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ROUND ONE

Introduction

Dear Student,

Science is a subject that you might be in love with or afraid of. It is a subject that you can`t ignore. But is

science just a few chapters or a few questions? No my friend, science is much more than that, in fact

science is “a way of life,” and at iKen Scientifica we try to show you the way. Making science inspiring

and encouraging you to love and enjoy science, more importantly to understand and develop the

scientific attitude in you. Only this way you can appreciate the scientific principles that guides the

universe, and also implement them in your daily lives.

It is a known fact that most of the things that we learn is by observing and practicing them, like we have

learnt to speak by listening to sounds and imitating that. But learning science needs to be a little

different, it should not be learnt by simply imitating, or accepting statements, but by observing,

understanding and then applying them. The true essence of learning science lies in the art of asking

questions like “WHY?”, “HOW?,” “WHICH?”, “WHAT?”

The main objective of this preparatory booklet is to emphasize and equip you with the scientific spirit

of being inquisitive about everything around you, and kindle the joy of learning by understanding.

At iKen Scientifica we bring about ways to

1. To stimulate your young & curious minds.

2. Helping you to explore the world around you.

3. Exposing you to experimenting, observing the outcome and understanding its working

4. Encouraging you to put forth your ideas and implementing them.

5. Making you experience the power of innovation.

6. Inducing the habit of practicing and questioning science rather than learning and believing it.

7. Emphasizing that one problem can have multiple solutions.

8. To master the scientific way of doing things or kindling the scientific attitude in you.

Go ahead, turn the pages and explore the world of learning science through understanding and

experimenting.

Happy learning,

Team iKen Scientifica

Table of Contents

Introduction

The ‘Scientifica’ Way

The Enterprise Index

Study References

i-Invent Case Study: Keys

i-Invent Case Study: The Moving Belt

i-Invent Case Study: Mechanical Linkage

Solved questions from previous years

01

02

04

05

07

11

14

18

1

Introduction

Dear Student,

Science is a subject that you might be in love with or afraid of. It is a subject that you can`t ignore. But is

science just a few chapters or a few questions? No my friend, science is much more than that, in fact

science is “a way of life,” and at iKen Scientifica we try to show you the way. Making science inspiring

and encouraging you to love and enjoy science, more importantly to understand and develop the

scientific attitude in you. Only this way you can appreciate the scientific principles that guides the

universe, and also implement them in your daily lives.

It is a known fact that most of the things that we learn is by observing and practicing them, like we have

learnt to speak by listening to sounds and imitating that. But learning science needs to be a little

different, it should not be learnt by simply imitating, or accepting statements, but by observing,

understanding and then applying them. The true essence of learning science lies in the art of asking

questions like “WHY?”, “HOW?,” “WHICH?”, “WHAT?”

The main objective of this preparatory booklet is to emphasize and equip you with the scientific spirit

of being inquisitive about everything around you, and kindle the joy of learning by understanding.

At iKen Scientifica we bring about ways to

1. To stimulate your young & curious minds.

2. Helping you to explore the world around you.

3. Exposing you to experimenting, observing the outcome and understanding its working

4. Encouraging you to put forth your ideas and implementing them.

5. Making you experience the power of innovation.

6. Inducing the habit of practicing and questioning science rather than learning and believing it.

7. Emphasizing that one problem can have multiple solutions.

8. To master the scientific way of doing things or kindling the scientific attitude in you.

Go ahead, turn the pages and explore the world of learning science through understanding and

experimenting.

Happy learning,

Team iKen Scientifica

Table of Contents

Introduction

The ‘Scientifica’ Way

The Enterprise Index

Study References

i-Invent Case Study: Keys

i-Invent Case Study: The Moving Belt

i-Invent Case Study: Mechanical Linkage

Solved questions from previous years

01

02

04

05

07

11

14

18

1

*Needs Parental Help And Guidance

How, Why, What?

The Round One of iKen Scientifica examines how well you can utilize your scientific

aptitude. You will be posed with some scenario based questions which require the

basic scientific concepts you have learnt till now and a little common sense to address

them. You do not need any special preparation for the first round. The examination

does not require you to have factual knowledge of any particular concept. It needs the

knowledge that you have gathered over the years. Nevertheless, you can equip

yourself, to handle the examination questions. This book will introduce you to an

approach to improve your scientific aptitude along with scenarios and sample

questions to practice.

Observing phenomena, actions or events and reason out the knowledge gathered from

abstract thoughts and everyday experiences.

Observe

The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe:

How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?

Question

An educated guess about how things work: “If I do [this], then [this] will happen."

Extrapolate

Applying scientific procedures, concept and knowledge in understanding situations and

problems that occur in every day life.

Apply

Understanding, interpreting, relating and concluding.

Analyze

Generate interest and increase efficiency

Practice

bO serve

ueQ stion

Extrapolate

Apply

Analyze

Practice

The ‘Scientifica’ Way

32

*Needs Parental Help And Guidance

How, Why, What?

The Round One of iKen Scientifica examines how well you can utilize your scientific

aptitude. You will be posed with some scenario based questions which require the

basic scientific concepts you have learnt till now and a little common sense to address

them. You do not need any special preparation for the first round. The examination

does not require you to have factual knowledge of any particular concept. It needs the

knowledge that you have gathered over the years. Nevertheless, you can equip

yourself, to handle the examination questions. This book will introduce you to an

approach to improve your scientific aptitude along with scenarios and sample

questions to practice.

Observing phenomena, actions or events and reason out the knowledge gathered from

abstract thoughts and everyday experiences.

Observe

The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe:

How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?

Question

An educated guess about how things work: “If I do [this], then [this] will happen."

Extrapolate

Applying scientific procedures, concept and knowledge in understanding situations and

problems that occur in every day life.

Apply

Understanding, interpreting, relating and concluding.

Analyze

Generate interest and increase efficiency

Practice

bO serve

ueQ stion

ExtrapolateApply

Analyze

Practice

The ‘Scientifica’ Way

32

What is “Enterprise Index”?

“Enterprise Index” is a number, which gauges the scientific aptitude of a child. How well does

the child performs when put in a real life situation? How is he/she able to implement what they

have learnt to solve real life problems?

A lot of research goes into finding out what learning parameters will determine this “Enterprise

Index”. There are several parameters that determine the success of an attempt to solve any real

world problem. The five primary parameters that make “Enterprise Index” are identified as:

(a) Observation

(b) Analytical skills

(c) Visualization

(d) Practicality and

(e) Memory

All questions may not carry equal marks. All questions are designed in a manner that they do

not just test only one parameter. Each question tests some or all of the five parameters that

comprise the Enterprise Index.

Student’s parameter scores are combined to form the “Enterprise Index” score.

Enterprise Index is an absolute number that represents the correlation between the child’s

abilities to utilize all the parameters together.

The pentagon or the

radar graph represents the child’s parameter score on five axes.

Your performance will be indicated by an Enterprise Index graph. This graph represents your

performance in the five parameters which constitute the Enterprise Index. The percentage score

in each category is plotted to make a pentagon (a polygon with five sides).

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Visualization

Practicality

Memory

Observation

Analytical Skills

The Enterprise Index

The shape of the pentagon can be useful to understand your relative performances in

different categories.

You should work towards increasing the area of this pentagon as

much as you can. The outside borders of graph represent, the highest possible

Enterprise Index and extra ordinary scientific aptitude.

The graph tends to point towards a key parameter the child is

exceptionally good in.

The overall objective of the student should be to make the pentagon fuller to the

maximum extent.

Our analysis helps you identify your relatively weak areas and work towards increasing

the area of the pentagon as much as possible. You can understand areas you are

relatively weak in and how to go about improving on them.

The Enterprise Index is not a percentage or a percentile score.

You can notice that good scores on individual parameters is highlighted in the

pentagon chart but your Enterprise Index depends on how well you use all the learning

parameters together. (for e.g. not just memory or only analytical skills without

practicality etc.)

In the end, learning and applying is a part of life and not just academics. Exploiting your

strengths is easy but you also need to work on your weaknesses. It’s what separates the

best from the rest!

