ScottMadden_Biomass_Gasification_+Facility_for_Clean_Synthetic_Diesel_Fuels

8/10/2019 ScottMadden_Biomass_Gasification_+Facility_for_Clean_Synthetic_Diesel_Fuels

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Biomass Gasification Facility for Clean

February 2009

Contact: [email protected]

Copyright 2009 by ScottMadden. All rights reserved.Copyright 2009 by ScottMadden. All rights reserved.


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Executive Summary

Biomass Gasifiers and Synthetic Fuels Overview

Key Economic Drivers

Biomass Gasification Process and Technology

Appendix

Copyright 2009 by ScottMadden. All rights reserved.1


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Synthetic diesel fuel is a syngas liquid made through biomass gasification

A number of materials, including wood, garbage, and food scraps, can be used as biomass feedstock for production

The result is a cleaner, more energy-efficient fuel than current alternatives

Synthetic diesel reduces exhaust emissions, including CO2

Recent events, including increased fuel prices, heightened environmental awareness, and legislation have renewed interest ins nthetic diesel and biomass asification around the world

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) for transportation fuel in the United States

The RFS required fuel suppliers to blend renewable fuel into gasoline by 2008

It also mandated the use of advanced biofuels starting in 2009, creating a guaranteed market for the future

Currently, forecasted availability of advanced biofuels falls short of legislative requirements in 2022

While market potential appears strong, current development is limited

Gasifier technology has been proven around the world, but commercial, industrial scale biomass gasifiers are still inthe development phase in the US

Due to unproven technology, costs can vary wildly based on plant capacity and feedstock

Conversion costs are the key driver for smaller plants

Biomass feedstock becomes the key operating cost for larger plants


Source: Production of Synthesis Gas by Biomass Gasification, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,University of Pittsburgh, November, 2007


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Biomass Gasifiers and Synthetic Fuels Overview


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Increased fuel prices and environmental concern have renewed interest in biomass gasification around the world.

Numerous asifiers are currentl in o eration that exhibit a wide ran e of feed ca abilities asifier characteristics and roductgas cleanup systems

Industrial-scale, biomass gasifiers in Europe for power production

Industrial-scale, municipal solid waste (MSW) gasifiers in Japan for waste reduction

Dispersed biomass gasifiers in the United States for agricultural and silvicultural waste wood utilization

Of particular note are novel feed pretreatment techniques, such as torre faction, being developed in Europe to improvethe flow of feed to biomass gasifiers

Though many gasifiers are already in operation, the commercial industrial-scale sector of biomass gasification in the U.S. isstill in the demonstration phase and is focused on marketing and further development, including:

Expanding design and operating parameters (feed systems and gasifier characteristics) to utilize a wider variety of

biomass feeds

Developing and designing gas cleanup systems to remove tars that interfere with combustion turbines, membranesystems, and catalysts for the production of hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, and other chemicals

In addition, the lead U.S. Department of Energy biomass gasification entity, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL), is working on a thermal platform for biomass conversion which includes:

Developing new gasifiers (e.g., the BCT and Startech systems) for conversion of various waste biomass to cleansynthesis gas

Providing engineering guidance studies of developed gasifiers (e.g., the SilvaGas and GTI systems) for various uses


Source: Production of Synthesis Gas by Biomass Gasification, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,University of Pittsburgh, November, 2007


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Highly Efficient Process Nearly double existing biopower industry options

Low emissions due to turbine/fuel cell requirements

ccess o e c ency economy o sca e v a co r ng co ue ng

Increased environmental regulation favors gasification

Decreased COE over todays biopower; potentially competitive with fossil, assuming tax credits

Economic Benefits

Rural economies

Pulping sector an immediate beneficiary due to needed capital replacements

Economic activity (investment of $15 billion resulted from Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act)

Synergistic with Fossil Fuels

Liquid fuels billions invested in syngas to fuels/chemicals

Electricity turbines, fuel cells, combined heat, and power (cofiring with natural gas possible)

Hydrogen production

Potential for CO withdrawal via se uestration

Wide range of feedstocks

Wide range of productsVersatility


Source: NREL


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Biomass gasification is a prime competitor of natural gas and transportation fuels.

Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels

AlternativeConventional Synthetic

GasolineGasoline GasGas--toto--LiquidLiquid(GTL)(GTL)

HydrogenHydrogen

DieselDiesel

BiomassBiomass--toto--LiquidLiquid

-- --

(CTL)(CTL)Natural GasNatural Gas

EthanolEthanol

BiodieselBiodiesel22ndnd Generation FuelsGeneration Fuels

1st Generation Fuels1st Generation Fuels


Source: http://velocys-files.gripmanager.com/conferences/18/2007_Military_Fuels_-_Velocys._web.pdf


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nd

Key benefits of 2nd generation fuels include:

High CO2 reduction potential

No conflict with food chain

High land productivity


Source: WTW-Report 2006


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FuelFuel SourceSource BenefitsBenefits MaturityMaturity

Grain/SugarEthanol

Corn, sorghum, andsugarcane

Produces a high-octane fuel for gasoline blends

Made from a widely available renewable resource

Commercially proven fueltechnology

Biodiesel

Vegetable oils, fats, and

greases

Reduces emissions

Increases diesel fuel lubricity

Commercially proven fuel

technologyre

Mature

Green DieselOils and fats, blended withcrude oil

Offers a superior feedstock for refineries

A low sulfur fuel

Commercial trials underway inEurope

Cellulosic EthanolGrasses, wood chips, and

Produces a high-octane fuel for gasoline blends

The onl viable scenario to re lace 30% of U.S.

DOE program is focused on acommercial demonstration by

Mo

petroleum use 2017

ButanolCorn, sorghum, wheat,and sugarcane

Offers a low volatility, high energy density, watertolerant alternate fuel

BP and DuPont in the process ofproducing Butanol

Pyrolysis

biomass , ,

of aromatics or phenols

produce energy and chemicals

Syngas Liquids Various biomass as wellas fossil fuel sources Can integrate biomass sources with fossil fuel sources Produces high-quality diesel or gasoline

Demonstrated on a large scale

with fossil feedstocks, commercialbiomass projects underconsiderationr

e

Diesel/Jet FuelFrom Algae

Microalgae grown inaquaculture systems

Offers a high yield per acre and an aquaculturesource of biofuels

Could be employed for CO2 capture and reuse

Demonstrated at a pilot plant inthe 1990s

Hydrocarbons Biomass carbohydrates Could generate synthetic gasoline, diesel fuel, and

other etroleum roductsLaboratory scale research inacademic laboratories

LessMatu



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Synthetic diesel fuel is a syngas liquid, and is not the same as biodiesel

To produce synthetic diesel, wood, hemp, straw, corn, garbage, food scraps, and sewage-sludge can be dried andgas e n o syn es ze gas

After purification, the Fischer-Tropsch process is used to produce synthetic diesel

Such processes are often called biomass-to-liquids (BTL)

Synthetic diesel may also be produced out of natural gas in the gas-to-liquid (GTL) process or out of coal in the coal-to-li uid CTL rocess

BTL technology is much less mature than gas-to-liquids or coal-to-liquids technologies

The BTL process is expected to become marketable, but it has not yet reached market maturity

At present, no large-scale BTL plant is under operation

Thou h the rocess is less mature BTL rovides some ke advanta es over GTL and CTL

High biomass yield (up to 4,000 liters per hectare) High potential to reduce CO2 emissions by over 90%

High quality that is not subject to any limitations of use in either todays engine or foreseeable next-generation engines

Due to the hi h fuel ualit and the fact that its ro erties can be o timized s stematicall durin s nthesis BTL fuel can beconsidered one of the few fuel options available for aviation besides fossil kerosene

The economy of BTL fuel production is strongly dependent on production scale, and large facilities are required to benefit fromeconomies of scale


Source: Biomass to Liquid BTL Implementation Report," Deutsche Energie-Angentur GmbH, December, 2006


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Synthetic diesel may play a significant role as renewable fuel in the United States and around the world.

Biomass to li uids BTL renewable s nthetic diesel combines the ro erties and emissions benefits of s nthetic as to li uids(GTL) diesel fuel with the greenhouse gas and reduced fossil fuel dependence benefits of biodiesel:

Premium fuel properties like GTL

Reduced exhaust emissions like GTL (or even lower)

Fit with existin infrastructure and en ines

CO2 savings like ester based biodiesel (or even more)

Renewable/reduces oil dependence

No storage stability problems

Very high cetane number (8499)

Free of aromatics, sulfur, and oxygen

High yield per hectare

High energy density (40 MJ per liter)

In addition to these benefits, BTL synthetic diesel provides consistent quality from diverse feedstock

Waste animal fat Soy, corn, canola, rapeseed, and other vegetable oils

Cellulosic wastes such as wood chips, etc.

