SDC's Global Environment SDC's Global Environment Programme in India Programme in India (1992(1992--2006)2006)
A A reportreport basedbased on on practicepracticeClimateClimate Change and Change and SustainableSustainable Development Development
International workshop on Climate Change & Sustainable Development - 7th & 8th April, 2006.
Genesis
• Commitments at the Earth Summit
• NGO initiative- 1991: a special credit granted on the occasion of Switzerland's 700th anniversary
• SDC's Global Environment Programme (GEP) as a Bi-lateral Initiative: to provide support for developingcountries in implementing UN conventions concernedwith the global environment.
• SDC India Country Programmes: 1996-2003; 2003-2010
Challenge as a Small Bilateral Donor.
• To find a nische to make a difference on the ground in favor of the dis-advantaged sections of society in the global environmental context.
• Changing development context and country positions on development cooperation.
• A modest input by development agencies shouldtranslate into action and change on a wide scale: A multiplication effect.
Project Portfolio
• Natural fluid based refrigeration technologies to capacity building of technicians(ECOFRIG-HIDECOR-NCCoPP)
• Structural Transformation Processes towards SustainableDevelopment in India and Switzerland
• Renewable Resources Development- SPV lighting for the ruralpoor(SPV)
• Energy efficiency and pollution control in small scale industries to Competence Network for Small and Micro LearningEnterprises(CoSMiLE)
• Alternate building materials to rural housing(VSBK and BASIN)• Bio-energy technologies-thermal and power- from a poor wo/man's
fuel to a fuel for growth engine of / for the poor(Gasifiers)• Vulnerability assessment and enhancing adaptive capacity to
climate change in semi-arid areas in India(V&A)
Natural fluid based refrigeration technologiesto capacity building of technicians
• multibilateral to bilateral to Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol
• Contribution to Domestic refrigeration sector-technologyand service sector training
• Capitalise on innovative capacity building concept forClimate Change V&A and others
• Document climate change mitigation impacts
Features of Interventions.
• Appropriate energy services are key to economic growth and sustainable development
• Support the process of innovative technological changein institutions, organisations and their actors
• Being rooted in the reality of the partners and complexityon the ground
SPV lighting for the rural poor
• cofinancing frame WB- GEF
• exit phase with civil society organisations to reach the poor and benefit from the SHGs and micro-financeinstitutions
• Solar Innovation Facilitation Centre
• with 25% increase in prices for 37 watts panel, doessolar PV make sense for the poor
Energy Efficiency in small and micro enterprises (SMEs)
• Nearly 11 million small scale units • Contribute nearly 40% of industrial production • Account for one-third of India’s total exports• Provide huge employment (~ 26 million) • Sector characterized by clustering of large
number units in a small geographical area• Clusters act as nerve centers for overall
economic development of the region• SDC supported technology interventions in-
foundry, glass, brick/building materials and biomass energy systems
Significance of SMEs
Industry perceptions
• No credible support institutions to address their needs– Technology development –
mostly self driven • Regulatory environment and
benefits of new technology & financing schemes are geared for larger industry
• Mismatch between the importance of the sector vis-à-vis priority accorded from a sustainable development perspective
Energy efficient gas based furnace for glass baking
Conventional furnace Demonstration unit
Firozabad glass industry cluster
• Large small scale glass manufacturing cluster in India
• Majority of units engaged in bangle manufacturing (~ 50 million bangles everyday)
• Nearly 150,000 workers engaged directly in the industry
• Demo pot furnace set up under TERI-SDC initiative: Energy saving ~30%
• Presently 12 furnaces operating based on this design
• CO2 savings potential : 20,000 tonnes per year
Small-scale foundries
• 5000 foundry units in India located in clusters• Typical cluster size ~ 100 units• Employees over 0.5 million workers • Most units use conventional cupolas• Potential to save 25% energy by improved
cupola ( divided blast cupola)
• Demonstration/replication plants set-up at unit level by TERI-SDC in several clusters
• Possible to save over 400,000 tonnes of CO2per annum on an average at cluster level
Some castings made by foundry units
A DBC installed in Rajkot (Gujarat)
Brick Production in India
• Production : 140 billion bricks/year• Rural enterprises numbering > 100,000• Employment: 8 million people• Annual turnover: >US $ 3 billion• Fuel consumption
• Coal : 24 million tonnes (8%)• Biomass : 5-10 million tonnes
• CO2 generation• approx. 40 million tonnes
Introduction of resource efficient technologies
• Environment regulations: – Shift from moving chimney to fixed
chimney technology in about 20,000 brick kilns.
