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p o w e r q u a l i t y c o m p e n s a t i o n
B . R . L i n , H u n g a n d C . H . H u a n gT . L .
A b s t r a c t : A s i n g l e - p h a s e h a l f - b r i d g e r e c t i f i e r w i t h a c a p a c i t o r c l a m p e d s c h e m e i s p r o p o s e d . F o u r
p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d o n e f l y i n g c a p a c i t o r a r e e m p l o y e d i n t h e p r o p o s e d . r e c t d i e r . B i p o l a r a n d
u n i p o l a r P W M c o n t r o l s c h e m e s a r e u s e d t o p e r f o r m p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n a n d a c h i e v e l o w t o t a l
h a r m o n i c d i s t o r t i o n o f l i n e c u r r e n t . A n e u t r a l p o i n t
12/29/10 4:27 PMBi-directional single-phase half-bridge rectifier for power quality compensation.pdf
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Explore Content
Bidirectional Rectifierless Te Le Te RS Ra Tio Tro Tio Ro Ra Te RN Ra Te Ly Ria Tio Lo Itu Te Ly Tro Lle
c u r r e n t c o n t r o l l e r a n d D C l i n k v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r a r e u s e d t o b a l a n c e n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e , t o t r a c k
c u r r e n t s a c o m p e n s a t e t h e r e a c t i v e p o w e r g f r o m t h e
A u l t sa r
1 I n t r o d u c t i o n
P o w e r p o l l u t i o n g e n e r a t e d b y n o n l i n e a r l o a d s s u c h a s d i o d e
h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y r e s e a r c h e d
a d e v e l o p e d f o r p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n a c
h a r m o n i c s e l i m i n a t i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c -
b u s v o l t a g e . T h e
c o n v e r t e r [ l - 3 1 i s e m p l o y e d t o
f a c t o r . I f t h e r e c t i f i e r i s u s e d i n t h e f r o n t s t a g e o f t h e m o t o r
a P W M r e c t i f i e r w i t h b i - d i r e c t i o n a l p o w e r f l o w
c a p a b i l i t y [ a ] i s g e n e r a l l y n e e d e d t o s e n d t h e r e g e n e r a t i n g
p o w e r t o t h e A C m a i n s i n s t e a d o f t h e D C b r a k i n g r e s i s t o r .
A s f u l l - b r i d g e s w i t c h m g m o d e r e c t i f i e r i s
c o n t r o l l e d t o g e n e r a t e a b i p o l a r o r u n i p o l a r P W M v o l t a g e
D C - l i n k v o l t a g e . F o r a h a l f - b r i d g e
s v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m
i s g e n e r a t e d t h e t e r m i n a l . A s i n g l e - p h a s e h a l f - b r i d g eo n A C
P W M r e c t i f i e r e m p l o y s t w o p o w e r s w i t c h e s t o a c h i e v e
D C - l i n k a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f t h e
s
e
D
r e s e a r c h e d b e c a u s e o f i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e r n w i t h t h e p o w e r
0 I E E , 2 0 0 3
I E E P r o c e e d i n g s o n l i n e 2 0 0 3 0 2 6 1n o .
d o i : 1 0 . 1 0 4 9 / i p - e p a : 2 0 0 3 0 2 6 1
P
r e v i s e d f o r m I
T
o E E Y U n i v e r s i t y o S a
T
q u a l i t y a t t h e c o n s u m e r o r d i s t r i b u t i o n s i d e . S h u n t a c t i v e
a h a r m o n i c c u r r e n t s u p p r e s s i o n .
S e v e r a l c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m s [ 7 - I O ] s a s i n s t a n t a n e o u s
r e a c t i v e p o w e r t h e o r y , s l i d i n g m o d e
s c h e m e , s t a t e f e e d b a c k s c h e m e a n d s y n c h r o n o u s r e f e r e n c e
h b p I t h e P W M r e c t i f i e r c a n
p e r f o r m b o t h f u n c t i o n s o f p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t o r a n d a c t i v e
p o w e r f i l t e r [ l l - 1 3 1 , t h e c o s t o f t h e s y s t e m c a n b e r e d u c e d .
