Scientific Skills

Measurement Volume Mass Current DistanceDescription The amount of

space something takes up

The weight of a substance

The speed at which electricity flows

The straight measurement between points

Metric Unit Liter (L);Cubic cm (cm3)

Gram (g) Ampere (A) Meter (m)

The Metric System

1000 m = __________ km

5 503 mL = __________ L

950 g = __________ kg

650 mA = __________ A

25 cm = __________ m

The Metric System

1. Question2. Hypothesis3. Materials &

Procedure4. Results5. Discussion6. Conclusion

Scientific Method

Independent variable What is being tested?

Dependent variable What is the observable change?

Control Variable A variable used to compare results with

Scientific Method

Question: How can one make a planet grow quickly?

Independent variable: Amount of Sunlight Dependent variable: Plant Growth Control variable: Plant grown in a natural

day/night cycle (grown outside) Hypothesis:

If the amount of the sunlight is increased, then the plant will grow faster.

Scientific Method: Example

Chemistry

Physical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may be observed or

detected without creating a new substance State (gas, liquid, solid) Luster Colour Boiling / Melting point Density (mass / volume; g/mL) Hardness

Chemical Property:◦ A feature of a substance that may ONLY be observed

or detected by creating a new substance Reacts with acid Combustible

Physical Property versus Chemical Property

Characteristic physical properties may be used to identify a substance◦ Boiling point◦ Melting point◦ Density

Properties that may NOT be used to identify a substance◦ State◦ Colour◦ Mass◦ Volume◦ Malleability◦ Ductility

Characteristic Physical Properties

Chatacteristic Physical Properties

0 5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

10

12

Density (g/mL)

Volume (milliliters)

Mas

s (g

ram

s)

Physical Change: A change that may be reversed and does NOT result in a new substance

Chemical Change: A change that is not easily reversed and results in a new substance◦ Clues to a chemical change

Formation of a precipitate Colour Change Energy change (cools, heats, gives off light or sound) Odour Change Production of gas (bubbles)

Physical Change versus Chemical Change

Metals are ◦ Shiny (lustrous)◦ able to conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the left side of the periodic table◦ Ductile and malleable

Non-metals◦ Dull◦ DO NOT conduct thermal and electrical energy◦ are found on the right side of the periodic table

Metalloids◦ Possess properties of metals and non-metals◦ Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium

Metals, Metalloids, and Non-metals

Subatomic Particle

Relative Size Charge Location

Proton 1 Positive NucleusElectron 1/2000 Negative OrbitNeutron 1 Neutral Nuclear

Subatomic Particles

Electron Orbit Filling Rule: 2, 8, 8, 16

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

Lewis Dot Diagram

Beryllium and Oxygen

Lithium and FluorineCalcium and Sulfur

Transferring electrons to build molecules

Families on the Periodic Table

Noble Gases

Coefficients and subscripts

4 H2SO4

This formula contains 3 different elements◦ Hydrogen = 8◦ Sulfur = 4◦ Oxygen = 16

There are 28 atoms in total

Counting Atoms

TOTALS NAME 2 MgCl2 6 Magnesium

Chloride KCl 2 Potassium Chloride 3 Li2O 9 Lithium Oxide 4 Na3N 16 Sodium Nitride 2 CaS 4 Calcium Sulfide

Counting Atoms and Naming

Scientific Skills◦ Sections 1.1 and 1.2

Chemistry◦ Sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.7

Self quiz pp. 202-203 Q: 1-24◦ Sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6,

Self Quiz pp. 238-239 Q: 1-23◦ Sections 7.2, 7.8

Self Quiz pp. 270-271 Q: 1-5, 8-15, 18, 21

◦ Chemistry Unit Self Quiz pp. 278-279 Q: 1-26

Text Sections

Ecology

Biotic: ◦ Living things, or derived from living things◦ Examples: apples, trees, humans, fossil fuels, etc

Abiotic◦ Non-living things◦ Wind, temperature, water, rock, etc

Habitat◦ Where an organism lives

Ecosystem◦ All the biotic and abiotic factors in an area

Terminology

Lithosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Earth’s Spheres

Canadian Biomes

TUNDRA

BOREAL FOREST

GRASSLANDS

MOUNTAIN FOREST

TEMPERATURE DECIDUOUS

A collection of similar ecosystems

Tundra: Subsoil is frozen (permafrost) and biodiversity is low

Canadian Biomes

Boreal Forest: Covers 50% of Canada. Long, cold winters and short summers

The soil is generally poor in nutrients and is slightly acidic

Canadian Biomes

Temperature Deciduous◦ South of Boreal Forest◦ Eastern and central

Canada◦ Long growing season◦ 4 well-defined seasons

Canadian Biomes

Grasslands◦ Variable precipitation that can only support

grasses and few trees

Canadian Biomes

Mountain Forest

◦ Fast flowing rivers

◦ Windy conditions

◦ Cool summers◦ Variable

temperature depending on elevation

Canadian Biomes

Cellular Respiration:

Glucose + Water + Oxygen Gas → Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Photosynthesis:

Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose+ Water + Oxygen Gas

These reactions are COMPLEMENTARY because the products of one reaction are the reactants in the other.

