Scott Adams 2006

Chapter 13 and 14

                                                                                         

                     

Acids-tart and sour taste, conduct electricity, in aqueous solutions produce hydrogen gas

Bases-bitter and feel slippery, in aqueous solutions form hydroxide ions

Ions determine whether the substance is an

acid or base• If one has an ionic

compound and they put it into water, it will break into two ions. If one of those Ions is H+, the solution is acidic. If one of the ions is OH- the solution is basic.

AcidsAcids

• Acids have many Acids have many distinctive properties:distinctive properties:

• Acidic compounds give Acidic compounds give foods a sour or tart tastefoods a sour or tart taste

• Aqueous solutions of Aqueous solutions of acids are electrolytesacids are electrolytes

• Acids cause chemical Acids cause chemical dyes, called indicators to dyes, called indicators to change colorchange color

• Bases are compounds that react with acids to form water and a salt

• Some characteristics of Aqueous solutions are a slippery feel and a bitter taste

• Bases can be strong or weak electrolytes and bases will change the color of an acid-bases indicator

• Antacids use a variety of bases to neutralize excess stomach acid

• The pills in this picture represent an antacid that neutralizes the acidity of a person’s stomach

Acids + Bases

• Acid + Base a Salt + Water

• HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH

• HCl + Ca(OH)2

Binary Acids--2 elements

-the prefix is “hydro”

ends in “ic”

-HClHydrochloric Acid

-HBrHydrobromic Acid

-HI

-HF

Ternary Acids--3 elements or more

-the higher number of oxygens of pair, it ends in “ic”

-the lower number of oxygens ends in “ous”

-no “hydro” prefix

-name based on polyatomic ion

-H2CO3carbonic

-H3PO4

-HNO3Bases- are named in the same way as all other ionic compounds

• The acidity of a water sample is measured on a pH scale. This scale ranges from 0(Maximum acidity) to 14(Maximum alkalinity). The middle of the scale represents the neutral point. The acidity increases from neutral toward 0.

pH= -log[H+] When [H+]= 1x10-7, the pH is 7 neutral

Acidic Solution== pH<7.0 [H+] is greater than 1x10-7 mol/L

Basic Solution==pH>7.0 [H+] is less than 1x10-7 mol/L

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pH and Environmental Effects

•

                                                                                                    

                                          

Acids-

They form H+ ions in aqueous solutions

HCl (water) H+ & Cl-

Bases-

They yield OH- ions in aqueous solutions

NaOH (water)OH- & Na+

Acids-

-Hydrogen-ion donor

-Relates to:

-Acid+base a salt + water

-They are positive and to balance out, they can give H+ ions

Bases-

-Hydrogen-ion acceptor

-OH- accepts the positive ions to neutralize

Acids-

-Accepts a pair of electrons to

form a covalent bond

-(They can accept negative

electrons to help neutralize the

atom)

Bases-

-A substance that can donate a

pair of electrons to form a

covalent bond.

-(This atom is negative

already, therefore it can give

off negative electrons to help

balance the atom)

SOx + H2O--> H2SO4--Sulfuric

H2SO3--Sulfurous

NOx + H2O--> HNO3--Nitric HNO2--Nitrous

--The Sulfur found from emmissions is naturally found in fossil fuels, in oil and coal. (gasoline)

--burned to make: electricity

--The Nitrogen and Oxygen are both found in air. They combine during high combustion processes.

Acid Rain Websites• Basic Info

• Graphs and facts

• Soil type

Heartburn-

-occurs in the Esophagus which has no mucus lining

-Acid from the stomach backs into the Esophagus

Ulcer-

-Occurs in the stomach which has a thick mucus lining

-The gastric juices have a pH of 1-2

-if there is a “hole” in the stomach acid hits nerve cells and forms an ulcer

H.pylori bacterial infection

Digestive System Diagram

•

     

                                                                                  

June edition 2006 www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/

Heartburn

• Heartburn is a pain behind the breast bone, often described as ‘burning’ in quality. Pain can also be felt at the same level in the mid-line of the back. Most people suffer from heartburn at one time or another. In fact heartburn has nothing to do with the heart - it is a digestive problem. Heartburn is generally related to meals and posture and can often be relieved by remedies for indigestion.

Acid is present in the stomach to digest food. Heartburn occurs when small amounts of this acid rise up into the gullet (esophagus) - the tube which carries food from the mouth to the stomach. This is called reflux.The gullet, unlike the stomach, does not have a protective lining. So when it is exposed to the acid, it can become inflamed and painful.

Ulcers

• What causes peptic ulcers?• The contents of the stomach are acidic. The acid helps to protect the

body from infection and helps break down the food that is eaten. The lining of the stomach and duodenum is covered in mucus (a thick, smooth fluid), which protects it from this acid. An ulcer can result when the stomach produces excess acid or there is insufficient mucus to protect the lining from damage.

• There are several factors that increase a person's risk of getting a peptic ulcer:

• infection with bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) - this is almost always present in people with ulcers, although it's also found in the stomachs of many people without ulcers or indigestion symptoms

• regularly taking certain medicines, particularly aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac

• smoking • drinking alcohol in excess

http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pepticulcer.html•

-Normal mucosal folds ("rugae") in the gastric body. -Gastric Ulcer-Perforated ulcer

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Acidosis Alkalosis

pH less than 7.35 greater than 7.45

Breathing hypoventilationhyperventilation

Blood Gases O2 CO2 O2 CO2

Nervous System Slows-coma Speeds up--convulsions

Treatment Oxygen, BiCarbonate IV Paper Bag (or mask) HCO3

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