Sea Harvest Island Poets & the Poetry of Islands

a source book

D a v i d A n n w n

The I sl a n d Poet Series

Ynys ~ Ilha ~ Island ~ Øy ~ Insel ~ Isla

i.m. George Mackay Brown 1921- 1996

This is the rune for sleep. This is the rune-tree for resurrection. Safe landfall, warmth and light I pray For your star-drawn prow, Orcadian. All parts of this document, aside from the work of other acknowledged authors are © David Annwn, 2003-2010..

Acknowledgement

Very many thanks to Lucy Prinz of the Atlantic Monthly and to Peter Davison for permission to quote part of his online essay: 'Island as A Foreign Country...' Also to Professor Rajeev S. Patke of the Department of English Language &

Literature at the National University of Singapore for permission to reprint part of his online essay: ‘The Islands of Poetry’.

Grateful ackowledgements are additionally made to:

Katrin Andresen of the Estonian National Library, Harry Bell, Dale Butler, Eric Chock, Peter Curman, Tom Eckerman, Bo Erikssson, Dr D Gorter,

Ad. & Jenny de Haan, Erik Hedin, Hollie on Sanibel Island, Gwyn Jones, Joy Kobayashi-Cintron, Neils Larsen, Georgia Lee, Professor Helder Macedo,

Ilse Mangelsdorf, Paula McCarron, Philip Mead, Ellen Okuma, Bolethe Olsen, Iain Orr for his personal island-library,

Michael O’Shea, Fiona Owen, Roy Philbrow, Dean Tarrant, Francis Van maele, Betty Van Wonderen, Pastor Eckhard Wallmann,

Laura Watson, Ketut Yuliarsa of the Ganesh Bookstore, Bali, Dr Robin Young, Margaret Daniellson, Eva Gustaffson-Lindvall &

Camilla Persson at Mariehamn stadsbibliotek, Åland, without whose generous assistance this research would not have been possible.

This work is written in memory of George Mackay Brown and dedicated to all the receptive and encouraging individuals named above.

Greatest gratitude must go to Dr Lesley Newland,

my wife, whose patient forbearance and hard work at all times allowed the search to continue.

In Search of Poesislands, Poesis lands, Poesy islands, Is Lands …there’s that Irish [autobiography] called Twenty Years A-Growing by a young man, is it The Blasket Islands off the south-west of Ireland and he’d never, well he went across to the fair, but you know it’s a beautiful book. (Scottish Writers Talking) The words quoted here are those of George Mackay Brown, Orcadian poet and novelist, talking about Maurice O’Sullivan’s book, originally published in Irish. From the earliest centuries of writing, poets have been fascinated by islands. Witness The Odyssey or the edenic isle in the Epic of Gilgamesh or the Icelandic island of Drangey in Grettir’s Saga. Further, bards and makers have always been fascinated with island-poets. For poets of the mainland countryside, suburbia or cities, island-poets have often been perceived as the artist as other. That otherness has been conceived variously, sometimes as the grounds of an exotic culture ripe for exploitation, a savagery open to domination or a pre-Adamic innocence, a resource which endows such poets with an elemental vision set apart from Western consumerism. Island poets are fascinated by islands. As Esther Nirina of Madagascar has written: L’ìle Et les ìles Fruits nourris des océans Island And islands Fruits nourished by the oceans Furthermore, poets born and raised on small islands are often curious about poets from the next island, other islands nearby or further far-flung islands: do these island-poets see things, write things, speak things differently there or are there connections between our art and theirs ? On my way to interview George Mackay Brown, just such a poet, my feelings on stepping off the ferry at Stromness, Orkney, in 1976 were extreme. It seemed to my Anglo-Welsh sensibility as if I were approaching a treeless rock at the top of the world. It had not entered my consciousness yet how central the Orkneys had been to

the islanders themselves. Even at that stage I knew other islands: Anglesey, Bardsey, Caldy and the Isle of Man in particular. But I was yet to visit a crowd of other insulae: Rhodes, Crete, Madeira, Cos, Peaks Island off Portland, Maine, Kalymnos, Symmi, Capri, Sicily, the Skelligs, Corfu, coastal areas like Holy Island, Lindisfarne, (only a part-time island), and land-locked ‘islands’ like Sunk Island and the Isle of Axeholme. Still, apparently, all unbeknown to myself, an obsession was forming. In his essay: ‘Settler Calibans in John Murrell’s New World’, Mark Houlahan has written:

…“knowing” such islands or their literatures is always mediated,…we are constrained to read islands through the lenses of other island texts. In particular, islands that were or remain colonies are read and read themselves through lenses provided by the metropolitan, imperial centre from which those colonies descend

This constraint, overwhelmingly sensed in the past, is no longer as powerful as it once was and many of the writers cited below have chosen to jettison such refracting lenses in order to fashion their own. As a reader too young to sense the blatant imperialistic ethos through its rollicking brotherhood of adventure, as a boy I’d preferred RM Ballantyne’s Coral Island , (and even Robinson Crusoe), to Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island which for some reason, probably curricular, was forced onto us three times at school,. Isle of Cats Erskine Childers The Riddle of the Sands. I’m sure that for many readers of these pages, whatever their culture, books about islands read in childhood will remain some of the most vivid primal stories which they remember. Why is this ? If one’s home is or was a small island it is easy to see the reason. But why is this also true for the rest of us ? There’s no space to answer such a question convincingly here but it’s worth recalling that individual consciousness is itself, firstly, an island. The thirst for that we might consider richly exotic, magical places, a topos away from ‘here’, is also strong. Clear outline too has something to do with it. The notion of complete isolation, (psychiatrists might read this as solipsism or withdrawal), of shipwreck on a remote island is terrifying for a child because such a scenario speaks so clearly to their deepest fears of parental desertion and consequent vulnerability. When isolation isn’t complete and the island sustains several inhabitants, their distinctive characteristics seem larger than life. When the struggle to live on the island is a harsh one, the personalities of the different protagonists are even more clearly-delineated.This is clear from Robinson Crusoe and William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. Mass culture and its media also share this obsession with islands: witmess the success of TV shows like Shipwrecked where two teams based on two small islands compete for prizes or, more recently, the very popular Lost. Yet and moreover, this clarity of outline is all the more visible because it can be set against the backdrop of the unknown: the exotic, the strange and the savage. This at least is the pattern of the traditional Western novel and poem of islands in English, Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe onwards. Ironically, in the English novel, the small island isn’t usually seen as the reader’s home, (even if in tales of the 20th century like Swallows and Amazons where lake-isles seem to be part of a homescape), and the protagonist is either a shipwrecked merchant, a tourist or a visitor. Such a paradigm of one or a few individuals set against that elemental, sometimes hostile, microcosm of

nature which we call an island probably exerts such an endless fascination for the human imagination because it hints at that which was, in phenomenological terms, a primal condition. Yet the above comment is no longer true – even that which one might call ‘English novels’ are plural and many-voiced and multiple in their insular topoi. Perhaps part of the appeal is also found in the notion that one can view macrocosm in microcosm, the whole within a reifiable smaller part. To be able to walk round a land in a day, to be able to gaze across one’s home and community: these are desires associated with a sense of human span, of completion. Of course, as Derek Walcott has reminded us, the world’s continents are, in the last analysis, islands, and the world itself an island in space. So: a Gazetteer of over two thousand poets from islands all over the world. Why indulge in such a patently insane or, at the very least, rareified enterprise ? After all, we mustn’t forget that most habitable islands must have been the subjects of oral poetries for hundreds of thousands of years before writing evolved on or visited their shores; in all but a very few cultures, this very early island poetry has vanished with the generations of anonymous makers. We only have to imagine the pre-Homeric oral poets of the Greek islands or the unknown bards of the builders of Maeshowe on Orkney to realise this. So why even attempt such a scheme ? I must have asked myself that question a hundred times or more as I assembled the following array of island poets. On hearing of my self-inflicted project the Sheffield-based poet Geraldine Monk could not contain her incredulity: “What ? Any poets from any islands ?” Why? Surely I couldn’t be serious. And, as my wife asked: “What if you write this whole study and you’ve missed out the most important island-poet in the world ?” I replied: “I won’t” which gained the quick rejoinder: “But you wouldn’t know if you had, would you ?” Point taken with salutary shame, head cradled in hands. Some rather insular Western English-speaking literati might be expected to comment: ‘I’ve heard of Derek Walcott and one or two others but why should I be interested in these streams of unknown names ?’ An answer might be: ‘Unknown to whom exactly ?’ And that’s the crux (or at least one of them): perspective. For many of these island-poets, our Nobel prize for poetry and tickertape of popular English and American writers might, concomittantly, mean less than nothing. If gathering this Gazetteer has taught me one thing, it is my own incredible ignorance. Additionally, to their own island-communities, the writings of their own, (to us ‘unknown’), poets might mean a great deal. One also senses a need to acknowledge multiple and plural, not single, types of topographic awareness is not limited to the fields of literature. In relation to political economy, Godfrey Baldacchino and Robert G Greenwod have written:

…globalization carries along with it a tempting, 'one-worldist' perspective which commits a series of paradigmatic injustices to islands:

It issues an invitation which is difficult to refuse: to take on board, and assess oneself in relation to, a given, 'best practice'- which is placeless and a-historical.

It tends to locate islands and small territories back on a global tapestry which resurrects discourse of core-periphery, relegating islands to a structural

disadvantage they cannot usurp. In relation to both the above, it enthusiastically and triumphantly proclaims that information technology and state-of-the-art communications infrastructure - in themselves 'best practices' - will render physical characteristics and distances redundant in influencing economic competitiveness. We're all part of the global village, aren't we?

Island research suggests that we must beg to differ. Islands have specific advantages and weaknesses in relation to both external competition and internal resource extraction

Those insular ‘advantages’ and weaknesses’ are crucial and particular. This strand of literary research is indeed a valid one and part of its motivation is the desire for a reciprocal validation of the cultures of different islands, an awareness of the need to acknowledge and respect particular, different literary entities. Professor Rajeev S. Patke on the world-wide Net has used Brathwaite’s image of the polyp to discuss the self-awareness of islands and island-cultures:

A poem by Brathwaite begins and ends with the identical image of the polyp: A yellow mote of sand dreams in the polyp’s eye.... my yellow pain swims into the polyp’s eye.

The polyp in these poems is an emblem for the mind as it ruminates over an idea, like grit in an oyster. This germinating idea is none other than that of an island becoming aware of itself. It is also the idea of the self discovering itself as an island. For such islanders, the literal island is simply the pretext for a text naming itself, as in invocation or exorcism. It is also the recognition of a need, as in a prayer. For instance, in this poem from Australia, an island is simply the point of vantage from which to take stock of the self, after which our Prospero of the self may be allowed to drown (and the island revert, presumably, to its congenial spirit, Caliban):

Before we break the staff,

and sink into the sea,

here by the southern ocean

I pray for you

on your island. pray for me. That reciprocal prayer might seem a timely succour devoutly to be wished for. Such a huge task might indeed prove thankless? Certainly this was to be a project prone to the torment of endless hesitations: It could not be / it could never be –however strict its historical parameters – in any sense ‘comprehensive’, but the paradigm of island and poet interested me deeply. ‘No man is an island…’ No woman.