54

Web references for self study & research

The Internet is full of limitless knowledge. And it is undoubtedly the best place to

gather material for preparation of iKen Scientifica round 1. To give you a head start,

here are a few recommendations: -

It has thousands of topics, from a simply key to advance security system explained through videos and illustrations. You can learn how everything works.

www.howstuffworks.com

This website helps you to learn and understand the basic concepts of physics through real-life scenarios. Perform small activities and solve the quizzes.

www.physics4kids.com

www.popularmechanics.comThis site covers a variety of information on automotive needs, electronics, computers, telecommunications and everything dealing with machines.

Large collection of How To and Do it yourself and provides good hands-on experience. Along with exploring the projects, you can also share your project.

www.instructables.com

Learn the very basics to how to make a robot right from the simple to advanced concepts and provides a good resource of robotic projects.

www.gorobotics.net

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/Has a varied amount of learning content broaden the child's horizon of knowledge. Science explained in a more readable format.

What is “Enterprise Index”?

“Enterprise Index” is a number, which gauges the scientific aptitude of a child. How well does

the child performs when put in a real life situation? How is he/she able to implement what they

have learnt to solve real life problems?

A lot of research goes into finding out what learning parameters will determine this “Enterprise

Index”. There are several parameters that determine the success of an attempt to solve any real

world problem. The five primary parameters that make “Enterprise Index” are identified as:

(a) Observation

(b) Analytical skills

(c) Visualization

(d) Practicality and

(e) Memory

All questions may not carry equal marks. All questions are designed in a manner that they do

not just test only one parameter. Each question tests some or all of the five parameters that

comprise the Enterprise Index.

Student’s parameter scores are combined to form the “Enterprise Index” score.

Enterprise Index is an absolute number that represents the correlation between the child’s

abilities to utilize all the parameters together.

The pentagon or the

radar graph represents the child’s parameter score on five axes.

Your performance will be indicated by an Enterprise Index graph. This graph represents your

performance in the five parameters which constitute the Enterprise Index. The percentage score

in each category is plotted to make a pentagon (a polygon with five sides).

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Visualization

Practicality

Memory

Observation

Analytical Skills

The Enterprise Index

The shape of the pentagon can be useful to understand your relative performances in

different categories.

You should work towards increasing the area of this pentagon as

much as you can. The outside borders of graph represent, the highest possible

Enterprise Index and extra ordinary scientific aptitude.

The graph tends to point towards a key parameter the child is

exceptionally good in.

The overall objective of the student should be to make the pentagon fuller to the

maximum extent.

Our analysis helps you identify your relatively weak areas and work towards increasing

the area of the pentagon as much as possible. You can understand areas you are

relatively weak in and how to go about improving on them.

The Enterprise Index is not a percentage or a percentile score.

You can notice that good scores on individual parameters is highlighted in the

pentagon chart but your Enterprise Index depends on how well you use all the learning

parameters together. (for e.g. not just memory or only analytical skills without

practicality etc.)

In the end, learning and applying is a part of life and not just academics. Exploiting your

strengths is easy but you also need to work on your weaknesses. It’s what separates the

best from the rest!

54

Web references for self study & research

The Internet is full of limitless knowledge. And it is undoubtedly the best place to

gather material for preparation of iKen Scientifica round 1. To give you a head start,

here are a few recommendations: -

It has thousands of topics, from a simply key to advance security system explained through videos and illustrations. You can learn how everything works.

www.howstuffworks.com

This website helps you to learn and understand the basic concepts of physics through real-life scenarios. Perform small activities and solve the quizzes.

www.physics4kids.com

www.popularmechanics.comThis site covers a variety of information on automotive needs, electronics, computers, telecommunications and everything dealing with machines.

Large collection of How To and Do it yourself and provides good hands-on experience. Along with exploring the projects, you can also share your project.

www.instructables.com

Learn the very basics to how to make a robot right from the simple to advanced concepts and provides a good resource of robotic projects.

www.gorobotics.net

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/Has a varied amount of learning content broaden the child's horizon of knowledge. Science explained in a more readable format.

i-Invent Case Studies

The following case studies have been composed with an aim to make children more observant

and aware about their surroundings. It also fuels their ability to question, evaluate and make

science a part of their day- to-day life and helps them to reason rationally.

These case studies are more concerned with breaking the myth that great minds lead to great

inventions. It assists them to comprehend that even an ordinary man is capable of amazing

inventions. The only precursor is that he knows how to approach the problem and how to

extrapolate information from his existing knowledge? The ever existing curiosity in children

keeps their mind flexible, making them more creative than most adults. With this book, we aim

to show you that the process of Invention is not one-shot thing. This is actually a step-by-step

process that starts with an idea and slowly evolves into an invention. Moreover, all great

inventions are not associated with some extraordinary human beings, but many of them are by

ordinary human beings who would not stop trying despite many letdowns.

The cases in this book are illustrated in a story format, which will employ your minds and also

keep up the curiosity. The cases will familiarize you with different designs, their advantage and

reasons for choosing right material in making a certain product.

Enjoy your journey into the world of invention!

Why the keys are not arranged alphabetically

Christopher Latham Sholes was a U.S. mechanical engineer formerly working in Dan ville had

moved to Milwaukee. Here he took up the job of a newspaper editor. It was mid 19th century

and in those times, newspapers were printed in printing presses using typesetting system.

In typesetting system, compositors set written material into type. This means compositors

manually lay the letters out before printing begins. Once the letters are arranged, they are inked

and the impression is printed on paper.

Once at Sholes printing press, the compositors went on strike. This created a great problem and

he realised that the process is dependent on compositors.

76

i-Invent Case Studies

The following case studies have been composed with an aim to make children more observant

and aware about their surroundings. It also fuels their ability to question, evaluate and make

science a part of their day- to-day life and helps them to reason rationally.

These case studies are more concerned with breaking the myth that great minds lead to great

inventions. It assists them to comprehend that even an ordinary man is capable of amazing

inventions. The only precursor is that he knows how to approach the problem and how to

extrapolate information from his existing knowledge? The ever existing curiosity in children

keeps their mind flexible, making them more creative than most adults. With this book, we aim

to show you that the process of Invention is not one-shot thing. This is actually a step-by-step

process that starts with an idea and slowly evolves into an invention. Moreover, all great

inventions are not associated with some extraordinary human beings, but many of them are by

ordinary human beings who would not stop trying despite many letdowns.

The cases in this book are illustrated in a story format, which will employ your minds and also

keep up the curiosity. The cases will familiarize you with different designs, their advantage and

reasons for choosing right material in making a certain product.

Enjoy your journey into the world of invention!

Why the keys are not arranged alphabetically

Christopher Latham Sholes was a U.S. mechanical engineer formerly working in Dan ville had

moved to Milwaukee. Here he took up the job of a newspaper editor. It was mid 19th century

and in those times, newspapers were printed in printing presses using typesetting system.

In typesetting system, compositors set written material into type. This means compositors

manually lay the letters out before printing begins. Once the letters are arranged, they are inked

and the impression is printed on paper.

Once at Sholes printing press, the compositors went on strike. This created a great problem and

he realised that the process is dependent on compositors.

76

Think of various problems that may occur in a typeset press. Imagine that you faced the same

problem and you had to come up with a solution to tackle this problem, what would it be?

The process of laying out of alphabets is a big manual task, highly dependent on the skill of the

person doing it. It may take a lot of time or there could be mistakes in the setting. A way to tackle

these problems would be to somehow automate this process. The question is how? This could be

possibly done by creating some kind of a system where this manual setting is not at all required.

Maybe creating a typing machine which automatically does embossing of letters on a large sheet

of metal or even digitalising the process like the modern day printer.

Sholes tried building a machine to automate

typesetting, but this was a failure. Then he thought of

a simple device with a piece of printer's type. It was

mounted on a little rod so that it strikes upwards to a

flat plate. This flat plate held a piece of carbon paper,

which was between a piece of stationary. Sholes'

demonstration model looked like this:

With the key of an old telegraph instrument

mounted on its base, Sholes tapped down

on his model and the little type jumped up to

hit the carbon paper against the glass plate.

This diagram shows Sholes' basic

mechanism—an up-strike design.

Now Sholes wanted to extend this design to include all the alphabets. Can you

conceptualise a design to extend this concept of including all the alphabets?

Al alphabets would include the A-Z, 1-9 and some other special characters. This would need a lot

of levers. The most obvious way would be to place all the levers around in a circular fashion which

all have their typing end at the centre. But it would be difficult for a person to type sitting at one

place. So, may be placing these letters in an arc would be better so that a person typing the text

will have access to all alphabets.

