth of new cells

• Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals

Root images from a rice plant

Root Types

Fibrous Roots

Tap Root

Layers of Roots

• Fibrous-many branched shallow roots– are easier to transplant

• Tap-long root with few branched ones– more difficult to transplant

Flowers

• Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens

• Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers

• Stamen-male part of the flower• Pistil-female part of the flower

Flowers

Parts of the Stamen

• Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther

• Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

Parts of the Pistil

• Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen

• Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary

• Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat

• Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized

Complete-vs-Incomplete

• Complete flowers have both male and female parts

• Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

Monoeciuos• All male or all female flowers on

plant• Examples: Hollies or Ginkgo

Male Female

Dioecious• Male and female, imperfect flowers

on same plant• Examples: Squash & Pumpkin

Flower Types

Corymbs Panicle

Spike

Flower Types

UmbelHead

Plant Parts-Fruit

• Cones• Nut (acorn)• Clusters or drupes (raspberry)• Capsules (willow)• Samara (maple)

Fruits and Nuts

Cones Acorns

ClusterDrupe

Fruits and Nuts

SamaraCapsule

Pome

Life Cycle• Annual-a plant that lives for only 1

year or less

• Biennial-a plant that lives for 2 years, usually flowering in the second year

• Perennial-a plant that lives for more than 2 years

Growth Habits• Trees: greater than 12 feet tall

• Shrubs: less than 12 feet tall

• Vines: a plant that climbs & spreads

Growth Habits• House Plant: plant grown indoors

• Bedding Plant: a plant used in flowering beds

Forms of Plants:Growth Pattern

Spreading

Weeping

Columnar

Growth Forms

Round Oval Pyramidal