M
v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f p o w e r s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , a n d r e d u c e t h e
c a p a c i t o r - c l a m p e d s c h e m e i s p t
d r a w a n e a r l y u n i t y p o w e r f a c t o r a n d r e g u l a t e t h e D C - l i n k
v o l t a g e . A u n i p o l a r P W M v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m i s g e n e r a t e d
t o m a i n t a i n t h e D C - l i n k v o l t a g e a t t h e
d v a l u e . B y u s i n g t h e s a m e c o n t r o l s c h e m e , t h e
p r e c t i f i e r c b w o r k e d a a s
r e c t i f i e r t o s s w o r k e d a s a
s
p p o w e r q u a l i t y c o m p e n s a t i o n c r e d u c e
t h e h a r d w a r e c o s t o f t h e s h u n t a c t i v e f i l t e r n e e d e d i
t h e r e f e r e n c e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d s w i t h h p o w e r
c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e v a l u a t e d b y e x p e r i -
m
2 S d e s c r i p t i o n
T
I E E P r o c . - E l e c t r . N o . P o w e r A p p l . , V o l . 1 5 0 , 4 , J u l y 2 0 0 3 3
' s
I l
a
n o n l i n e a r l o a d
3 S w i t c h i n g m o d e r e c t i f i e r
3 . 1 O
B
s a m e t i m e , t h e c o n s t r a i n t s o n p o w e r
s w i t c h e s i n t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r a r e d e f i n e d a s
E + E ' = 1 1 , 2 ( 1 )
w h e r e T i = 1
t h e r e a r e o n l y t w o i n d e p e n d e n t p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 a n d 7 2
i n t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s
- a r e g e n e r a t e d o n t h e A C t e r m i n a l . T h e r e a r e t w o
o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s t o g e n e r a t e v o l t a g e U =
v o l t a g e l e v e l o n t h e A C t e r m i n a l v U h , t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e
p r e c t i f i e r c b c i n t o t h r e e o p e r a t i o n
s h o w n i n F i g . p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d a r e t u r n e d o n
g v o l t a g e u ( a s s u m i n g v v v
V , ~ J ~ ) .T h e l i n e c i s d e c r e a s i n g b u
12/29/10 4:27 PMBi-directional single-phase half-bridge rectifier for power quality compensation.pdf
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b
F i g . 1 P r o p o s e d h a l f - b r i d g e r e c t $ i e r
a
b
A
p r e c t i f i e r i n c l u d e s f o u r p o w e r s w i t c h e s , o
c l a m p e d c a p a c i t o r , o n e b o o s t i n d u c t o r a n d t w o D C s
c a p a c i t o r s . T h e v o l t a g e s t r e s s o f t h e f o u r p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ,
7 2 , T 1 ' a n d 7 2 ' i s u d J 2 . T h e c o n t r o l g o a l s o f t h e p r o p o s e d
r e c t i f i e r a r e p e r f o r m i n g p o w e r f a c t o r c o r r e c t i o n , b a l a n c i n g