Sholes proceeded to construct a machine to do the whole alphabet.

Sholes arranged the keys arranged alphabetically in two rows.

The typebars were attached to the

circumference of a metal ring, forming a

basket. When a key was pressed, the

corresponding typebar would swing upwards,

causing the print head to strike at the centre of

the ring. Gravity would then return the typebar

to its initial position. However, the model was

sluggish; it clashed and jammed when

someone tried to type with it.

Why do you think this problem came up? Check the initial design and suggest why the design

could be problematic?

The problem must be of the alignment of these lever arms. When the levers strike in

moderate speed there are chances that two adjacent arms may touch each other, obstruct

or even jam the machine.

Considering that they are mechanical rods of average precision, what could be the possible

problem that made this model sluggish?

Sholes’ original model would have faced typebar jamming because when the typist types

very fast, bars would hit each other.

Here is what happened. Now, look at the diagram

showing the arrangement of typebars. And draw

the movement of the typebars when you type the

word FEED. Now when the typebar F is coming

back to its position, E is going to hit the paper and

when E is returning, D would be moving. (Hammer strikes here)

NOM PL QK RJI SH TUGF VE W

D XC Y

B Z

A

98

Think of various problems that may occur in a typeset press. Imagine that you faced the same

problem and you had to come up with a solution to tackle this problem, what would it be?

The process of laying out of alphabets is a big manual task, highly dependent on the skill of the

person doing it. It may take a lot of time or there could be mistakes in the setting. A way to tackle

these problems would be to somehow automate this process. The question is how? This could be

possibly done by creating some kind of a system where this manual setting is not at all required.

Maybe creating a typing machine which automatically does embossing of letters on a large sheet

of metal or even digitalising the process like the modern day printer.

Sholes tried building a machine to automate

typesetting, but this was a failure. Then he thought of

a simple device with a piece of printer's type. It was

mounted on a little rod so that it strikes upwards to a

flat plate. This flat plate held a piece of carbon paper,

which was between a piece of stationary. Sholes'

demonstration model looked like this:

With the key of an old telegraph instrument

mounted on its base, Sholes tapped down

on his model and the little type jumped up to

hit the carbon paper against the glass plate.

This diagram shows Sholes' basic

mechanism—an up-strike design.

Now Sholes wanted to extend this design to include all the alphabets. Can you

conceptualise a design to extend this concept of including all the alphabets?

Al alphabets would include the A-Z, 1-9 and some other special characters. This would need a lot

of levers. The most obvious way would be to place all the levers around in a circular fashion which

all have their typing end at the centre. But it would be difficult for a person to type sitting at one

place. So, may be placing these letters in an arc would be better so that a person typing the text

will have access to all alphabets.

Sholes proceeded to construct a machine to do the whole alphabet.

Sholes arranged the keys arranged alphabetically in two rows.

The typebars were attached to the

circumference of a metal ring, forming a

basket. When a key was pressed, the

corresponding typebar would swing upwards,

causing the print head to strike at the centre of

the ring. Gravity would then return the typebar

to its initial position. However, the model was

sluggish; it clashed and jammed when

someone tried to type with it.

Why do you think this problem came up? Check the initial design and suggest why the design

could be problematic?

The problem must be of the alignment of these lever arms. When the levers strike in

moderate speed there are chances that two adjacent arms may touch each other, obstruct

or even jam the machine.

Considering that they are mechanical rods of average precision, what could be the possible

problem that made this model sluggish?

Sholes’ original model would have faced typebar jamming because when the typist types

very fast, bars would hit each other.

Here is what happened. Now, look at the diagram

showing the arrangement of typebars. And draw

the movement of the typebars when you type the

word FEED. Now when the typebar F is coming

back to its position, E is going to hit the paper and

when E is returning, D would be moving. (Hammer strikes here)

NOM PL QK RJI SH TUGF VE W

D XC Y

B Z

A

98

Here is how Sholes solved this problem. Compare this with the solution you have suggested.

Sholes made a list of all frequently appearing combination of letters in the English language and

came up with a new layout . The objective of this layout was to place these

letters far apart on the keyboard thus preventing the type bars from getting entangled. Also

QWERTY keypad disturbed the alphabetical sequence of which made typists take a longer time

to look for each alphabet. It made to slow down the speed of typing in the process. A lesser

speed meant fewer chances of the adjacent type bars getting jammed.

after studying them

The late 19th century saw continued product improvement. These included the carriage return,

the self-rewinding ink ribbon and the shift key to distinguish between capital and small letters,

and the ability to see what you were typing.

The electric typewriters were then replaced by electronic typewriters, which were ultimately

evolved into type ball introduced by IBM in 1964. And they gradually evolved into computer

based word processor. Today, the keyboard doesn't have the typebars, which will hit each other

during typing. But we are still using the QWERTY model.

Can you guess why?

The evolution of the typewriter has been a fascinating one leading to one of the most ingenious

inventions–“The Computer”.

Now how could we possibly eliminate this problem?

The keys could possibly be arranged in a fashion that the most frequently used alphabet keys are

far away from each other so that the chances of adjacent levers hitting each other is minimised.

The use of the QWERTY keyboard became so popular in the typewriters, that it became a matter of

habit. So conventional format still continues most widely although other kinds of keyboards are

also used.

The moving belt

Imagine you are an engineer in a coalmine, where the workers dig out coals that need to be

transported to the processing plant situated 1 km away. The workers carry the coals in the

trolleys. Now that you know about the simple machines, design an automatic system to move

the coals to the processing unit.

To move material in a mine or a shopping store or airport, we use a conveyor belt. It moves

cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, metal boxes, plastic boxes etc. A conveyor is used to move

material from one point to the other.

Now we will learn about how a conveyer belt works and the various ways of designing a

conveyor belt.

Place a piece of whole brick on the floor, and apply force to push the brick.

Now take some pencils. Around 6–8 will be enough, or you can even use some cylindrical sticks.

Put the brick as shown in the image and push it.

Note down your observations below.

In which case is it easier to push the brick? Using this concept, can you now improve the design

you have made to move the coals in the mine?

Yes, a system can be made where these cylinders are fixed on their axes and keep on rotating in the

same direction. This would make anything kept over them move. The speed of rotation of these

cylinders would determine the speed at which the brick moves ahead.

The most convenient way could be to make a continuous system which keeps on working and anytime some worker keeps a coal piece on it would be drawn out of the mine. It should keep into account that pieces should not fall off and also it should be able to work for moving coal from one height to another.

Pushing the brick takes a lot of force, while in the case of pencils they act as wheels and need only a little push to move the brick forward.

1110

Here is how Sholes solved this problem. Compare this with the solution you have suggested.

Sholes made a list of all frequently appearing combination of letters in the English language and

came up with a new layout . The objective of this layout was to place these

letters far apart on the keyboard thus preventing the type bars from getting entangled. Also

QWERTY keypad disturbed the alphabetical sequence of which made typists take a longer time

to look for each alphabet. It made to slow down the speed of typing in the process. A lesser

speed meant fewer chances of the adjacent type bars getting jammed.

after studying them

The late 19th century saw continued product improvement. These included the carriage return,

the self-rewinding ink ribbon and the shift key to distinguish between capital and small letters,

and the ability to see what you were typing.

The electric typewriters were then replaced by electronic typewriters, which were ultimately

evolved into type ball introduced by IBM in 1964. And they gradually evolved into computer

based word processor. Today, the keyboard doesn't have the typebars, which will hit each other

during typing. But we are still using the QWERTY model.

Can you guess why?

The evolution of the typewriter has been a fascinating one leading to one of the most ingenious

inventions–“The Computer”.

Now how could we possibly eliminate this problem?

The keys could possibly be arranged in a fashion that the most frequently used alphabet keys are

far away from each other so that the chances of adjacent levers hitting each other is minimised.

The use of the QWERTY keyboard became so popular in the typewriters, that it became a matter of

habit. So conventional format still continues most widely although other kinds of keyboards are

also used.

The moving belt

Imagine you are an engineer in a coalmine, where the workers dig out coals that need to be

transported to the processing plant situated 1 km away. The workers carry the coals in the

trolleys. Now that you know about the simple machines, design an automatic system to move

the coals to the processing unit.

To move material in a mine or a shopping store or airport, we use a conveyor belt. It moves

cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, metal boxes, plastic boxes etc. A conveyor is used to move

material from one point to the other.