The list of mea culpae with which I originally opened this study grew so extensive and pitiable in tone that it gradually dawned on me that it seemed calculated to dissuade anyone other than the hardiest ascetic from reading the following words. Thus anyone who wishes to discover how I set the parameters of this work needs now to turn to the Afterword. I wish these readers good luck. Hopefully, my hard slog won’t detract from ease of reading. On the credit side, no limitation could detract from the incredible excitement of discovery involved in this research. The continuous revelations, (for me), of whole communities of island-poets whose work is largely-unknown to the readers of English poetry is more than worth the effort. To encounter stunning poets like Edouard Maunick, Herberto Helder and Cruz de Souza to name but three, is a privilege. Such a project is amply worth pursuing for its own sake, for the sakes of the poets, their distinctive poetry and their islands. Island Studies is increasing The Gazetteer starts with Orkney in the northern hemisphere because, as I’ve written, George Mackay Brown was the first poet of a small island to fire my imagination and set up some of the questions which I explore here. It ends with Tierra del Fuego in the southern hemisphere because of the name of the Fuegian Museo Fin del Mundo. There are, of course, a great many Fins del Mundo and Finesterres, as many as masses of land, but I decided to finish for the time-being on this one. As J Douglas Porteous has written: ‘Islands vie for the title of 'most isolated': the Chilean candidate is Rapanu/Easter Island, 'la isla mas isla del mundo.' Everywhere in island imaginative literature, from Homer to current tourist brochures, hyperbole and paradox abound.’ In a time of the breaking of canons, and the development of Post-Colonial Studies and new vistas opening, for example, in critical areas like Pacific Studies, such a Gazetteer is, I hope, a valuable tool. Organisations like the Institute of Island Studies at the University of Prince Edward Island, the North Atlantic Islands Programme, the Island Resources Foundation, the Overseas Territories Conservation Forum and the Institute of Small States and Islands at the University of Malta encourage such explorations. There are an increasing number of courses like that run by Dr Juniper Ellis at Loyola College Maryland: ‘Islands Literature: From Paradise to the Postcolonial.’ Required reading here includes: Cristina Garcia, Dreaming in Cuban, Vilsoni Hereniko, Last Virgin in Paradise, Keri Hulme, The Bone People, Earl Lovelace, The Dragon Can't Dance, Herman Melville, Typee, V. S. Naipaul, Miguel Street, Derek Walcott, Dream on Monkey Mountain and Other Plays and Albert Wendt, Sons for the Return Home.On the French island of Ouessant, the Salon du Livre Insulaire runs a competition for the Prix du Livre Insulaire each year. They also publish an excellent Bibliography of new Island books. Oceanic and Polynesian studies and the Universities of Hawaii and Papua New Guinea Texts like Message in a Bottle, The Literature of Small Islands also indicate increasing critical interest in these areas. Writing from and out of Western Europe, I’m not impervious to the fact that the ‘North Atlantic Turbine’, (as Edward Dorn called it), of North American and British Imperialist technologies and publishing still assert their legacy. Yet, with the advent of the newer university presses, hyper-texts and desk-top publishing, the last 20 years have at last seen an explosion of poetry publication from those regions of the world whose writers and work have so often been viewed as marginal. Moreover, because of the Net, that great upsurge has been accessible. I’ve made no attempt to differentiate between poets from the ages we call Classical and

those contemporary poets from the present day and recent past other than to give their dates when readily available. In 2002 I published Robin Young’s translations of Carina Karlsson’s poetry from Äland – the first book-length of her work in English. In 2004, I received a Ferguson Centre Grant to research the poetry of Marjorie Evasco, (the Philippines), Angeline Yap, (Singapore), Hsia Yû, (Taiwan) and Jean Arasanayagam, (Sri Lanka).

GAZETTEER {Please note: Where I’ve found a glancing reference to an island in a poem or a novelist associated with an island, I use the word ‘See:…’ to indicate these. Where a large island like Auckland, New Zealand, is featured in order to give a sense of context in literary studies of the area, this is shown by the words indicative only to imply that no attempt has been made to compile an extended list of associated poets which can be amply supplied by consulting other easily-accessible anthologies. Where I have been uncertain about a citation, I indicate this with a question mark.} ISLANDS OF NORTHERN EUROPE ORKNEY

George Mackay Brown 1921- Edwin Muir Robert Rendall Earl Rognvald: Hattalykill / Lay of Metres Janet McInnes Ernest Marwick Bessie Grieve John Skea Duncan Robertson Turf-Einar Bjarni Kolbeinsson, Bishop of Orkney 1188-1222 Arnor Thordarson ‘Hrynhenda’ David Vedder Walter Traill Dennison J Emerson Poetical Descriptions of Orkney (1652) See Gary Geddes: Skaldance, 2004

ANGLESEY / MON Goronwy Owen Steve Davies Lewis Morris / Llewelyn Du

John Morris Jones Robert Ap Huw Percy Hughes Gruffudd Gryg Sefnyn: 14th Century

Gwyn Parry Marianne Jones Chas Parry Jones Gail Hughes Ian Davidson Fiona Owen Zoe Skoulding Alan Pryce-Jones

