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Scrutinizing Data Collection Methods Wlingi

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    Presented by Titin Andri Wihastuti

    Introduction toData Collection in Nursing

    Research

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    Diferent Types o Datain the Community

    • Opinions, priorities

    • Aspirations, motivations

    • Level o awareness,

    knowlede, attitudes orbelies

    • !ehaviors, pra"ti"es

    • Assets, skills

    •#etworks, asso"iations

    • #eeds, ears, problems,"on"erns

    • Demoraphi""hara"teristi"s

    • $ervi"es or resour"es

    provided

    • %esident utili&ation oservi"es or resour"es

    provided

    • #umbers or rates odisease, illness, disability,in'uries

    $ales transa"tions,pur"hases

    • Poli"ies

    • Pi"tures, other visuals

    • (aps

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    )uantitative vs* )ualitative Data

    Quantitative:• Colle"ted in the orm o

    numbers or per"entaes

    • Closed+ended uestions

    • Answers who-, what-,when- and where-

    • Can demonstrate "auseand efe"t

    • Can .represent/ apopulation

    • Cannot "olle"t new ideasor responses, only those"onsidered ahead o time

    Qualitative:• Colle"ted in the orm o

    words, "on"epts,

    themes, or "ateories• Open+ended uestions

    • Answers how-, why-

    • Can provide ri"her,more in+depth data

    • Can provide data in arespondent0s own words

    • Can e1plore new ideasin a dynami" andunstru"tured way

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    2ow do we "olle"t34nd the data-

    • $e"ondary data 5

    Data someone else has "olle"ted

    • Primary data 5

    Data you "olle"t

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    Data "olle"tion "hoi"e

    • What you must ask yoursel5 – Will the data answer my resear"h

    uestion-

    •  To answer that – 6ou mu"h 4rst de"ide what your

    resear"h uestion is – Then you need to de"ide what

    data3variables are needed tos"ienti4"ally answer the uestion

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    Data "olle"tion "hoi"e

    • 7 that data e1ist in se"ondary orm,then use them to the e1tent you "an,keepin in mind limitations*

    • !ut i it does not, and you are able tound primary "olle"tion, then it is the

    method o "hoi"e*

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    $e"ondary Data 581amples o $our"es

    • County health departments

    • 9ital $tatisti"s : birth, death "erti4"ates

    • 2ospital, "lini", s"hool nurse re"ords

    • Private and oundation databases

    • City and "ounty overnments

    • $urveillan"e data rom state overnment

    prorams• ;ederal aen"y statisti"s + Census, #72,

    et"*

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Limitations

    • 7s the inormation e1a"tly what youneed -

     – 7n some "ases, may have to use .pro1yvariables/ : variables that mayappro1imate somethin you reallywanted to measure* Are they reliable-

    7s there "orrelation to what you a"tuallywant to measure-

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Limitations

    • What did you 4nd on the rustratin sideas you looked or data on the "ounty

    health department0s websites -

    • 7s the data set "omplete-

     – There may be missin inormation on

    some observations –

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Limitations

    • When was it "olle"ted- ;or how lon-

     – (ay be out o date or what you want

    to analy&e* – (ay not have been "olle"ted lon

    enouh or dete"tin trends*

    • Are there "onoundin problems-

     – $ample sele"tion bias-

     – $our"e "hoi"e bias-

     – 7n time series, did some observations

    drop out over time-

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Limitations

    • Are the data "onsistent3reliable-

     – Did variables drop out over time-

     – Did variables "hane in de4nitionover time-

    • 8** number o years o edu"ation

    versus hihest deree obtained*• #o need to reinvent the wheel*

     – 7 someone has already ound the

    data, take advantae o it*

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Advantaes

    • 7t will save your money*

     – 8ven i you have to pay or a""ess, otenit is "heaper in terms o money than

    "olle"tin your own data*

    • 7t will save your time*

     – Primary data "olle"tion is very time"onsumin*

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    $e"ondary Data 5 Advantaes

    • 7t may be very a""urate* – When espe"ially a overnment aen"y

    has "olle"ted the data, in"redible

    amounts o time and money went into it*7t0s probably hihly a""urate*

    7t has reat e1ploratory value – 81plorin resear"h uestions and

    ormulatin hypothesis to test*

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    Primary Data 581amples o $our"es

    • $urveys

    • ;o"us roups

    • )uestionnaires

    • Personal interviews

    Observational study• 81periments study

    • 8t"*

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    Primary Data 5 Limitations

    • Do you have the time and money or5

     – Desinin your "olle"tion instrument-

     – $ele"tin your population or sample-

     – Pre testin3pilotin the instrument towork out sour"es o bias-

     – Administration o the instrument-

     – 8ntry3"ollation o data-

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    Primary Data 5 Limitations

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    Primary Data 5 Advantaes

    •  The data are e1a"tly what you

    need

    •  The data are hihly "ontrolled

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    (a'or Types o Data Colle"tion (ethods

    • $el %eport

    • Observation• !iophysioloi" measures

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    Dimensions o Data Colle"tionApproa"hes

    • $tru"ture

    • )uanti4ability

    • %esear"her obtrusiveness

    • Ob'e"tivity

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     Types o $el+%eports

    =* Lie histories

    >* Think+aloud method?* Diaries and 'ournals

    @* Criti"al in"idents interviews

    * )+sortsB* 9inettes

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     Types o $el+%eports "ont0d

    E* ;o"us roups dis"ussion

    F* 7nterviews 9. Questionnaire

    =G*$"ale

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    Phenomena Amenable to %esear"hObservation

    • A"tivities and behavior

    •Chara"teristi"s and "onditions oindividuals

    • $kill attainment and perorman"e

    • 9erbal and nonverbal"ommuni"ation

    8nvironmental "hara"teristi"s

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    !iophysioloi" (easures

    7n vivo measurements

      Perormed dire"tly within or on livinoranisms e**, blood pressuremeasures

    7n vitro measurements  Perormed outside the oranism0s

    body e**, urinalysis

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    8valuatin 81istin 7nstruments 581amples

    • Does instruments measure what youwant to measure -

    • 7s the instrument reHe"tive o your"on"eptual de4nition o the variable -

    • 7s the instrument well "onstru"ted -

    • 7s the readability level o the instrument

    appropriate or your population -• What eviden"e is available related to

    reliability and validity o the instrument -

    • et"

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    Choosin an instrument

    AppropriatenessAppropriateness

    ValidityValidity

    ResponsivenessResponsiveness

    PrecisionPrecision

    InterpretabilityInterpretability

    AcceptabilityAcceptability

    ReliabilityReliability

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    ReerencesReerences

    !urns, #*, Irove, $* J*, >GG=* The pra"ti"e o!urns, #*, Irove, $* J*, >GG=* The pra"ti"e o#ursin resear"h 5 Condu"t, Critiue K#ursin resear"h 5 Condu"t, Critiue KGG@* Clini"al$tommel, (*, Wills, C* >GG@* Clini"al

    %esear"h 5 Con"epts and Prin"iples or%esear"h 5 Con"epts and Prin"iples orAdvan"ed Pra"ti"e #urses* Philadelphia 5Advan"ed Pra"ti"e #urses* Philadelphia 5Lippin"ott Williams K WilkinsLippin"ott Williams K Wilkins

    Polit, ;* D*, 2unler, P* !* >GG* #ursinPolit, ;* D*, 2unler, P* !* >GG* #ursin

    %esear"h 5 Prin"iples and (ethods* %esear"h 5 Prin"iples and (ethods* thth

     ed*ed*Philadel hia 5 Li in"ottPhiladel hia 5 Li in"ott 

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