Now we will learn about how a conveyer belt works and the various ways of designing a

conveyor belt.

Place a piece of whole brick on the floor, and apply force to push the brick.

Now take some pencils. Around 6–8 will be enough, or you can even use some cylindrical sticks.

Put the brick as shown in the image and push it.

Note down your observations below.

In which case is it easier to push the brick? Using this concept, can you now improve the design

you have made to move the coals in the mine?

Yes, a system can be made where these cylinders are fixed on their axes and keep on rotating in the

same direction. This would make anything kept over them move. The speed of rotation of these

cylinders would determine the speed at which the brick moves ahead.

The most convenient way could be to make a continuous system which keeps on working and anytime some worker keeps a coal piece on it would be drawn out of the mine. It should keep into account that pieces should not fall off and also it should be able to work for moving coal from one height to another.

Pushing the brick takes a lot of force, while in the case of pencils they act as wheels and need only a little push to move the brick forward.

1110

A conveyor belt (or belt conveyor) consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of a

material called the conveyor belt that rotates around them.

There are two main industrial classes of the belt conveyors:

• General material handling such as moving boxes inside a factory

• Bulk material handling such as transporting industrial and agricultural materials, like grain,

coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations

At the airport, you must have seen that the luggage is put on a moving platform, which

transports it to the other part of the airport after the security check. Also at a grinding mill,

there is a continuously moving belt, which is attached to a running motor.

List all the places where you have seen a conveyor and pulley system.

Belt

Pulleys—their rotation makes

the belt over it move

Conveyor belt can be seen in airport to carry luggage, mines to carry loads, automated

factories to carry goods from one station to the other. Even escalators are a form of

conveyor belt.

C an you design a conveyor belt for an escalator?

Quirky Fact

History of conveyor belts

Initially, the conveyor belts were up to 4 miles long and were generally made from layers of

rubber and cotton. This revolutionised the mining industry, along with the coal-cutting

machines, which Sutcliffe also invented in the 1880’s. The conveyor belts also revolutionised

many other industries, allowing quick and efficient mass production, with the likes of Henry

Ford catching on and introducing them to his production lines.

The introduction of the synthetic conveyor belts made the belts strong yet very cheap, thus

suited many different industries and trades. The synthetic material was used as the prime

material for conveyor belts during the Second World War, mainly because there were very few

natural materials such as rubber, cotton and canvas available.

Today the conveyor belts are everywhere—used in many different trades and

industries—mainly for production of goods.

The longest conveyor belt system in the world is 100km (63 miles) long and takes

material from the Western Sahara Bu Craa phosphate mines to the coast.

1312

A conveyor belt (or belt conveyor) consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of a

material called the conveyor belt that rotates around them.

There are two main industrial classes of the belt conveyors:

• General material handling such as moving boxes inside a factory

• Bulk material handling such as transporting industrial and agricultural materials, like grain,

coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations

At the airport, you must have seen that the luggage is put on a moving platform, which

transports it to the other part of the airport after the security check. Also at a grinding mill,

there is a continuously moving belt, which is attached to a running motor.

List all the places where you have seen a conveyor and pulley system.

Belt

Pulleys—their rotation makes

the belt over it move

Conveyor belt can be seen in airport to carry luggage, mines to carry loads, automated

factories to carry goods from one station to the other. Even escalators are a form of

conveyor belt.

C an you design a conveyor belt for an escalator?

Quirky Fact

History of conveyor belts

Initially, the conveyor belts were up to 4 miles long and were generally made from layers of

rubber and cotton. This revolutionised the mining industry, along with the coal-cutting

machines, which Sutcliffe also invented in the 1880’s. The conveyor belts also revolutionised

many other industries, allowing quick and efficient mass production, with the likes of Henry

Ford catching on and introducing them to his production lines.

The introduction of the synthetic conveyor belts made the belts strong yet very cheap, thus

suited many different industries and trades. The synthetic material was used as the prime

material for conveyor belts during the Second World War, mainly because there were very few

natural materials such as rubber, cotton and canvas available.

Today the conveyor belts are everywhere—used in many different trades and

industries—mainly for production of goods.

The longest conveyor belt system in the world is 100km (63 miles) long and takes

material from the Western Sahara Bu Craa phosphate mines to the coast.

1312

Mechanical linkage

Imagine you are asked to make a giant Mickey Mouse statue in your school garden. Everyday in

the morning, the statue will wave his hand, greeting all the kids. The hand movement of the

statue is an oscillatory motion. However, you have to generate this motion from an electric

motor, which is moving in a circular motion.

Can you design an arrangement to create this transformation of motion below?

There are many ways to achieve this motion transformation. We can use the fundamentals of

levers that we have already studied. Using the concept of levers, we can make something more

effective, which we call linkage in mechanical language.

Linkages form a part of most mechanical assemblies. Normally, machines operate with some

sort of energy source. The energy gets converted into motion. But sometimes, we need more

complicated motion, which cannot be generated by a regular energy conversion process. For

example, steam power gives you a linear motion or an electric motor will rotate in a circular

pattern. But in real life, we might need more complicated motion to operate a car wiper, a

rollercoaster or a robotic arm. So we need to convert motion from one form to another.

Can you identify where else you will need a motion conversion?

Linkages might be needed in:Scissors/Pliers Sliding or collapsible doorsCar wipersMachinesUmbrellasetc

A

BCHinged

In a simple form, imagine a pair of scissors. If we separate the two blades by removing the

middle hinge and apply force in a similar way, then what will happen? Draw the line of

movement in both the cases. As you can see, we need to use the linkage to achieve the desired

motion.

Look at the following diagram for the next level of linkages. The given linkage arrangement is

fixed at point C. The points A and B are free to move. The horizontal to and fro movement of

point B results in movement of point A.

Can you visualise how point A will move as you move point in the marked direction. Write your

comments below.

Let's now talk about various types of linkages. Depending on the application as to how we need

to transform the motion, we can categorise the various types of linkages.

Reverse Motion Linkage: Suppose you want to change a pull motion to push. This means

that you are generating a motion in the reverse direction of the force. As the top rod moves to

the right, the bottom rod moves to the left.

Design a linkage to perform such kind of motion transformation.

Force

Motion

Point A would move something like this:

Force

Motion

ForceMotion

ReverseParallel

Fixed

Motor

1514

Mechanical linkage

Imagine you are asked to make a giant Mickey Mouse statue in your school garden. Everyday in

the morning, the statue will wave his hand, greeting all the kids. The hand movement of the

statue is an oscillatory motion. However, you have to generate this motion from an electric

motor, which is moving in a circular motion.

Can you design an arrangement to create this transformation of motion below?

There are many ways to achieve this motion transformation. We can use the fundamentals of

levers that we have already studied. Using the concept of levers, we can make something more

effective, which we call linkage in mechanical language.

Linkages form a part of most mechanical assemblies. Normally, machines operate with some

sort of energy source. The energy gets converted into motion. But sometimes, we need more

complicated motion, which cannot be generated by a regular energy conversion process. For

example, steam power gives you a linear motion or an electric motor will rotate in a circular

pattern. But in real life, we might need more complicated motion to operate a car wiper, a

rollercoaster or a robotic arm. So we need to convert motion from one form to another.

Can you identify where else you will need a motion conversion?

Linkages might be needed in:Scissors/Pliers Sliding or collapsible doorsCar wipersMachinesUmbrellasetc

A

BCHinged

In a simple form, imagine a pair of scissors. If we separate the two blades by removing the

middle hinge and apply force in a similar way, then what will happen? Draw the line of

movement in both the cases. As you can see, we need to use the linkage to achieve the desired

motion.

Look at the following diagram for the next level of linkages. The given linkage arrangement is

fixed at point C. The points A and B are free to move. The horizontal to and fro movement of

point B results in movement of point A.

Can you visualise how point A will move as you move point in the marked direction. Write your

comments below.

Let's now talk about various types of linkages. Depending on the application as to how we need

to transform the motion, we can categorise the various types of linkages.

Reverse Motion Linkage: Suppose you want to change a pull motion to push. This means

that you are generating a motion in the reverse direction of the force. As the top rod moves to

the right, the bottom rod moves to the left.

Design a linkage to perform such kind of motion transformation.