n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e a n d m c o n s t a n t D C b
v o l t a g e . A h y s t e r e s i s c u r r e n t c o n t r o l i n t h e i n n e r h g h -
b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e m p l o y e d t o t r a c k t h e l i n e
b u s v o l t a g e . A n e u t r a l
p o i n t v o l t a g e c o m p e n s a t o r i s u s e d t b a l a n c e c a p a c i t o r
v o l t a g e s , v 1 = =u 2 = u 3 V , ~ J ~ .B t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t r o l
a l g o r i t h m , a b i p o l a r ( o r u n i p o l a r ) P W M v o l t a g e w a v e f o r m
i s g e n e r a t e d o n t h e t e r m i n a l . U n d e r t h e s a m e c o n t r o lA C
a l g o r i t h m , t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r c a n a l s o b e w o r k e d aa s
r e c t i f i e r f o l l o w e d b a c a p a c i t o r . T m a
c D b v o l t a g e , a P v o l t a g e c o n t r o l l e r i s
e m p l o y e d t o b t a i n l i n e c c o m m a n d . O l i n e
d <c h a r g i n g t h e c a p a c i t o r C 2 . T h e r e a r e t w o o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s i n
t h e s e c o n d o p e r a t i o n m o d e t o g e n e r a t e v o l t a g e =
t h e p o w e r s w i t c h e s a n d a r e t u r n e d o n a s s h o w n i nT I 7 2 '
C
c u r r e n t . I t h s o p e r a t i o n m o d e , t h e m c i s
i n c r e a s i n g ( o r d i f t h e m i s p o s i t i v e ( o r
=
i s i n c r e a s i n g i n t h i s o p e r a t i o n m o d e b t h e b
i n d u c t o r v o l t a g e u L = v s + v d J 2 > 0 . T h e n e g a t i v e ( o r p o s i -
t i v e ) l i n e c u r r e n t w i l l c h a r g e ( o r d i s c h a r g e ) c a p a c i t o r 0 .
T a b l e V a l i d s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s o f t h e r e c t i f i e r1 : p r o p o s e d
V a l i d T l2 v v M o d e
s t a t e s V
s w i t c h i n g ( v 1 = v 2 = v 3 =
1 1 1 v * V 1
2 1 0 - v q + v 2 0 2
3 0 1 V I - V ~ 2
4 0 0 - v 3 - 3
3 . 2 S
B
d i , U r T T T T -
1U - - U 2
- ~
L U ( 2 )-
d t L L L
d c I s
( 3 )
dvl - T - T
I E E P r o c . - E l e c t r . P o w e r J u l yA p p l . , V o l . l S 0 , N o . 4 , 2 0 0 33
' d c
m
L
-- -
l V 2- U 0 0 ? -L L L L ? L
- _ _-
-
T$!
I I
a
1 J
b
'1
~
c 2 y
-
c
L o
c
= u ( x ) + B ( x ) u
Y
w h e r e
T
( 6 )
( 7 )
-1'1 - - 9 -L L L
0 0
0 "c O
T
= [ T::l
1
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0 0- o
O O & 0
- 0 u I
- 0 & 0 R L ( c ~ ) ~ R C 2 C 3
u , R C 3 - r R C 3 i T + L t ,1 5
L R R L ( C 3 ) 2 -
d
F i g . 2
a 1
b
c
d
O
d-
T . ~ +- - -
L it c 2 l s - -
d v 3 T 1 U
-
d C '' -
~
R
w h e r e
T h e r a n k ( P ( x ) ) = 4 a n d r a n k ( a x ) ) = 4 , a n d h e n c e t h e
p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r i s c o n t r o l l a b l e a n d o b s e r v a b l e .