HOLYHEAD ISLAND/HOLYHEAD ISLAND

WH Davies See R.S.Thomas LLANDDWYN ISLAND (Really a peninsula. See the film Half Light.) YNYS ENLLI / BARDSEY ISLAND Brenda Chamberlain Christine Evans See RS Thomas Miriam Scott: Going to the Island CALDEY/ YNYS BWR See David Jones David Hodges: Songs from Solitude and On the Night Tide Stephen Pratt SKOKHOLM See Dear Islandman, letters, compiled by Ronald Lockley. RAMSEY/ YNYS DEWI Kay Hathway GRASSHOLM (GWALES) See ‘Branwen Daughter of Llyr’ in The Mabinogion and hence Robert Duncan’s ‘From the Mabinogion’ ST GEORGE’S ISLAND

See Wilkie Collins: The Rats of Looe Island See Evelyn E. Atkins

LUNDY See Drayton’s Polyolbion B.P. Creswell: A legend of Lundy, poems See H. Belloc, The Chanty of Nona A Tucker & G. Rigby Crossing to Lundy

Hannington, J.Lundy adventures, 1879. Poem describing visit by Hannington, later bishop in Africa.

STEEPHOLM Brian Biddle: ‘Wild Paeony’

BURGH ISLAND, DEVON See Agatha Christie and Noel Coward EEL PIE ISLAND, LONDON Canadian Chris: See Eel Pie Dharma and Cricket Formations NORTHEY The Battle of Maldon Poet SHEPPEY Stephen Turner Tom Odley Ros Barber ISLE OF MAN T.E. Brown Brian Stowell b 1936 Michael Daugherty Frank Kershaw Paul Lebiedszinski Robert Corteen Carswell Colin Jerry George Broderick

Kevin Corlett William Teare Manx ‘peasant poet’ See Hall Caine: The Manxman W. Caine ? Thomas Shimmin William Walter Gill (1876-1963) Josephine Kermode (“Cushaga”) William Kennish Vinty Kneale David Moffat See Larry Drake T E Barton (1830-1897) William Henry (1839-1922) Mona Douglas

HILBRE ISLANDS See Ann Cleeves, novelist BARROW-IN-FURNESS ISLANDS BARROW ISLAND

CHAPEL ISLAND FOULNEY ISLAND ST MARY’S ISLAND Joan Hewitt SHEEP ISLAND PIEL ISLAND See William Wordsworth WALNEY ISLAND Norman Nicholson: ‘From Walney Island’ ISLE OF WIGHT Alfred Tennyson (See also Avalon: river and lake isles Imaginary islands: ‘The Lady of Shalott’ and Mere-islands possibly based on Lord de Tabley’s residence, Cheshire, England.) Jean Ingelow: See ‘Gladys and Her Island’ with Isle of Wight as possible influence.

See John Keats See HW Longfellow David Gascoyne Dr Brian Hinton A. Swinburne: See ‘The Forsaken Garden’ See Elizabeth Sewell, novelist Emma Must Robin Ford

FARNE ISLANDS See Basil Bunting Briggflatts Eva Hope / Marianne Farningham Alan Gay LINDISFARNE See Basil Bunting David Adam See Peter Mortimer See Tony Harrison See Valerie Laws

ST CUTHBERT’S ISLAND Andrew Waterhouse READ’S ISLAND David Wheatley ST MARY’S ISLAND Joan Hewitt COQUET ISLAND See Jane Harvey: The Castle of Tynemouth (this is a prose work citing Coquet Island

but the chapters have verse epigraphs)

ISLE OF MAY See Sir Walter Scott Kathleen Jamie: ‘The Captain’ SCILLY ISLANDS See Gerald England See Philip Gross

Robert Maybee, the Scillonian poet: Sixty Eight Years’ Experience in the Scilly Islands (1884) Barbara Hasler David Constantine: ‘Islands’

BRYHER

See Winifred Ellerman (Bryher) Sir Walter Besant, Armorel of Lyonesse, (novel) See John Fowles

LEWIS (Ljóðhús translates from Old Norse to English as Home of the Poet) Ian Stephen b. 1955 Iain Crichton Smith Kevin MacNeil Siusaidh MicNeill Derick Thomson / Ruaraidh MacThomais Murdani Mast Kenneth Smith Scott Martin Donald Alastair MacDonald Anne Frater b.1967 Brendan Galvin

PABAILL ISLAND Ian Stephen GREAT BERNERA Calum Sgàire (Malcolm Macaulay): song-maker ISLAY James Knox Whittet Iain Crichton Smith: ‘On the Beach, Islay’ FLOTTA James Hay, Poems by James Hay, Inspector of Poor, (1900?)