BTL synthetic diesel provides a cleaner, more energy efficient future


Sources: California Energy Commission, Neste Oil Comments concerning scope of State Plan to Increase theUse of Alternative Transportation Fuels," May, 2006; Choren, July, 2008


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Synthetic diesel has the highest blending cetane number and the best cold weather (cloud point) properties ofcomparable fuels. Its volumetric energy content (heating value (MJ/l) is similar to that of other alternatives.

Synthetic DieselSynthetic Diesel GTL DieselGTL Diesel BiodieselBiodieselSulfurSulfur--free Dieselfree Diesel

(summer)(summer)

ens y a g m ~ ~

Viscosity at +40C (mm^2/s) 2.93.5 3.24.5 ~ 4.5 ~ 3.5

Cetane number ~8.499* ~ 7381 ~ 51 ~ 53**

Cloud point (F) ~ 23-22 ~32-13 ~ 23 ~ 23

Heating value (lower) (MJ/kg) ~ 44 ~43 ~ 38 ~ 43

Heating value (MJ/I) ~ 34 ~ 34 ~ 34 ~ 36

Polyaromatic content (wt-%) 0 0 0 ~ 4

xygen con en w - ~

Sulfur content (mg/kg)


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- -

StrengthsStrengths WeaknessesWeaknesses

ro uce rom near y a ypes o ee s oc , nc u ng non- oocrops

Feedstock costs are very low

Inputs of fertilizer and pesticide are not required for feedstockproduction

New cultivation techniques, such as mixed cropping, benefit

BTL fuels can only be produced at industrial, large-scalefacilities

Current investment costs for BTL plants and fuel production aretoo high to be competitive with other fuels

o vers y

Cultivation of perennial plants prevents soil erosion and isadvantageous to ground water protection

Chemical properties of the hydrocarbons in BTL fuels permitefficient and complete combustion with low exhaust gasemission

BTL properties can be influenced by changes in specific

parameters such as pressure, temperature, and catalysts duringsynthesis and the subsequent treatment

Engines can use BTL fuel without technical modifications

OpportunitiesOpportunities ThreatsThreats

Pilot plants for BTL fuel production have already been set up

Synthetic fuels can be ideally adapted to current engineconcepts

Large-scale production is expected within the next 20 years

BTL production is still in the pilot stage

BTL fuels are not broadly available at the current time

Other technologies could be introduced as competitors beforeBTL is proven commercially viable


Source: WIP Renewable Energies Biofuel SWOT Analysis (2007)


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Key Economic Drivers


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Fossil fuels will dominate the market for decades, but biofuels are the only short-term viable alternative.


Source: WEC & Shell


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to

fTo

talSa

les

Perce

Increasing sales of alternative light duty vehicles will create a growing market for b iofuels over the next

few decades


Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Reference Case Presentation, December 17, 2008


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Based on current projections, biofuels will fall short of RFS requirements in 2022, creating an opportunity for new

producers. By 2030, production is forecast to exceed the mandate.


Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Reference Case Presentation, December 17, 2008


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Source: Choren


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TechnologyTechnology AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Electric Vehicles (EVs) Zero emissions

Can reclaim energy when brakingand coasting

More efficient energy transfer: EVs

High cost

Low power

Short driving range before refueling

Long recharging time (up to 8 hours)hydrogen or methanol

Fuel Cells Energy conversion is twice asefficient as combustion

Low emissions when hydrogen is

Extremely expensive to build and tofuel with hydrogen

No infrastructure yet in place forused as a fuel refueling

Hydrogen production relies on fossilfuels

-

(gasoline, diesel)

Provide high speeds and longdistances

Fast refueling

other greenhouse-gas and pollutantemissions

Fossil-fuel reserves are declining

Often need to be imported frompolitically unstable regions


Source: Biofuels," Luxresearch


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Biomass Gasification Process and Technology Overview


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The schematic line-up of an integrated biomass gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (BTL) plant is shown in

the figure below .