– Estimated savings of 1.5 million tonnes of coal/year or 2.5 million tonnes of CO2
• SDC initiative:– Ongoing since 1995– Introduction of Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln
• 20-60% energy savings compared to traditional kilns
• Around 80 kilns operating
• Proposed UNDP-GEF initiative– Increasing supply and demand for
resource efficient bricks – Perforated, hollow, fly-ash, etc.– Energy saving potential of 20% compared
to the current practices
Biomass Gasifier – Thermal Applications
• Rajasthan has a large number energy-intensive small and micro enterprises
– Textile (dyeing/hand-processing/block printing)
– Plaster of Paris– Lime Kilns– Food products (Khoya, Namkeen and
sweets• Present fuel: biomass, coal and
petroleum fuels • Estimated 700 food processing units in
Rajasthan alone – CO2 savings potential: 8,000 tonnes per year
• Can provide opportunity for rural employment through involvement of local community in biomass production
Biomass Gasifier for decentralized Power
• 10kW system development- example of a technology promoting sustainability at micro-level
• Over 25,000 unelectrified remote villages to be electrified through renewable energy systems
• Suited to provide energy access and security in a sustainable and environment friendly manner
• Potential to raise agricultural productivity, generate incomes and reduce migration
Typical Project Journey.
Characteristics:
– Find out potetials, partners, implementation pathways: action researchstudies
– Support those actors who are ready for a change even if they are not the best in terms of know-how and position / status.
– Benchmarking and long term perspective on technology development/adaptation
– Technology as entry point to address sensitive socio-economicdevelopment issues.
– Meet economic and environmental objectives:
– Develop project ownership and sector acceptance
– Flexible funding and empowered project governance
Lessons learnt
• Successful technology demonstration and establishing credibility at cluster level essential
• Pooling of right competencies (domain expertise)• Important to spend time understanding/ addressing industry concerns • Besides economics, replications depend on external environment and
regulatory framework • Long term support to the sector required to sustain change• SDC’s GEP has experienced build upto reaching the multilateral
mechanisms and also reaching the informal sector and the poor starting from the multilateral mechanisms
• Difficulties in building operational alliances across stakeholders on the ground (behavior at the boundaries) ex. technology-legal-social; Govt.-private-associations-academic institutions-....
Achievements: CO2 reductions from SME projects
020000400006000080000
100000120000140000160000180000200000
(Upto 2004) (Upto 2005)
Cumulative Cumulative (achieved)
Foundry Glass Brick Gasif ier
tonn
es
Achievements from Sustainable Development Perspective
• Worker owner platforms• New forms of solidarity based on -
women led perceptions ; technological society development perceptions
• Building on local knowledge and initiatives
• Sustenance of the workforce • Drastically reduced local pollution • Reduced health implications for
workers/local population• Cleaner/safer work environment
through reduced drudgery and exposure to pollutants
reaching the workers and their families differently
Way forward-what will helpImplementation
• Linking adoption of cleaner technologies in SMEs with financing channels
• Up-scaling and sustaining grass root level initiatives that contribute to SD.
• Creating a space for small and micro enterprises in the international debate on climate change and SD
• Find ways to acknowledge the contributions that are climate friendlyand promote sustainability specially when a cleaner fuel or moreefficient technology option is exercised
• Develop multi-partnership approach as a sustainable development strategy for action in the climate change context
• Support capacity building in institutions and organisations to accelerate the widespread use of cleaner energy systems.
South Asia
Aims - Goals
“A knowledge network committed to developing knowledge systems and promoting collaborative action to enable access by the poor to sustainable habitat and livelihoods”.
Focus • Rural Habitat and Livelihoods• South Asia• Knowledge consolidation, customization and
dissemination
Vulnerability assessment and enhancingadaptive capacity to climate change in
semiarid areas of India
• work in progress: situation analysis, best practicedocumentation,capacity building for local action, policy leveldialogue
• multistakeholder partnership to deal with horizontal and verticallinkages
• a major communication challenge- developing commonunderstanding needs flexibility, time and patience
• different organisational cultures and complex ground realities makebuilding of operational interfaces(boundary institutions) quitedemanding
• perhaps a platform to deepen the understanding of issues (paymentfor environmental services, water storage and management, agricultural species, production strategies and markets) and formulating key messages is a way forward
SocietyEconomy
Society
Biosphere
Dimensions of Sustainability
Social stability
Economic stability
Ecological stability(space and environment)
INFRAS 1996
Convergence corridor of sustainable development
CO
2em
issi
ons
(res
ourc
e co
nsum
ptio
n)
GDP (time)
North
Threshold countries
Sustainability Corridor
South
1
2
3
B
C
A
INFRAS 1996
Issues for research and understanding
• Developing sustainability markers for human habitats –doing away with conventional divides
• New social perspectives, social organisations rooted in sustainability thinking
• Constructing more socially oriented dialogues • Understanding tradeoffs as part of adaptation• How of CoSMiLE and BASIN like platforms/networks for
developing solutions and consolidating knowledge anchored in local benefits in the sustainable development context