Isobel Holbourn, (child included in Sergio Mariotti’s Lights of Islands, Shetland Islands in Photographs and Poems)

HOY Joanna Ramsey, Walking on Hoy ISLE OF ARRAN

Robin Fulton Edwin Morgan: ‘An Arran Death’ Alastair Reid

SCARP Anna Adams: Island Chapters EIGG Alexander Macdonald: 18th century ‘Pulling the Sea Dulse’ : collected by Kenneth Macleod Kenneth MacKinnon Alaistair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair The Gaelic Eigg Collection of Ronald McDonald HOLY ISLAND Kay Hathway FOULA John Sands Rosanna Umphray, ballad-singer Ian B. Stoughton Holbourn Leona Gear, age 7, ‘Seasons on Foula’ Katrina Porteous See John Betjeman: ‘Shetland, 1973’

IONA

Columba See W Scott: The Lord of the Isles 1815 Dallan Forgall: Amra Cholumb Chille Cu Chuimne & Rubin: Hibernensis Beccan mac Luigdech Alix Brown George Bruce: ‘The Stones of Iona and Columba’ Thomas Lynch

STAFFA Ossian, James Mc Pherson See Carl Klingerman CANNA Agela Blacklock-Brown Kathleen Raine BARRA Molly Holden ISLE OF SEIL C John Taylor EASDALE ISLAND See Garth Waite, Vicky Waite COLONSAY Donald A MacNeill COLL Iain Crichton Smith TIREE ORANSAY See Alistair Paterson

Norman MacAfee GIGHA W S Graham Vie Tulloch, A Singular Neighbour and Other Poems

MONK’S ISLAND (Loch Lomond) St Dallam SOUTH UIST Donald MacDonald Hugh MacDiarmid: ‘Perfect’ NORTH UIST Mary Maclean John MacAskill Pauline Prior-Pitt Stewart Conn SKYE Mairi Mhor nan Oran Angus Peter Campbell Rody Gorman, (Dubliner, lived in Skye since 1987) Siứsaidh Nicnéill, (Moved from Lewis to Skye in 1988) Iain MacNeacail, oral poet and song-maker Stewart Conn Rody Gorman Kathleen Jamie HARRIS Mary McLeod Norman MacCaig: ‘Below the Clisham…’ HALLAIG Sorley MacLean MULL Thomas Campbell Dugald Macphail (1818-87) See lyricist Colin Macintyre: Mull Historical Society Myles Campbell ERISKAY Allan MacDonald

Fr. Allan SCALPAY Norman MacCaig SHIANT Ian Stephen FEENISH ISLAND John Redmond SKELLIG ST MICHAEL

Patrick Bushe: Hopkins on Skellig St Michael Tomas Ruadh Ua Suilliobhain, Iveragh poet: Maidean Bhog, Aluinn, I mBaidh Na Scealg Gerry Loose, see Eitgal

HIGH ISLAND Richard Murphy INISHBOFIN Richard Murphy Eithne Cavanagh RATHLIN ISLAND Heather Newcombe Derek Mahon ACHILL ISLAND John F Deane Eavan Boland OMEY ISLAND (tidal island) Richard Murphy See Benedict Kiely, novelist ST PATRICK’S PURGATORY ISLAND, LOUGH DERG Donnchadh Mor O Dalaigh: Truagh mo thuras ar Loch Darg See Seamus Heaney

BOA ISLAND See Seamus Heaney See Francis Harvey INNIS BEARNA Sean Mac Conmara INISHKEA ISLANDS, MAYO TORY ISLAND Eithne Cavanagh: ‘Tory Island Images’ VALENTIA ISLAND See: Valentia, A Different Irish Island by Nellie Ó Cléirigh WESTPORT BAY ISLANDS See George A. Birmingham, (Rev. James Owen Hannay)

novelist, 1865-1950 SALTEE ISLAND Eithne Cavanagh DALKEY ISLAND, DUBLIN BAY Henrietta Battier [née Fleming] (c.1751–1813) "Patt. Pindar" CLARE ISLAND, MAYO Sean Lysaght James McCabe INISHMAAN (Is this the Isle of Man ?)