3 . 3 C
T w o P W M c o n t r o l s c h e m e s ( b i p o l a r a u n i p o l a r
P W M ) a r e p r o p o s e d t o i m p r o v e t h e i n p u t p o w e r f a c t o r o f
t h e p r s l i n e c w i t h
n e a r l y u n i t y p o w e r f a c t o r i s d r a w n a n d t h e b u s v o l t a g eD C
i s c o n t r o l l e d t b c o n s t a n t . F i g . 3 a g i v e s t h e s i m p l i f i e d
3
( 4 )
( 5 )
I E E P r o c - E l e c t r . P o w e r A p p l . V
b l o a d+ i s a
( ‘3
I I
a
1
0
0
0
~ i y s ( d i , ) 0
T
T
T 0
T
b
o p e r a t i o n m o d e s a n d
m s w i t c h i n g s i g n a l s s t a t e v a r i a b l e s
r - v - nr n o d e 3 t , ( ( T I . = T 2 . = 1 ) / ~ i s f , v 3 J I
C
F i g . 3
a
B
w h e r e A & = i * , s - i , y a n d
1
0 - hh
F t h e u n i p o l a r P W M o p e r a t i o n , t h r e e v o l t a g e l e v e l s
( a - a r e g o t h e A s o
t h e r e c t i f i e r . F o u r o p e r a t i o n s t a t e s o f t h e p r o p o s e d r e c t i f i e r
a r e a l l u s e d i t h i s P W M o p e r a t i o n . F i g . 4 a g i v e s t h e
s i m p l i f i e d e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t o f t h e r e c t i f i e r . F o r p o s i t i v e
m v o l t a g e , t h e o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ( T 1 = 7 2 = 1 )
a o p e r a t i o n m o d e 2 ( T 1 = 7 2 ’= 1 o T
a r e u t g t h e v o l t a g e v & = v d c / 2 a 0
r e s p e c t i v e l y . O p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 i s a d o p t e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e
2 i i n c r e a s e t h e
c a p a c i t o r C 1 . P o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ‘ a 7 2
a r e t u r n e d o n t o c h a r g e c a p a c i t o r a n d p o w e r s w i t c h e sC l
T a 7 2 ’ a r e t u r n e d o t d
1 . T h e r e f o r e t h e s e t w o s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s a r e u s e d t o c o n t r o l
c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e v I . F n e g a t i v e m v o l t a g e ,
o p e r a t i o n m o d e s 2 a n d 3 a r e s e l e c t e d t o a c h i e v e u & = O
a n d T h e s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s a n d s h o w n i n T a b l e 1- u d c / 2 . 2 3
a r e u t d e c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t . C a p a c i t o r C i s
c h a r g e d ( o r d i s c h a r g e d ) i n s w i t c h m g s t a t e 2 3 ) . ( o r s t a t e
t h r e e v o l t a g e l e v e l s a r e a o t h e
A t e r m i n a l o t h e p r F i g . 4 6 g i v e s
t h e P W M w a v e f o r m o p o w e r s t h e A
s U F i g . g i v e s t h e c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y o f t h e4 c
u n i p o l a r P W M o p e r a t i o n . F i r s t , t h e s o t h e
m
1 i s s e l e c t e d t d e c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t a n d t
g v o l t a g e v,b = I f v, > 0 , h a
v 7 2 ’= 1
t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t a d t h e c a p a c i t o r
v o l t a g e v l . O t h e o t h e r h i f v h 1
a u t h e n s s t a t e 3 ( T l ’ = 7
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b w a v e f o r m
c
e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t t h e p r o p o s e do f r e c t i f i e r f o r t h e b i p o l a r
P W M o p e r a t i o n . O n l y o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ( T l = 7 2 = I )
a n d m o d e 1 ) a r e u s e d i n t h e c o n t r o l s c h e m e .3 ( T l ’ = 7 2 ’=
T t e r m i n a l
v o l t a g e o t h e r e c t i f i e r a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 3 b . T h e A
s v ,h i s e q u a l t o o rv d c / 2 - v d c / 2 . T
s i g n a l s ; o f T a 7 2 a r e r e l a t e d t t h e l i n e c
e r r o r b e t w e e n t h e l i n e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d a n d t h e m e a s u r e d
l i n e c u r r e n t . H y s t e r e s i s c c o n t r o l i t h e h i g h -