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Source: Economy of BTL plants," H. Boerrigter; Energy Research Center of the Netherland

Efficient Biomass Gasifiers Exploit the Unique


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Efficient Biomass Gasifiers Exploit the Unique

Biomass Characteristics Im lications

Fibrous materialFibrous material

Feeding systems:Feeding systems:

Particle size limitations,Particle size limitations,

pressurized operation morepressurized operation more

High reactivityHigh reactivity

High volatiles contentHigh volatiles contentGasifier designGasifier design

Allows gasification withoutAllows gasification without

difficultdifficult

g c ar react v tyg c ar react v ty

Raw syngas compositionRaw syngas composition

TarsTars

pure oxygenpure oxygen

Gas cleanupGas cleanup

More tar, water solubleMore tar, water soluble SulfurSulfur Alkali, ammonia, othersAlkali, ammonia, others

Low sulfur (except BL)Low sulfur (except BL) Must be consideredMust be considered

Scale of operationScale of operation Limited economies of scaleLimited economies of scale


Source: Thermochemical Technologies for Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals," BiorefineryAnalysis and Exploratory Research Group, Rice University


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Gasifier T es: Advanta es and Disadvanta es

GasifierGasifier AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Updraft Mature for heat

Small scale applications

Can handle high moisture

No carbon in ash

Feed size limits

High tar yields

Scale limitations

Producer gas Slagging potential

Downdraft Small scale applications

Low particulates

Low tar

Feed size limits

Scale limitations

Producer gas

Moisture sensitive

Fluid Bed Large scale applications

Feed characteristics

Direct/indirect heating

Medium tar yield

Higher particle loading

Can produce syngas

Circulating Fluid Bed Large scale applications

Feed characteristics

Can produce syngas

Medium tar yield


Entrained Flow Can be scaled

Potential for low tar

Can produce syngas

Large amount of carrier gas


Potentially high steam to carbon

Particle size limits


Source: Thermochemical Technologies for Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals," BiorefineryAnalysis and Exploratory Research Group, Rice University


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Capital and operating costs for biomass gasification vary wildly.

Plant typePlant type MWMW Capital costCapital cost

Biomass gasification combined cycle(current)

75 $1,800 - $2,000 per kWe

Biomass gasification combined cycle 75 $1,400 per kWe

Assuming a base feed cost of $2/Mbtu, the cost of production from gasification has been recently estimated at 6.7/kWh for

Biomass gasification for thermal energyor cofire

16 $312 per kW thermal

electricity for a 75 MW plant. Steam costs were estimated at $6.70 per 1,000 lb steam

Assuming a base feed cost of zero, the cost of production from gasification has been recently estimated at about 5/kWh forelectricity for a 75 MW plant. Steam costs were estimated at $5.00 per 1,000 lb steam

Energy Efficiency

A series of case studies have been performed on the three conversion routes for combined heat and power applications ofbiomass - direct combustion, gasification, and cofiring

For a 75 MW electric generating plant without combined heat and power, the study reports:

Gasification is 36% efficient.

For a 75 MW electric generating plant with combined heat and power, the study reports:

Direct biomass combustion is 62% efficient


as ca on s e c enSources: http://www.wisbiorefine.org/proc/biomassgas.pdf; NREL; http://www.gasifiers.org

Scale Dependency of Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuel


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p y p

Conversion costs are the dominant cost factor at plant capacities below 2,000 MW th biomass input. The transport,

shipment, and storage costs are only a small cost item, independent of scale and related transport distances.

,

costs is completely outweighed by the increasing investment costs.


Source: Economy of BTL Plants," Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, May, 2006


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Conversion costs are a large expense in smaller plants but decrease considerably as plant capacity increases. Once

capacity reaches 1,800 MW, biomass feed becomes the key cost driver.