Force

Motion

Point A would move something like this:

Force

Motion

ForceMotion

ReverseParallel

Fixed

Motor

1514

AB

Fixed

pivot point

DC

E F

Parallel Motion Linkage: Look at the following diagram. Five metal bars are connected at A,

B, C and D. The whole arrangement is fixed on the wall with the help of nails E and F such that

the bars BC and AD can rotate across those points but you cannot move the bars in linear

motion across these points. As the large rod CD at the top of the diagram moves to the left, the

two small rods at the bottom move to the right. All the rods are parallel to each other.

Suppose you apply a force at point A and moved it to the right. Then, what will be the movement

in the points B, C and D. Mark it in the diagram.

Crank and Slider Linkage: The rods move forwards and backwards in slider. The fixed

pivot anchors the linkages to one place.

Now note down the kind of the motion transformation this linkage will achieve. What will be

the applications of this linkage?

This king of a linkage can be used to convert circular motion from a motor source to constrained

linear motion.

Bell Crank Linkage: This linkage allows horizontal movement to be converted to vertical

movement. It also works the other way around.

Can you design an appropriate linkage to provide this change in the direction of motion?

Force

Fixed pointMotion

Force

Motion

Let us now have a look at the history of linkages.

Archimedes applied geometry to the study of the lever. The work of Archimedes and Hero of

Alexandria were the primary sources of machine theory. It was Leonardo da Vinci who brought

an inventive energy to machines and mechanism.

In the mid 1700’s, the steam engine was of growing importance. And James Watt realised that

efficiency could be increased by using different cylinders for expansion and condensation of the

steam. This drove his search for a linkage that could transform rotation of a crank into a linear

slide and resulted in his discovery of what is called ‘Watt's Linkage’. This led to the study of

linkages that could generate straight lines and inspired the mathematician, J. J. Sylvester, who

invented the ‘Peaucellier Linkage’, which generates an exact straight line from a rotating crank.

As we progress through these modules, we will learn how we can make many mechanical tasks

simpler using these linkages.

From the given set of pictures, identify the type of linkage the figure belongs to.

Cycle break

Scissors lift

The cycle break uses bell and crank mechanism while the Scissor lift

uses a combination of parallel and reverse linkages.

1716

AB

Fixed

pivot point

DC

E F

Parallel Motion Linkage: Look at the following diagram. Five metal bars are connected at A,

B, C and D. The whole arrangement is fixed on the wall with the help of nails E and F such that

the bars BC and AD can rotate across those points but you cannot move the bars in linear

motion across these points. As the large rod CD at the top of the diagram moves to the left, the

two small rods at the bottom move to the right. All the rods are parallel to each other.

Suppose you apply a force at point A and moved it to the right. Then, what will be the movement

in the points B, C and D. Mark it in the diagram.

Crank and Slider Linkage: The rods move forwards and backwards in slider. The fixed

pivot anchors the linkages to one place.

Now note down the kind of the motion transformation this linkage will achieve. What will be

the applications of this linkage?

This king of a linkage can be used to convert circular motion from a motor source to constrained

linear motion.

Bell Crank Linkage: This linkage allows horizontal movement to be converted to vertical

movement. It also works the other way around.

Can you design an appropriate linkage to provide this change in the direction of motion?

Force

Fixed pointMotion

Force

Motion

Let us now have a look at the history of linkages.

Archimedes applied geometry to the study of the lever. The work of Archimedes and Hero of

Alexandria were the primary sources of machine theory. It was Leonardo da Vinci who brought

an inventive energy to machines and mechanism.

In the mid 1700’s, the steam engine was of growing importance. And James Watt realised that

efficiency could be increased by using different cylinders for expansion and condensation of the

steam. This drove his search for a linkage that could transform rotation of a crank into a linear

slide and resulted in his discovery of what is called ‘Watt's Linkage’. This led to the study of

linkages that could generate straight lines and inspired the mathematician, J. J. Sylvester, who

invented the ‘Peaucellier Linkage’, which generates an exact straight line from a rotating crank.

As we progress through these modules, we will learn how we can make many mechanical tasks

simpler using these linkages.

From the given set of pictures, identify the type of linkage the figure belongs to.

Cycle break

Scissors lift

The cycle break uses bell and crank mechanism while the Scissor lift

uses a combination of parallel and reverse linkages.

1716

An ecosystem consists of all the things interacting with each

other in a specific geographical area. They can be living or non-

living. Some examples of non-living things that support life in an

ecosystem are light, air, soil, and water. Living things are the

organisms (plants and animals) that use the non living or the

other living things as resources.

All living and non living things are interlinked to each other. Plants

use sunlight to make their food. Some organisms depend on

plants for their food, they are called primary consumers. Some

organisms depend on primary consumers they are called

secondary consumers, so on and so forth.

Given is a diagram known as food chain. Look at it and answer a few questions.

?

! A. Rabbit, Rhino

B. Giraffe, Wolf

C. Lion, Cheetah

D. Rabbit, Hawk

1. Now complete the following sequence Sun > Plants > ________ > Snake > ________

Food Chain

?

! A. Both I and II

B. II only

C. Both I and III

D. I only

2. Animals like lions prey on other animals such as deer, what will happen if there are no deer in the forest?

I. The lion would go to another area to hunt for food

II. The lion would eat barks and roots of trees

III. The lion population in the area will start dwindling.

?

! A. Another primary consumer like Zebra, which the lion can hunt

B. Some animal that hunts Lions

C. Another animal that hunts Deer

D. None of the above

3. Suppose a population of animal 'X' was introduced into the community. After the introduction of 'X', the

number of lions increased while the number of deer decreased. What do you think animal 'X' could be?

Above is a pyramid of consumers, indicating their number and interdependence for a balanced living world. This has to live in harmony with the abiotic factors (air, water etc.).

This is an example of a food chain, where the flow of food/energy is represented as a chain. The flow goes as producers (autotrophs/plants) are consumed by primary consumers (herbivores), who in turn are consumed by secondary consumers (carnivores) and so on.

So in this problem plants are consumed by rabbits/giraffes and not by lions. Again rabbits can only be consumed by snakes and not the other ones. Snakes are consumed by hawks and not by wolf/cheetah or rhino. So option D is the correct one for completing the food chain.

?

! A. I and IV

B. I, II and IV

C. I, II and III

D. II, III and IV

4. Over a period of time, the number of deer drops. Which of the following statements can explain it?

I. The producers are available in lesser number

II. More species of primary consumers exist

III. An increase in the lion population

IV. The death rate of the deer is lower than its birth rate

In case of a particular ecosystem, if the population of deer starts dwindling, then lions will definitely suffer food shortage, and they may even migrate to other regions in search of food or the population will start to go down due to death from starvation. But carnivore can not turn into herbivore so quickly. So option C is the correct option.

If ‘X’ was some animal that hunted lion, then the population of lions would also have been decreasing. Again if ‘X’ hunted deer, then population of lions would, then population of lions would not have been increasing, as there would be competition for food. Another herbivore which lion can hunt can be a possibility, as their population would make available ample, which will increase lion population. Hence option A would be the correct answer.

If the death rate is lower than birth rate i.e. number of deer dying is lower than those of being born, will result in the increase in the number of deer population.

But, if there competition is more herbivore species, this will result in more competition for food and may result in starvation and death. Also increase in the population of carnivores may result in the decrease in deer population. This may also result from lack of primary producers on which the deer population is dependent for food. So option C would be the correct option.

1918

An ecosystem consists of all the things interacting with each

other in a specific geographical area. They can be living or non-

living. Some examples of non-living things that support life in an

ecosystem are light, air, soil, and water. Living things are the

organisms (plants and animals) that use the non living or the

other living things as resources.

All living and non living things are interlinked to each other. Plants

use sunlight to make their food. Some organisms depend on

plants for their food, they are called primary consumers. Some

organisms depend on primary consumers they are called

secondary consumers, so on and so forth.

Given is a diagram known as food chain. Look at it and answer a few questions.

?

! A. Rabbit, Rhino

B. Giraffe, Wolf

C. Lion, Cheetah

D. Rabbit, Hawk

1. Now complete the following sequence Sun > Plants > ________ > Snake > ________

Food Chain

?

! A. Both I and II

B. II only

C. Both I and III

D. I only

2. Animals like lions prey on other animals such as deer, what will happen if there are no deer in the forest?

I. The lion would go to another area to hunt for food

II. The lion would eat barks and roots of trees

III. The lion population in the area will start dwindling.

?