b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s u t t r a c k t h e m
c u r r e n t c o m m a n d . W h e n t h e l i n e c u r r e n t e r r o r r e a c h e s t h e
u h y s t e r e s i s b a n d , p o w e r s w i t c h e s T 1 ’ a n d 72‘ a r e
t u r n e d o n ( o p e r a t i o n m o d e 3 ) t o g e n e r a t e A C s i d e v o l t a g e
U & = - - u d c / 2 a t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c u r r e n t . I f t h e l i n e
c u r r e n t e r r o r f a l l s b e l o w t h e l o w e r h y s t e r e s i s b a n d , p o w e r
s w i t c h e s T 1 a n d 7 2 a r e t u r n e d ( o p e r a t i o n m o d e 1 ) t oo n
g
c u r r e n t . T h e b i p o l a r P W M c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y o f t h e p r o p o s e d
t h e c s s o p o w e r
s w i t c h e s a r e g i v e n a s
T T 1 - h ( 1 3 )
s e l e c t e d t i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e c a i n c r e a s e t h e
c a p a c i t o r v o l t a g e v l . I n t h e s a m e w a y , s w i t c h i n g s t a t e s 2 ,
3
p r o p o s e d c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y , t h e s w i t c h i n g s i g n a l s o f p o w e r
d e v i c e s c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s
- ( U $ -T - v d / 2 )
+ - h - c o m p ( v l - v g / 2 ) ]
T - c o m p ( v l - v & / 2 ) ]( 1 7 )
+ - h y s ( A i , ) ] c o m p ( v 1. - v & / 2 )
T h e c o n t r o l b l o c k o t h e p r e c t i f i e r i s g i v e n i n
F i g . 5 . A p r o p o r t i o n a l - i n t e g r a l v o l t a g e c o n t r o l i t h e
o u t e r l o w - b a n d w i d t h c o n t r o l s c h e m e i s e m p l o y e d t
m a c D b v o l t a g e . A p h
w i t h t h e m v o l t a g e . A n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e
c o m p e n s a t o r i s a d d e d t t h e l i n e c c o m m a n d t
b a l a n c e t h e n e u t r a l p o i n t v o l t a g e . T h e s e n s e d l i n e c u r r e n t i s
t
t r a c k t h e l i n e c u r r e n t c o m m a n d . A l i n e v o l t a g e c o m p a r a t o r~
~
4
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FURTHER READING
Click any one of the following links to be taken to a website which contains the following documents.
There appears to be a lot of recent patent activity in the areaof building "bridgeless PFC convertors". The following aresome of the patents.
11_584_983_Method_and_apparatus_for_high_efficieny_rectifier11_204_307_AC_to_DC_power_supply_with_PF11_302_544_Simple_partial_switching_power_factor_correction11_474_712_BRIDGELESS_BI_DIRECTIONAL_FORWARD_TYPE_CONVERTER11_480_004_High_efficiency_power_converter_system11_706_645_AC_to_DC_voltage_converter_as_power_supply12_401_983_BRIDGELESS_PFC_CIRCUIT_FOR_CRM12_798_682_Bridgeless_PFC_converter
3295043_MASSEY_D_C__TO_D_C__REGULATED_CONVERTER4183079_DC_AC_inverter4523266_AC_to_DC_conversion_system4943902_AC_to_DC_power_converter_and_method5570276_Switching_converter_with_open_loop_input_regulation5815380_Switching_converter_with_open_loop_Primary_regulation5815384_Transformer_uses_bi_directional_synch_Rectifiers6115267_AC_DC_converter_with_no_input_rectifiers6157182_DC_DC_converter_with_multiple_operating_modes6608522_DC_to_DC_converter_providing_stable_operation7250742_Digital_control_of_bridgeless_power_factor_correction7265591_CMOS_driver_with_minimum_shoot_through
And here is some more information for those who may be interested.
A BIDIRECTIONAL PWM THREE-PHASE STEP-DOWN RECTIFIERA bidirectional, sinusoidal, high-frequency inverterA DUAL INPUT BIDIRECTIONAL POWER CONVERTERA new structure for bidirectional Power flowBI-DIRECTIONAL INVERTER-CHARGER Bi-directional single-phase half-bridge rectifier for power qualityBiDirectional ConverterBidirectional_UP_InverterSynthesis of Input-Rectifierless AC/DC
11.28.10_10.11AM [email protected] Sauer http://www.idea2ic.com/