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BarrierBarrier PriorityPriority Potential Cost Reduction, %Potential Cost Reduction, %

u

Syngas Utilization (Products) High 1015

Process Integration Medium 510

Thermal Processing Medium 510

Feed Processing & Handling Medium 510

Sensors & Controls Low 15


Sources: DOE; http://www.egr.msu.edu/bio/srdc/presentations/11_03talks/Thermochem_overview.pdf


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Commercialization Status

Biomass gasification is an emerging commercial technology

It evolved from intensive R&D in the 1970s and 1980s

Developmental roots in small-scale biomass gasifiers and coal gasification date back to the early 20th century

Biomass gasification systems from small to large are commercially available, but many technology developers are in theprototype and first commercial demonstration stage

Thirteen biomass asifiers currentl have the otential to be considered seriousl b investors for lar e centralized commercialprojects [>100 feed tons/day (~ 7 MWe)], according to research on biomass gasifiers by University of Pittsburgh

Each of these gasifiers is limited in the feeds it can utilize and the products it can generate

Financial parameters need to be developed for these gasifiers to further assist investors in process selection

A similar anal sis needs to be erformed for biomass asifiers that have the otential to be considered b investors for smallerdistributed commercial projects


Sources: Survey of Commercial Biomass Gasifiers," Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh;http://www.wisbiorefine.org/proc/biomassgas.pdf


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Com anCom an SizeSize Site LocationSite Location Year Year FeedFeed Ultimate ProductsUltimate ProductsGasifierGasifier

ParametersParameters

British Gas LurgiGasifier

840 Tons/Day(T/D) commercialplant

Spreetal, Germany 2003 MSW,coal/biomassbriquettes

Methanol &electricity

Downward movingbed, slaging bottom,steam/oxygen-blown, 1450C, 25bar

Choren Carbo-VProcess Gasifier*

200 T/D betaplant (U.C.)

Freiberg, Germany N/A 50% waste wood,50% clean woodchips

Syngas convertedto 16.5 M L/Y ofSunFuel via FTsynthesis andhydrocracking

Sequential (1)pyrolyzer (horizontal,stirred bed; 500oC; 4bar), (2) gasifier ofpyrolysis gas1400oC; 4 bar , and

(3) chemicalquencher ofpyrolysis char andgasified pyrolysisgas (entrained bed;900oC; 4 bar; O2-blown)

EnerkemBIOSYN Gasifier

7 MWedemonstrationplant

Ribesalbas, Spain 2003 MSW, wastebiomass, refusederived fuel (RDF)and plastic

Synthesis gas,electricity

Bubbling fluid bed;air- or oxygen-blown;1832oF; 16 atm

Foster WheelerACFB Gasifier

42 MWecommercial plant

Lahti, Finland 1998 Biofuels, RDF,wood waste

Electricity Circulating fluid bed(CFB); air-blown;1000oC; 1 atm


Source: Survey of Commercial Biomass Gasifiers," Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh,November, 2007

o e: xamp e o as cs or oren ro uc on ac y are e ow


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GasifierGasifier

FosterWheelerPCFB Gasifier

6MWe & 9 MWt(55 T/D)demonstrationplant

Vrnamo, Sweden 1999 Wood, RDF andstraw

Electricity CFB; air-blown;950oC; 18 bar

Lurgi CFBGasifier

29 MWecommercial plant

Lahden,Netherlands

2000 Demolition wood,RDF

Electricity CFB; air-blown;900oC; 1 atm

Lurgi Dry AshGasifier 340 T/Dcommercial plant Spreetal, Germany 1964 Plastics, MSWpellets, tar-sludgepellets,contaminatedwood, other wastes

Fuel gas, synthesisgas Grate-type fixed-bed down-flow dry-ash reactor;oxygen/steam-blown; 1472-

Primenergy

Gasifier

290 T/D CHP (1

MWe) commercialplant

Little Falls,

Minnesota , USA

2006 Waste wood Electricity, steam Updraft gasifier;

air-blown; 1 atm

RepotecGasifier

8 MWtdemonstrationplant

Gssing, Austria 2001 Wood chips 2.0 MWe and 4.5MWt for districtheating

Coupled CFBs(biomass pyrolyzer,char combustor);steam-blown 850oC (pyrolyzer);air-blown


(combustor)

Source: Survey of Commercial Biomass Gasifiers," Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of PittsburghNovember, 2007


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SilvaGasGasifier

400 T/D T/Ddemonstrationplant (U.C.)

Forsythe, Georgia N/A Clean Biomass Synthetic gas Coupled CFBs(biomass pyrolyzer,char combustor);steam-blown 1500oF (pyrolyzer);

air-blown 1800oF(combustor); 1 atm

ThermoselectGasifier

600 T/Dcommercial plant

Kurashiki, Japan 2005 MSW plugs Synthetic gas Sequential biomasspyrolyzer andoxygen-blown,en ra ne c argasifier; 570oF

