Animal Disease Response TrainingIntroductionAugust 2010
AWR 206-1
Animal Disease Response Training
Scope Statement• The participant will gain an appreciation for the
vulnerability of U.S. agriculture to animal disease threats, be introduced to the factors that trigger response efforts, and understand the important role of responders in an agricultural emergency and gain appreciation for the role of unified command. This lesson will also address continuity of business and issues of traumatic stress.
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Animal Disease Response Training
Terminal Learning Objective
• Review the elements of an animal disease emergency and understand the critical role of responders.
Animal Disease Response Training
Enabling Learning Objectives1-1 Define agriculture emergency and recognize
vulnerabilities of agriculture systems.1-2 Identify the various groups, authorities, and jurisdictions
that will play major roles in a foreign animal disease event.
1-3 Identify the steps to determine the presence of disease, process of diagnostics and surveillance, and the need for deployment of personnel.
1-4 Discuss the importance of continuity of business planning within a control zone.
1-5 Define traumatic stress as it relates to a foreign animal disease response.
Animal Disease Response Training
What is an Agriculture Emergency?
• Any event that jeopardizes the economic stability of any portion or segment of the agriculture or agribusiness industry.– Pre and Post Harvest
• Naturally occurring• Intentional introduction
– CBRNE
Animal Disease Response Training
Understanding the Targets• Transportation systems• Water supplies• Grain elevators • Producers, farmers, farm workers• Restaurants and food handlers• Grocery stores• Food and agriculture research labs• Packing and processing facilities
Animal Disease Response Training
Introduction of Disease
Unintentional threats• Natural
• Point of origin is unknown• West Nile, Chronic Wasting Disease
• Accidental• Known point of origin
– Contamination of feed– Improper processing
Animal Disease Response Training
Introduction of Disease
Intentional introduction• Criminal• Act of Terrorism (AgroTerrorism)• Targets economy
Animal Disease Response Training
Vulnerability• Geographical dispersion and concentration • Comingled products from many sources• Consolidation of agribusinesses• Extensive movement of animals• Inadequate biosecurity
Animal Disease Response Training
Susceptibility
• rapidly spread• spread facilitated by wildlife
or humans• difficult to kill and persist in
environment• difficult to trace, go undetected
for long periods• global sources exist and easily
accessible
Animal diseases make good terrorism agents
Animal Disease Response Training
Achievability
• Motivation• Opportunity• Technical Ability• Goal• Willingness to utilize
biological weapons
Animal Disease Response Training
Transmissible Animal DiseasesZoonotic• Transmitted from animals to
humans• Represent source of
emerging infectious disease
Avian Influenza Brucellosis Tularemia Rabies Lassa fever Listeriosis West Nile virus Trichinosis Swine Flu Lyme Disease Vesicular stomatitis
Animal Disease Response Training
Transmissible Animal Diseases
• Direct contact• Drinking water containing
parasites• Eating raw or contaminated
animal products• Insect vectors
Primates Cats Dogs Pigs Horses Cattle Rodents Rabbits Bats
Zoonotic diseases can spread through:
Animal Disease Response Training
Transmissible Animal Diseases
Non-zoonotic• Non-infectious to humans• Humans may still transmit
Foot and mouth disease African swine fever Rinderpest Hog cholera Vesicular exanthema Bovine
Pleuropneumonia
Animal Disease Response Training
Routes of Transmission
• Direct Contact• Ingestion• Airborne• Fomites• Vectors
Animal Disease Response Training
Laboratory Diagnostics and Disease Surveillance
Diagnosis• Requires organism isolation in lab• Poultry
– tracheal or cloacal swab• Livestock
– blood or secretions
Laboratory Confirmation • Only federal lab can confirm• Plum Island (FMD)• NVSL (Avian Influenza)
Animal Disease Response Training
Laboratory Diagnostics and Disease Surveillance
Surveillance• USDA both domestic
and international roles• Domestic prevention
efforts• Collaboration with
USAID and HHS for avian influenza H5 and H7
Animal Disease Response Training
Vaccination in an Animal Disease Outbreak
• Dependent upon state and federal epidemiological assessment and managed by USDA/APHIS
Animal Disease Response Training
Vaccination Assessment• Probability of disease containment• Proximity of high value animal agriculture• Threat to valuable, rare or endangered nondomestic
species• Density of animals at risk• Extent to which wildlife is involved• Availability of staff to carry out vaccination efforts• Public opinion• Potential for zoonotic infection• Impact on export markets• Economic impact of failing to control the disease
Animal Disease Response Training
National Veterinary Stockpile
• Provides equipment, field tests, vaccines and other support services that states need in response to an animal disease outbreak.
