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Scientific Scientific MethodMethod
Independent Variable Independent Variable ((IVIV))
what you what you changechange in the in the experimentexperiment
this this ““changechange”” needs to be needs to be measurablemeasurableexamplesexamples
weightweightmassmassvolumevolumeheightheight
Dependent Variable Dependent Variable ((DVDV))
the the resultresult from the change from the change you madeyou made
what you what you measuremeasure known asknown as datadata““dependsdepends”” on your on your independentindependent variablevariable
also should be measurablealso should be measurable
The IV and DVThe IV and DV … …are close relatives and can are close relatives and can be found throughout the be found throughout the following steps of the following steps of the scientific process:scientific process:
ASK A ASK A QUESTIONQUESTION FORM A FORM A HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESISTEST TEST THE HYPOTHESISTHE HYPOTHESISANALYZE THE ANALYZE THE RESULTSRESULTS/DATA/DATA
Ask a Ask a QuestionQuestion
Ask a Ask a QuestionQuestion
Does theDoes the _________________________
((Ind.Var. -IVInd.Var. -IV))
affect theaffect the
________________________??
((Dep.Var. - DVDep.Var. - DV))
Form a Form a HypothesisHypothesis
Form a Form a HypothesisHypothesis
Hypothesis Hypothesis a measurable and a measurable and educated educated guessguesspredictspredicts how the independent how the independent variable willvariable will affectaffect the dependent the dependent variablevariable
Form a Form a HypothesisHypothesis If theIf the __________________________ isis
_____________,_____________,
((Ind.Var. - IVInd.Var. - IV)) ((incr./decr.incr./decr.))
then thethen the ________________________ willwill ___________.___________.
((Dep. Var. - DVDep. Var. - DV) ) ((incr./decr./incr./decr./
stay stay the samethe same))
Test the Test the HypothesisHypothesis
Test the Test the HypothesisHypothesis
Data TableData Tablean an organized organized way to record way to record datadata
IndependeIndependent Variable nt Variable
– IV– IV
Dependent Variable Dependent Variable - DV- DV
Test the Test the HypothesisHypothesis
Data TableData Table
Trial Trial OneOne
TrialTrial TwoTwo
Trial Trial ThreeThree
AveragAveragee
(Mean)(Mean)
Analyze Analyze the Resultsthe Results
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Results Results patternspatterns and and relationships relationships between what you are between what you are changing (changing (IVIV) and your data ) and your data ((DVDV))
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Types of ResultsTypes of Resultsquantitative: quantitative: numbersnumbers, ,
amounts, measurements, etc.amounts, measurements, etc.raw raw datadata
qualitative: qualitative: comparisonscomparisons, , relationships, etc.relationships, etc.examplesexamples
bigger/smallerbigger/smallerthicker/thinnerthicker/thinnerbrighter/more dullbrighter/more dull
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Line GraphLine Graphrepresents represents patterns and patterns and relationships between what relationships between what you are changing (IV) and your you are changing (IV) and your data (DV)data (DV)
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Line Graph TitleLine Graph TitleThe effect of theThe effect of the
..
((Independent Variable Independent Variable
– IV– IV))
on the on the ..
((Dependent Variable - DVDependent Variable - DV))
Independent Independent Variable - IVVariable - IV
Dep
en
den
t D
ep
en
den
t V
ari
ab
le -
DV
Vari
ab
le -
DV
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Line Graph Set-up …Line Graph Set-up …(…title goes here – across the top)(…title goes here – across the top)
Analyze the Analyze the ResultsResults
Writing your resultsWriting your resultsState theState the datadataConcentrate on the Concentrate on the averagesaveragesQuantitative –Quantitative – numbersnumbers
means, minimum, maximum, means, minimum, maximum, range, etc.range, etc.
Qualitative –Qualitative – comparecompare the the resultsresultsuse words like use words like ““fasterfaster””, , ““largerlarger””, , ““lessless””, , ““greatergreater””, etc., etc.
Draw Draw ConclusionConclusion
ss
Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions
ConclusionConclusionrestaterestate the hypothesis the hypothesisdecidedecide if your hypothesis was if your hypothesis was supportedsupported
restate the restate the datadatadiscuss possible sources of discuss possible sources of error (error (SOESOE’’ss))
discuss discuss futurefuture applications applications
Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions
Sources of Error (Sources of Error (SOESOE’’ss))possible changes in possible changes in materials materials that could that could alteralter the results of the results of the experimentthe experimentoften a result of having too many often a result of having too many variablesvariables
all materials other than the all materials other than the independent variable should independent variable should remain remain constantconstant
Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions
ConstantsConstantsall factors in an experiment all factors in an experiment that are kept the that are kept the samesamean experiment should only test an experiment should only test ONE factor – your ONE factor – your independent independent variablevariable
Draw Draw Conclusions Conclusions Writing a ConclusionWriting a Conclusion
Begin with “The hypothesis stated “If the …”Next, “The data did/did not support the hypothesis.”Then, explain what the data shows.Discuss possible SOE’s and how you could improve your experiment (and avoid these SOE’s) next time.Compare to the control.
Draw Draw ConclusionsConclusions
ControlControlthe normal the normal expectationexpectation of what of what is to happenis to happenwhat you what you compare compare your results your results totoexample: If you wanted to see if example: If you wanted to see if fertilizer would increase a plantfertilizer would increase a plant’’s s growth rate you would have several growth rate you would have several different plants receiving different different plants receiving different amounts of fertilizer, but your amounts of fertilizer, but your control would just receive water, control would just receive water, and no fertilizer.and no fertilizer.
CommunicCommunicateResultsateResults
CommunicateResCommunicateResultsultsWrite a Write a lab reportlab report
Publish an Publish an articlearticle in a in a scientific journalscientific journalWrite a Write a bookbook
RememberRemember……
You must see theYou must see the INDEPENDENT VARIABLEINDEPENDENT VARIABLE and and
the the DEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLE
when youwhen you … …ASK aASK a QUESTIONQUESTION
FORM a HYPOTHESISFORM a HYPOTHESIS
TEST the HYPOTHESISTEST the HYPOTHESISin the DATA TABLES,in the DATA TABLES, and and
ANALYZE the RESULTS/DATAANALYZE the RESULTS/DATA in the LINE GRAPHin the LINE GRAPH