(pyrolyzer) and2,200oF (combustor)

TPS Gasifier Two 110 ton/hrunits in

Grve-in-Chianti,Italy

1992 RDF pellets Electricity CFB; air-blown; 850-900oC; 1 atm

emons ra onplant

Plasma Gasifier

commercial plant

, ,bed; plasma bottom;air-blown; 4500oF(plasma torch) and2282oF (gas exit); 1atm


Source: Survey of Commercial Biomass Gasifiers," Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh,November, 2007


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Appendix


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Biofuels Alcohol Grains & Ethanol

sugar crops Dry mill Wet mill

Butanol

Ethanol

Dry mill Wet mill

plant-based waste)

Methanol

Acid h drol sis

Acid hydrolysis

Enzymatic hydrolysis

BiodieselVegetable

oils or animals fats Transesterification

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Bio-oil

Biomass (plants,

plant-based waste,

animal waste)

P rol sis and


high-pressure liquefactionSource: Biofuels," Luxresearch

G f


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Biomass Gasification Process

A primary advantage of biomass gasification over biomass combustion is that the power generation efficiency of a

gas turbine combined cycle system can be as much as twice the efficiency of biomass combustion processes,

.

Note: F-T = Fischer-Tropsch


Sources: Thermochemical Technologies for Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals," BiorefineryAnalysis and Exploratory Research Group, Rice University.http://www.wisbiorefine.org/proc/biomassgas.pdf

= me y er

Input Parameters for the Economic Assessment of


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Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress Biofuels Incentives:A Summary of Federal Programs (1/30/2008)

Summary of Federal Incentives Promoting Biofuels


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Source: Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress Biofuels Incentives:A Summary of Federal Programs (1/30/2008)


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VolumeVolumeConventionalConventional AdvancedAdvanced CellulosicCellulosic

BiomassBiomass--BasedBased

DieselDiesel

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

AdvancedAdvancedTotal BiodieselTotal Biodiesel

PotentialPotential

of gallonsof gallonsBiofuelsBiofuels BiofuelsBiofuels BiofuelsBiofuels (Biodiesel)(Biodiesel)

(Biodiesel)(Biodiesel)(Biodiesel)(Biodiesel)

2006 4.000 4.000

2007 4.700 4.700

2008 9.000 9.000

2009 11.100 10.500 0.600 0.500 0.100 0.600

2010 12.950 12.000 0.950 0.100 0.650 0.200 0.850

2011 13.950 12.600 1.350 0.250 0.800 0.300 1.100

2012 15.200 13.200 2.000 0.500 1.000 0.500 1.500

2013 16.550 13.800 2.750 1.000 1.000* 0.750 1.750

2014 18.150 14.400 3.750 1.750 1.000* 1.000 2.000

2015 20.500 15.000 5.500 3.000 1.000* 1.500 2.500

2016 22.250 15.000 7.250 4.250 1.000* 2.000 3.000

2017 24.000 15.000 9.000 5.500 1.000* 2.500 3.500

2018 26.000 15.000 11.000 7.000 1.000* 3.000 4.000

2019 28.000 15.000 13.000 8.500 1.000* 3.500 4.500

2020 30.000 15.000 15.000 10.500 1.000* 3.500 4.500

2021 33.000 15.000 18.000 13.500 1.000* 3.500 4.500

2022 36.000 15.000 21.000 16.000 1.000* 4.000 5.000


* Administrator determines minimum use allocation for "biomass-based diesel"

Source: Overview of House (H.R. 6) Renewable Fuels Program as it relates to BiodieselIncluding an overview of the Agri-biodiesel and Biodiesel Tax Credits, December 6, 2007


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For more information on biomass gasification facility for clean synthetic diesel fuels, please contact us.

Jere Jake JacobiPartner andSustainability Practice Leader

ScottMadden, Inc.

Ten Piedmont Center

Suite 805

Atlanta GA 30305

Phone: 404-814-0020Mobile: 262-337-1352

acobi scottmadden.com

Copyright 2009 by ScottMadden. All rights reserved.

Prepared by : Dina Chanysheva, Michael Anckner, & Jere Jacobi

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