Animal Disease Response Training
Animal Health Response Agencies
• Informs governments about diseases worldwide and recommends means of control
• Coordinates international disease surveillance and control
• Coordinates regulations for international trade in animals and animal products
Animal Disease Response Training
Animal Health Response AgenciesProtect and promote the growth of U.S. agriculture• Addresses animal and plant disease events
– Border inspections– Animal import testing– Training for foreign animal disease detection
• Protect, detect, contain, control disease– Wildlife Services– NAHERC– FADD– AVIC
Animal Disease Response Training
State Animal Health Response Agencies
• State Veterinarian• Foreign Animal Disease Diagnosticians (FADD)
Oversight of animal health related activities• Surveillance• Quarantine• Movement permits• Disease investigation• Licensing or registration
Department of Agriculture or Board of Animal Health
Animal Disease Response Training
Integrated ResponseICS/Unified Command• Overall management of incident• Directs activities• Releases resources• Implementation of strategies
Animal Disease Response Training
ICS Structure
Animal Disease Response Training
Reaching a Diagnosis• Local producer or veterinarian notices problem• Notification of state or federal animal health authorities• Field sample collection by a Foreign Animal Disease
Diagnostician (FADD)• Diagnosis confirmed by a federal laboratory
– Plum Island for Foot and Mouth disease– NVSL for Avian Influenzas
• National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN)– Responds to overflow and additional confirmations
Animal Disease Response Training
Case Classification
– Suspect• Animals with clinical signs of
disease– Presumptive Positive
• Animals with clinical signs and positive initial testing
• Quarantine of premises, surveillance and biosecurity measures will be implemented immediately
Animal Disease Response Training
Case Classification
• Confirmed Positive– Animals with clinical signs and
isolation and identification at a USDA laboratory • FADDL – Plum Island• NVSL – Ames, Iowa
Animal Disease Response Training
Economic Impact
• Production losses
• Overall response effort costs
• Loss of animals and genetics
• Loss of international trade, exporting barriers
Animal Disease Response Training
Economic Impact• Lost income for farmers,
producers
• Movement restrictions impacting tourism, hunting
• Higher prices for consumer commodities
• Economic losses to local businesses via reduction in consumer spending
Animal Disease Response Training
What is Continuity of Business?• Goal of eradicating disease may be contrary to continuity
of operations on nearby farms• Return to business-as-usual will prove to be challenging• Some priorities may be resolved prior to outbreak
– Raise awareness– Establish policies– Develop plans– Identify resources
Animal Disease Response Training
Stress Factors• Individuals may feel overwhelmed and suffer
deficits in:– Cognitive abilities– Emotional stability– Physical well-being– Spiritual functioning– Relationships
Animal Disease Response Training
What Steps Can Help Manage Stress?
• Self examination• Mental attitude of self care• Knowing what types of incidents and sensory
experiences trigger emotional response Smells Sounds Sights Feelings
Animal Disease Response Training
Summary• Our agriculture system is vulnerable to animal
disease.• Many groups participate in response to an
agriculture emergency.• Important to understand the steps necessary to
determine the presence of disease.• Continuity of business is essential to maintain.• Economic and emotional stress imposed on
producers and communities.