Ciarán Ó Coigligh, poet in Irish,English and French

INNISFREE, Lake Isle See WB Yeats INISHBOFIN, GALWAY Michael Shayer, Poems from an Island DEVENISH ISLAND, Lough Erne Cuimin of Conor fl. 650

CAPE CLEAR ISLAND Chuck Kruger MUCK ISLAND Adrian Rice THE BLASKETS Peig Sayers

Micheal O Gaoithin/ Micheal O’Guiheen, ‘The Poet’, ‘The Last Poet’

Micheal O Suilleabhain Tomas O Criomhthain J M Synge Peadur Dunlevy Julie O’Callaghan: ‘The Great Blasket Island’ Peter Fallon THE ARAN ISLANDS J M Synge Mairtin O Direainn Dolores Stewart Mary O’Malley See Seamus Heaney Gerard Hanberry Valerie Gillies INISHMORE Michael Longley INISHMAAN Michael O’Siadhal ST KILDA

Douglas Dunn: St Kilda’s Parliament Jim Crumley Neil Curry Edwin Morgan

THE ISLAND OF THE WHITE COW Deborah Tall SHETLAND

Christine de Luca b1947 The Hildina Ballad The Unst Lay King Orfeo George Stewart 1825-1911 James Stout Angus 1830-1923 Jessie M E Saxby 1842-1940 James Inkster c1843-1927 L J Nicolson 1844-1901 Basil R Anderson 1861-1888 J J Haldane Burgess 1862-1927 T P Ollason 1865-1908 Christina Jamieson 1866-1942 John Nicolson 1876-1951 Jane Saxby 1877-1951 William Stewart 1886-1916 William Porteous 1887-1917 Walter Shewan 1892-1949 Elizabeth J Smith 1894-1991 John Peterson 1895-1972 Peter Jamieson 1898-1976 Emily Milne 1904-1970 Vagaland 1909-1973 Hamish Bowie b1912 William J Talt 1918-1992 Stewart Smith 1918-1970 James G Smith 1919-1996 John J Graham b1921 Laurence I Graham b1924 Jessie Nicol b1924 Stella Sutherland b1924 Jack Renwick b1924 Janet Hughson Smith b1926 Rhoda Butler 1929-94 Mary Ellen Odie b1932 George P S Peterson b1933 Wendy Gear b1933 McKenzie Cash b1937 Janette Euson b1940 Christian Tait b1940 J Laughton Johnston b1940 Robert Johnson b1941

Laurna Robertson b1942 Jenni Sinunons Laureen Johnson Jim Moncrieff b 1947 Jim Mainland b1952 Glynda Batchelor b1952 Mary Robertson b1953 John M Tait b1955 John McKee Anne Dickie Jane Sinclair b1956 Jane Macaulay b1957 Robert Alan Jamieson b1958 ‘The Curring Down of Cutty Sark’ Derick Tulloch b1961 Jo Hanlon b1963 Paul J Ritch b1967

FAIR ISLE Barbara Wilson James W. Stout, Margo Murray, (children included in Sergio Mariotti’s Lights of Islands, Shetland Islands in Photographs and Poems) James Rankin: ‘Fair Isle Pattern’

RAASAY Sorley MacLean/ Somhairle MacGill-Eain b. 1911 FAEROES Páll Nólsoy 1766-1809 Jens Christian Djurhuus 1773-1853 Fredríkur Ptersen 1853-1917

Rasmus Effersøe 1857-1916 Rikard Long

Mikkjal Danjalsson à Ryggi J. H. O. Djurhuus 1881-1948

HA Djurhuus 1883-1951 Christian Matras b 1900

William Heinesen b 1900 Regin Dahl b 1918 Napoleon Djurhuus 1928-71) Steinbjorn Jacobsen b 1937 Gudrid Helmsdal-Nielsen b 1941 Roi Patursson b 1947 Hedin M. Klein b. 1950 Karsten Hoydal Jorgen Frantz Jacobsen Nolsoyar-Poul Poulson Carl Johan Jensen Johannes Patursson 1866-1946 Vensen Ulrich 1819-1909 Martin Joenson Pol F Joenson Alexandur Kristiansen ICELAND Arnor Thordarson Armod Sigurder Sigurdsson 1879-1939