! A. Another primary consumer like Zebra, which the lion can hunt

B. Some animal that hunts Lions

C. Another animal that hunts Deer

D. None of the above

3. Suppose a population of animal 'X' was introduced into the community. After the introduction of 'X', the

number of lions increased while the number of deer decreased. What do you think animal 'X' could be?

Above is a pyramid of consumers, indicating their number and interdependence for a balanced living world. This has to live in harmony with the abiotic factors (air, water etc.).

This is an example of a food chain, where the flow of food/energy is represented as a chain. The flow goes as producers (autotrophs/plants) are consumed by primary consumers (herbivores), who in turn are consumed by secondary consumers (carnivores) and so on.

So in this problem plants are consumed by rabbits/giraffes and not by lions. Again rabbits can only be consumed by snakes and not the other ones. Snakes are consumed by hawks and not by wolf/cheetah or rhino. So option D is the correct one for completing the food chain.

?

! A. I and IV

B. I, II and IV

C. I, II and III

D. II, III and IV

4. Over a period of time, the number of deer drops. Which of the following statements can explain it?

I. The producers are available in lesser number

II. More species of primary consumers exist

III. An increase in the lion population

IV. The death rate of the deer is lower than its birth rate

In case of a particular ecosystem, if the population of deer starts dwindling, then lions will definitely suffer food shortage, and they may even migrate to other regions in search of food or the population will start to go down due to death from starvation. But carnivore can not turn into herbivore so quickly. So option C is the correct option.

If ‘X’ was some animal that hunted lion, then the population of lions would also have been decreasing. Again if ‘X’ hunted deer, then population of lions would, then population of lions would not have been increasing, as there would be competition for food. Another herbivore which lion can hunt can be a possibility, as their population would make available ample, which will increase lion population. Hence option A would be the correct answer.

If the death rate is lower than birth rate i.e. number of deer dying is lower than those of being born, will result in the increase in the number of deer population.

But, if there competition is more herbivore species, this will result in more competition for food and may result in starvation and death. Also increase in the population of carnivores may result in the decrease in deer population. This may also result from lack of primary producers on which the deer population is dependent for food. So option C would be the correct option.

1918

Arun’s uncle, Mr. Ghosh is a world renowned

archaeologist. Arun often enjoyed listening to

stories about hidden caves and ancient

monuments. Seeing him having immense intrest

in archaeology, Mr. Ghosh decided to take him to

a museum.

The state museum has got a huge display of

ancient artefacts. Seeing the precious relics and

artefacts, Arun felt as if he was reliving history. Mr

Ghosh introduced Arun to Mr. Pradhan who is the

curator of the Museum.

?

?

! A. An alloy statue of Buddha in sleeping position

B. Copper Coin with image of a cow and the year 104 B.C. written on it

C. Toy camel cart made of burnt clay

D. A Bronze Age weapon with alloy handle

! A. Sand

B. Water

C. Animals

D. Sponge

1. Mr Pradhan loves collecting the artefacts of history for the Museum. However, genuine artefacts are rare and

very expensive. Forgers often take advantage of this and sell counterfeits, very much like the original, and

make grand profits. Mr Pradhan had received an email from a merchant this morning. The mail had

photographs of the following objects. He saw the mail and was worried about how to determine which of them

are genuine?

Which of the following according to you is definitely a fake object?

2. Arun was fascinated by various mechanisms used

during ancient times to lift heavy stones for building

massive monuments. In the absence of modern

technological advancements, they used simple yet

effective methods to lift up stones vertically.

Which of the following is NOT likely to be an effective

medium in simplifying the process of lifting up

objects?

In the Museum

Bronze itself is an alloy made of Copper and Tin. So Bronze age weapons with some other alloy-made handle is a possibility. Buddha statues made of different materials have been found, and are still being discovered from various sites. Toys made from burnt clay are also common findings at excavation sites.

But till date no coin or artefact has come up with date marked as B.C., as people of the era had no clue that modern historians would mark their time as B.C. based on when Christ was born, or the time period was to be divided based on his birth. Therefore option B will be the correct choice.

Use of sand water and animals are known to be used for lifting load. Sand have been used to reduce the slope in pyramids and reduce friction while pulling large and heavy loads. Similarly use of water is also seen, and still in use. Animals have always been used for lifting loads.

But Sponge has not been used for lifting heavy loads as the properties of sponge do not serve the purpose. Hence, option D is the correct answer

!

? 3. called a trebuchet. It is a type of catapult that works by using the energy of a raised counterweight to throw a

fireball. This is based on the principle of levers which are used to lift weights.

Upon releasing the trigger of the trebuchet the beam swings around toward the vertical position releasing the

pouch and propelling the fireball towards the target.

Shown below are four different arrangement of trebuchet. Which of the following arrangement of trebuchet

will throw the projectile with maximum force?

Arun saw a catapult like object in the museum. He was curious about it. His uncle told him that the device is

Beam

Fireball

The beam swings to release the fireball

Trigger

1 m 12 m

36 kg

2 m 12 m

24 kg

3 m 12 m

28 kg

4 m 12 m

18 kg

A B C D

Range is proportional to the forced applied. The force applied is proportional to (counter weight x counterweight arm length)/(throwing arm length), assuming same take off angle above the horizon.

Now, among the options, C would have the maximum throwing force, which will be the correct option.

2120

Arun’s uncle, Mr. Ghosh is a world renowned

archaeologist. Arun often enjoyed listening to

stories about hidden caves and ancient

monuments. Seeing him having immense intrest

in archaeology, Mr. Ghosh decided to take him to

a museum.

The state museum has got a huge display of

ancient artefacts. Seeing the precious relics and

artefacts, Arun felt as if he was reliving history. Mr

Ghosh introduced Arun to Mr. Pradhan who is the

curator of the Museum.

?

?

! A. An alloy statue of Buddha in sleeping position

B. Copper Coin with image of a cow and the year 104 B.C. written on it

C. Toy camel cart made of burnt clay

D. A Bronze Age weapon with alloy handle

! A. Sand

B. Water

C. Animals

D. Sponge

1. Mr Pradhan loves collecting the artefacts of history for the Museum. However, genuine artefacts are rare and

very expensive. Forgers often take advantage of this and sell counterfeits, very much like the original, and

make grand profits. Mr Pradhan had received an email from a merchant this morning. The mail had

photographs of the following objects. He saw the mail and was worried about how to determine which of them

are genuine?

Which of the following according to you is definitely a fake object?

2. Arun was fascinated by various mechanisms used

during ancient times to lift heavy stones for building

massive monuments. In the absence of modern

technological advancements, they used simple yet

effective methods to lift up stones vertically.

Which of the following is NOT likely to be an effective

medium in simplifying the process of lifting up

objects?

In the Museum

Bronze itself is an alloy made of Copper and Tin. So Bronze age weapons with some other alloy-made handle is a possibility. Buddha statues made of different materials have been found, and are still being discovered from various sites. Toys made from burnt clay are also common findings at excavation sites.

But till date no coin or artefact has come up with date marked as B.C., as people of the era had no clue that modern historians would mark their time as B.C. based on when Christ was born, or the time period was to be divided based on his birth. Therefore option B will be the correct choice.

Use of sand water and animals are known to be used for lifting load. Sand have been used to reduce the slope in pyramids and reduce friction while pulling large and heavy loads. Similarly use of water is also seen, and still in use. Animals have always been used for lifting loads.

But Sponge has not been used for lifting heavy loads as the properties of sponge do not serve the purpose. Hence, option D is the correct answer

!

? 3. called a trebuchet. It is a type of catapult that works by using the energy of a raised counterweight to throw a

fireball. This is based on the principle of levers which are used to lift weights.

Upon releasing the trigger of the trebuchet the beam swings around toward the vertical position releasing the

pouch and propelling the fireball towards the target.

Shown below are four different arrangement of trebuchet. Which of the following arrangement of trebuchet

will throw the projectile with maximum force?

Arun saw a catapult like object in the museum. He was curious about it. His uncle told him that the device is

Beam

Fireball

The beam swings to release the fireball

Trigger

1 m 12 m

36 kg

2 m 12 m

24 kg

3 m 12 m

28 kg

4 m 12 m

18 kg

A B C D

Range is proportional to the forced applied. The force applied is proportional to (counter weight x counterweight arm length)/(throwing arm length), assuming same take off angle above the horizon.