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

A food chain is a sequential relationship that starts with a producer and ends with a TOP consumer

A food web represents many food chains connected together

Food Chains and Food Webs

Food Chain:

Berries -> Rabbit -> Fox Berries -> Squirrel -> Fox Berries -> Cricket -> Frog -> Snake -> Owl

Food Chains and Food Webs

10% Rule◦ As one moves up a

food chain, only 10% of the energy is passed along to the next level. 90% of energy is lost through heat and other processes

Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer

1 joule of energy

10 joules of energy

100 joules of energy

1000 joules of energy

10 000 joules of energy

100 000 joules of energy

Pesticides that dissolve in water return to the environment after the infected organism dies.

Pesticides that dissolve in fat cells stay in the body of the infected organism until another organism eats it. This passes the pesticide from one organism to another, and to another

Bioaccumulation (Fat soluble pesticides)

The algae dies off because it has a low body mass. It is easily affected by small amounts of pesticide.

The polar bear will experience sickness or death because the CONCENTRATION of pesticide is stronger/higher.

Bioaccumulation (Fat soluble pesticides)

Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other organism is not affected

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other

organism experiences a negative consequence. Saprophytism: Feeding on dead organisms. A

organism that feeds on dead organisms is called a saprophyte.

Predation: One organism hunts anther organism for food. The hunter is called the predator and the victim is called the prey.

Organism Relationships

Chapter 2◦ Sections: 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 70-71 Q: 1-28

Chapter 3◦ Sections: 3.5, 3.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 118-119 Q: 2, 4, 5, 10, 16,

Chapter 4◦ Sections: 4.4, 4.5◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 154-155 Q: 5, 11, 17, 18, 27, 30

Try This

Electricity

A conductor is a material that allows electrons to flow through it

An insulator is a material that does NOT allow electrons to flow through it

Conductors versus Insulators

Static electricity: ◦ a stationary (unmoving) electric charge

Current:◦ The flow of electric charge◦ Requires a source of electrons◦ Requires something that uses electricity (load)◦ Conducting materials that connect the source to

the load

Static vs. Current Electricity

1. Contact / Conduction2. Friction / Rubbing3. Induction / Without Touching

1. Balloon stocking to wall example

Methods of Charging

1. At a point2. Grounding3. Discharge into the air

Methods of Discharging

1. Length

2. Thickness

3. Material1. Conductors / Semiconductors

Factors affecting Resistance

I = measured in A and represents speed of electron movement

Current vs Voltage

V = measured in V and represents electric pressure

Voltage = Current X Resistance

Ohm’s Law

Battery Wire Light Bulb Switch Motor Voltmeter Ammeter

Circuit Diagram Symbols

Series and Parallel Circuits

Series and Parallel Circuits

Energy output X 100% = Energy Input

Percent Efficiency

Measured in $ / kWh

kWh – kilowatt hour describes the AMOUNT of energy used (POWER)

If you are given 400 W used for 10 h◦ 400W = 0.4 kW X 10 h = 4 kWh

Cost of Electricity

Chapter 11◦ Sections: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, p. 433, 11.5, 11.7◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 452-453 Q: 1-18

Chapter 12◦ Sections: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5, 12.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 492 – 493 Q: 1-24

Chapter 13◦ Sections: 13.1, 13.4, 13.7, 13.8◦ Self-Quiz: pp. 530-531 Q: 1-21

Try This

Space Science

Planets in the Solar System

Aurora Borealis

Solar and Lunar Eclipses

Sunspots

The Sun

11 Year Sunspot Cycle

Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites and Comets

Retrograde Motion

Ursa Major and Ursa Minor

Orion and Canis Major

The Big Bang Theory

Kepler 22b, an Earth like planet, is 5.67 x 1018 m away. What is this distance in light years? (600 ly)

Meters to Light Year Calculation

Pluto is 4.48× 1012 meters away from the Sun. What is this distance in AU? (30 AU)

Meters to Astronomical Units

Chapter 8◦Sections: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 322-323

Chapter 9◦Sections: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8◦Try the Self-Quiz on pp. 360-361

You DO NOT need to review anything from chapter 10

Try This