Now, among the options, C would have the maximum throwing force, which will be the correct option.

2120

! A. Show incorrect time as its moved to a different longitude

B. Show incorrect time as its moved to a different latitude

C. Both A and B

D. Show correct time as it is location independent

? 6. Recently the museum had bought an ancient sundial which was used by one of the early Egyptian civilization.

After installing this sundial in the museum located in Delhi, India it will...

?

! A. They were not practicing barter system

B. They knew mixing metal to make alloys

C. They were practicing division of labour

D. They knew use of zero

? 5. told him about how human beings learnt to combine the concepts of various simple machines in order to make

complicated devices to help them with various tasks.

The following model is a combination of various simple machines. Can you identify the simple machines that it

is composed of?

One of the ancient machines caught Arun’s attention. Mr Ghosh explained the primitive machine to him and

! A. Pulley, Screw, Lever

B. Wedge, Pulley, Inclined plane

C. Pulley, Inclined plane, Screw

D. Wheel, Wedge, Lever

4. Some coins were found during the process of excavation and are kept in the museum. Archaeologists

confirmed that it belongs to a particular civilization. Which of the following statements is definitely true about

the civilization?

Coins may be pure metal or even burnt clay coins also may have been used, so it does not necessarily mean knowledge of metals or alloys. Also the fact that the coins were valued in metric systems is not necessary. Barter system may happen even with the existence of coins.

Division of labour means that every person did not do everything for himself. Different people did different jobs, which means they made products for used by other people. This means trade had to exist for which coins were required. So, option C is the correct choice.

the main part of the arrangements can be seen to use screw, and the screw is connected to a pulley. The pulley is an arrangement of wheel and axle. This was again connected to a load, being lifted along an inclined plane. Inclined plane is also a form of simple machine.

Hence. option C is the correct answer.

Sundials use shadow formed by the dial on its surface to indicate the time of the day. Hence, the latitude and day length is as important as calculating the time. Hence a clock from Egypt was set as per that latitude and local sunrise and sunset. Delhi in India is located far east of Egypt at a different latitude.

Consequently, the sundial needs to be adjusted and realigned to show the correct time. So option C is the correct answer.

2322

! A. Show incorrect time as its moved to a different longitude

B. Show incorrect time as its moved to a different latitude

C. Both A and B

D. Show correct time as it is location independent

? 6. Recently the museum had bought an ancient sundial which was used by one of the early Egyptian civilization.

After installing this sundial in the museum located in Delhi, India it will...

?

! A. They were not practicing barter system

B. They knew mixing metal to make alloys

C. They were practicing division of labour

D. They knew use of zero

? 5. told him about how human beings learnt to combine the concepts of various simple machines in order to make

complicated devices to help them with various tasks.

The following model is a combination of various simple machines. Can you identify the simple machines that it

is composed of?

One of the ancient machines caught Arun’s attention. Mr Ghosh explained the primitive machine to him and

! A. Pulley, Screw, Lever

B. Wedge, Pulley, Inclined plane

C. Pulley, Inclined plane, Screw

D. Wheel, Wedge, Lever

4. Some coins were found during the process of excavation and are kept in the museum. Archaeologists

confirmed that it belongs to a particular civilization. Which of the following statements is definitely true about

the civilization?

Coins may be pure metal or even burnt clay coins also may have been used, so it does not necessarily mean knowledge of metals or alloys. Also the fact that the coins were valued in metric systems is not necessary. Barter system may happen even with the existence of coins.

Division of labour means that every person did not do everything for himself. Different people did different jobs, which means they made products for used by other people. This means trade had to exist for which coins were required. So, option C is the correct choice.

the main part of the arrangements can be seen to use screw, and the screw is connected to a pulley. The pulley is an arrangement of wheel and axle. This was again connected to a load, being lifted along an inclined plane. Inclined plane is also a form of simple machine.

Hence. option C is the correct answer.

Sundials use shadow formed by the dial on its surface to indicate the time of the day. Hence, the latitude and day length is as important as calculating the time. Hence a clock from Egypt was set as per that latitude and local sunrise and sunset. Delhi in India is located far east of Egypt at a different latitude.

Consequently, the sundial needs to be adjusted and realigned to show the correct time. So option C is the correct answer.

2322

?

An anonymous caller just reported a bomb threat at the Central Bridge to the State Police department. The caller hung up the phone before the police could extract any more information from him.

Under most circumstances, because of the difficulty in discriminating in advance between a threat which is credible and one which is not, the response is the same - all threats must be taken seriously and properly addressed.

! A. Point A

B. Point B

C. Point C

D. Point D

1. The picture shows the structure of the bridge. At what point on the bridge should the police suspect the package to be planted assuming it is an explosive device intended to inflict maximum damage to the bridge?

Without wasting time, the search unit started spotting all possible target points

and found out the location of the package. The search unit is trained only in

search techniques and not in the techniques of neutralizing, removing, or

otherwise having contact with the device. If a device is located, it is not disturbed

till the diffusal squad arrives.

When the bomb squad arrived, they decided to use the robot because that way,

no one would get hurt. Police blocked the traffic from both sides and evacuated

the bridge while a bomb technician operated the robot to investigate the box.

Such kind of a robot is called an RCV, or remotely controlled vehicle.

Outfitted with cameras, microphones, and sensors for chemical,

biological, or nuclear agents, the RCV can help the squad get an

excellent idea of what the munition or device is. These robots even

have hand-like manipulators in case a door needs to be opened, or a

munition or bomb requires handling or moving.

Bomb Diffusal

A

C

B

D?

! A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D.7

2. The box is 2 feet high and 3 feet wide. The RCV ought to be able to view the box from all sides and be able to

open the lid of the package by picking it up. What is the minimum degree of freedom required by the robotic

arm ?

Every hinge on a hand like arm of a robot adds

a degree of freedom of movement. For

example in human hand the shoulder, the

elbow, the wrist and the fingers count for one

degree each. That is why we can have all sorts

of complicated movements of our hands.

The objective of a possible bomb would be to bring most damage to the bridge. Keeping it at a critical support structure would be the most obvious way. A blast at C would destroy the base of the pillar and all the weight over would make the entire structure collapse. So C would be the most suspected place, making option C the correct answer

A single degree of freedom can let you cover a line or an arc of a circle. Two degrees will allow you to cover a plane or the surface of a sphere. Similarly 3 degrees will allow you to reach any point within a sphere from the centre of the sphere. You will need 3 degrees of freedom touch any point.

In addition you will need two more degrees of freedom; one to rotate the arm and one for creating a hand like grip which will let you pick up objects.

So, for the objective described in the question, we need at the least five degrees of freedom.

Therefore B will be the correct option.

The box was opened. The RCV camera images

confirm that the package really contains a bomb.

The police could get a visual that was consistent

with a timer device and wiring. The timer

counting down at 21:33, indicating how long the

bomb will take to explode.

2524

?

An anonymous caller just reported a bomb threat at the Central Bridge to the State Police department. The caller hung up the phone before the police could extract any more information from him.

Under most circumstances, because of the difficulty in discriminating in advance between a threat which is credible and one which is not, the response is the same - all threats must be taken seriously and properly addressed.

! A. Point A

B. Point B

C. Point C

D. Point D

1. The picture shows the structure of the bridge. At what point on the bridge should the police suspect the package to be planted assuming it is an explosive device intended to inflict maximum damage to the bridge?

Without wasting time, the search unit started spotting all possible target points

and found out the location of the package. The search unit is trained only in

search techniques and not in the techniques of neutralizing, removing, or

otherwise having contact with the device. If a device is located, it is not disturbed

till the diffusal squad arrives.

When the bomb squad arrived, they decided to use the robot because that way,

no one would get hurt. Police blocked the traffic from both sides and evacuated

the bridge while a bomb technician operated the robot to investigate the box.

Such kind of a robot is called an RCV, or remotely controlled vehicle.

Outfitted with cameras, microphones, and sensors for chemical,

biological, or nuclear agents, the RCV can help the squad get an

excellent idea of what the munition or device is. These robots even

have hand-like manipulators in case a door needs to be opened, or a

munition or bomb requires handling or moving.

Bomb Diffusal

A

C

B

D?

! A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D.7

2. The box is 2 feet high and 3 feet wide. The RCV ought to be able to view the box from all sides and be able to

open the lid of the package by picking it up. What is the minimum degree of freedom required by the robotic

arm ?

Every hinge on a hand like arm of a robot adds

a degree of freedom of movement. For

example in human hand the shoulder, the

elbow, the wrist and the fingers count for one

degree each. That is why we can have all sorts

of complicated movements of our hands.

The objective of a possible bomb would be to bring most damage to the bridge. Keeping it at a critical support structure would be the most obvious way. A blast at C would destroy the base of the pillar and all the weight over would make the entire structure collapse. So C would be the most suspected place, making option C the correct answer

A single degree of freedom can let you cover a line or an arc of a circle. Two degrees will allow you to cover a plane or the surface of a sphere. Similarly 3 degrees will allow you to reach any point within a sphere from the centre of the sphere. You will need 3 degrees of freedom touch any point.

In addition you will need two more degrees of freedom; one to rotate the arm and one for creating a hand like grip which will let you pick up objects.

So, for the objective described in the question, we need at the least five degrees of freedom.

Therefore B will be the correct option.

The box was opened. The RCV camera images

confirm that the package really contains a bomb.

The police could get a visual that was consistent

with a timer device and wiring. The timer

counting down at 21:33, indicating how long the

bomb will take to explode.

2524

! A. Immerse the device in water.

B. Without the trigger, there is no danger from the explosives

C. Keep the device at extremely cold temperature like in dry ice.

D. Blast the explosive in an isolated location

Bomb detection and diffusion has always been major uphill task for security agencies. The major

challenge has been danger to human life involved in diffusion of the project. Many techniques exist for

the making safe of a bomb or munition. Selection of technique depends on several variables. There has

been great need and advancement in the technology used for vigilance.

?

! A. 6 and 3/5 rounds per minute

B. 33 rounds per minute

C. 165 rounds per minute

D. Cannot be determined

?

! A. 2 ohms

B. 4 ohms

C. 6 ohms

D. 8 ohms

4. Next, the technician sees the timer circuit. It is made in such a manner that when the timer counts down to

zero, the switch alongside the resistance shown in red turns on. This causes the change in equivalent

resistance across the battery which in turn will detonate the bomb. Now we have to replace the entire circuit

by a single resistance across the battery which will prevent detonation. What will be the equivalent resistance

of the introduced resistance?

? 5. After the successful replacement of resistance, the trigger mechanism is disarmed. It is found that the bomb is

an IED (improvised explosive device). What measure would be most suitable to ensure that the explosives do

not 'self' detonate?

3. The technician finds out a mechanical system where gears are put in combination. The right most gear (T) is the

closest to timer circuit, which means that it has to keep rotating at the same speed otherwise the detonation

may occur. The technician counts the rpm of the largest gear to be 33 rounds per minute. If he can find out the

rpm of the gear T, he can fit a spinning machine to keep it rotating and work to the next safety mechanism.

What is the correct rpm of the T gear?

55mm Diameter

9mm 20mm

11mm

4 ohms

4 ohms

2 ohms

Hint:

+-

R1

R2

+-

R1 R2

Parallel resistors

Requivalent

1

R1

1

R2

1= + Requivalent R1 R2= +

Series resistors

The problem asks you to find out the speed of the last gear of a gear train where the speed of the first gear is given.

The speed can be found out as Speed output gear = Speed input gear x Radius input gear/

It does not really matter if we are not given the radius of any gear between because energy is conserved throughout the process. So, in the given problem the Speed output gear = 33 x 55 /11 = 165 rounds per minute. Therefore C is the correct answer.

Radius output gear

The entire circuit needs to be replaced. We can easily see that the red resistance is not a part of the circuit as it is in an open loop. Simply calculate the equivalent resistance from the rest of the circuit. The two resistance of 4 Ohms and 2 Ohms are in series connection which gives an equivalent resistance of 6 Ohms.

So, option C is correct.

Even though the trigger has been disarmed, the explosives present act as fuel and may be triggered ant any later time by even the surrounding temperature or pressure. There is no perfectly safe way to neutralize the explosives. Blasting the explosives in an isolated place is the only safe way to know that the bomb will not be harmful anymore.

Therefore D is the only correct option.

2726

! A. Immerse the device in water.

B. Without the trigger, there is no danger from the explosives

C. Keep the device at extremely cold temperature like in dry ice.

D. Blast the explosive in an isolated location

Bomb detection and diffusion has always been major uphill task for security agencies. The major

challenge has been danger to human life involved in diffusion of the project. Many techniques exist for

the making safe of a bomb or munition. Selection of technique depends on several variables. There has

been great need and advancement in the technology used for vigilance.

?

! A. 6 and 3/5 rounds per minute

B. 33 rounds per minute

C. 165 rounds per minute

D. Cannot be determined

?

! A. 2 ohms

B. 4 ohms

C. 6 ohms

D. 8 ohms

4. Next, the technician sees the timer circuit. It is made in such a manner that when the timer counts down to

zero, the switch alongside the resistance shown in red turns on. This causes the change in equivalent

resistance across the battery which in turn will detonate the bomb. Now we have to replace the entire circuit

by a single resistance across the battery which will prevent detonation. What will be the equivalent resistance

of the introduced resistance?

? 5. After the successful replacement of resistance, the trigger mechanism is disarmed. It is found that the bomb is

an IED (improvised explosive device). What measure would be most suitable to ensure that the explosives do

not 'self' detonate?

3. The technician finds out a mechanical system where gears are put in combination. The right most gear (T) is the

closest to timer circuit, which means that it has to keep rotating at the same speed otherwise the detonation

may occur. The technician counts the rpm of the largest gear to be 33 rounds per minute. If he can find out the

rpm of the gear T, he can fit a spinning machine to keep it rotating and work to the next safety mechanism.

What is the correct rpm of the T gear?

55mm Diameter

9mm 20mm

11mm

4 ohms

4 ohms

2 ohms

Hint:

+-

R1

R2

+-

R1 R2

Parallel resistors

Requivalent

1

R1

1

R2

1= + Requivalent R1 R2= +

Series resistors

The problem asks you to find out the speed of the last gear of a gear train where the speed of the first gear is given.

The speed can be found out as Speed output gear = Speed input gear x Radius input gear/

It does not really matter if we are not given the radius of any gear between because energy is conserved throughout the process. So, in the given problem the Speed output gear = 33 x 55 /11 = 165 rounds per minute. Therefore C is the correct answer.

Radius output gear

The entire circuit needs to be replaced. We can easily see that the red resistance is not a part of the circuit as it is in an open loop. Simply calculate the equivalent resistance from the rest of the circuit. The two resistance of 4 Ohms and 2 Ohms are in series connection which gives an equivalent resistance of 6 Ohms.

So, option C is correct.

Even though the trigger has been disarmed, the explosives present act as fuel and may be triggered ant any later time by even the surrounding temperature or pressure. There is no perfectly safe way to neutralize the explosives. Blasting the explosives in an isolated place is the only safe way to know that the bomb will not be harmful anymore.

Therefore D is the only correct option.

2726

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1. To redeem this offer use your unique registration ID at the nearest iKen centre2. This offer is valid for one person for single time only.3. This offer can not be clubbed with any other promotional offer or discount.

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India’s first digital knowledge warehouseNow available for class 6th-10th Math and SciencePrice range: Rs. 799 to Rs. 999

Relaxing way to learn through storytelling.Over 60 titles in Science and History for classes 1 to 10.Price range: Rs. 149 onwards

Play and discover more

Over 150 exciting kits on offer

Price range: Rs. 279 to Rs. 3299

Add an interactive dimension to learning scienceOver 9 titles across various topicsPrice range: Rs. 249 onwards

More amazing products from iKen

www.ikenstore.com | www.mexuseducation.com | www.ikenscientifica.com

Use your unique registration ID to avail a flat 25% discount on any purchase from

www.ikenstore.com

1. To redeem this offer use your unique registration ID as voucher code on www.ikenstrore.com 2. This offer is valid on one time purchase only.3. This offer can not be clubbed with any other promotional offer or discount.

Use your unique registration ID to avail a flat 20% discount on iKen Scientifica Workshop at your nearest

iKen centre

1. To redeem this offer use your unique registration ID at the nearest iKen centre2. This offer is valid for one person for single time only.3. This offer can not be clubbed with any other promotional offer or discount.

workshop

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