Unnur Benediktsdottir Bjarlind / “Hulda” 1881-1946 Magnus Stefansson / Orn Arnarson 1884-1942 Thorbergur Thordarson b 1889 Gunnar Gunnarsson b 1889 David Stefansson 1895-1964 Johannes ur Kotlum 1899-1972 Tomas Gudmundsson b1901 Halldor Laxness b1902 Gudmundur Bodvarsson 1904-74 Snorri Hjartarson b1906 Stein Steinarr 1908-1958 Kristjan fra Djupaloek b1916 Jon ur Vor b1917 Einar Bragi b1921 Hannes Sigfusson b1922 Sigfus Dadason b1928 Matthias Johansson b1930 Johann Hjalmarsson b1939 Thuridur Gudmundsdottir b1939 Nina Bjork Arnadottir b1949 Snorri Sturluson 1179-1241 Hallgrimur Petursson c1614-74 Jonas Hallgrimsson 1807-45 Hannes Petursson b 1931

Thorsteinn fra Hamri b 1938

Dagur Sigurdarson b 1937 Einar Mar Gudmundsson b 1954 Elisabet Jokulsdottir b 1958 Sigfus Bjartmarsson b 1954 Linda Vilhjalmsdottir b 1958 Gyrdir Eliasson b 1961 Sigurjon Birgir Sigurdsson / ‘Sjon’ b1962 Kristin Omarsdottir b 1962 Bragi Olafsson b 1962 Stephan G. Stephansson (Icelandic/Canadian) Jon Kari Bjarni Vigfussen 1786-1841 Sjon Naja Maria Aidt Jon Oskar Hallgrimur Oskarsson Kristjana Gunnars (Icelandic/Canadian) Sigurdur Palsson Hasse Poulsen Steinunn Sigurdardottir VESTMAN ISLANDS Ási í Bae

GREENLAND Henrik Lund / Indaleraq 1875-1948 Villads Villadsen b1916 Arkaluk Lynge Malik O M Hall Jonathan Petersen

Rasmus Berthelsen Pavia Petersen Kristen Poulsen Frederik Nielsen Ole Brandt Hans A. Hansen Jørgen Fleischer Moses Olsen Aqissiaq Møller Ole Korneliussen James Montgomerey 1771-1854: Greenland ,1819 The Pelican Island, 1828

SVALBARD / SPITZBERGEN

Helge Ingstad Fridjof Nansen See Ulrika Eriksson

See Jan Erik Vold b 1939 See Olle Sparrman

See Basil Bunting: Briggflatts LOFOTEN ISLANDS See Bjornstjerne Bjornson

See Petter Dass Knut Hamsun See Olav Duun See Bjorn Aamodt

ALSTEN Petter Dass SØRØYA / SØRØY ISLAND

RUNMARO Tomas Transtromer BALTIC ISLANDS Arvid Morne HVEN Tycho Brahe, (also a poet) Lena Cedergren (sculptor) Gabriel Jönsson SUOMENLINNA (ISLAND FORTRESS) Joe Brady

ÅLAND Karl Erik Bergman b 1930 Katarina Gaddnas-Karlsson Carina Karlsson b 1966 Ethel Karlsson 1915-1994 Valdemar Nyman 1904-98

Eric Karlsson-Ramsdahl 1875-1923 Kiki Alberius-Forsman b 1951 Jan Andersson b 1951 Kent Danielsson b 1953

Helle Hellberg 1884-1981 Gunvor Javen b1925 George Kahre 1899-1969 Ulla-Lena Lundberg b1947 Signe Morn 1922-1981 Sigvard Nordberg 1932-1999 Robert Nordling 1936-1996 Joel Pettersson 1892-1937 Runar Salminen 1912-88

Sanna Tahvanainen

HIIUMAA

Ave Alavainu (1942) Leena Laid-Parker (1902-1942) Esta Aksli Hiiusaare Ann Helgi Kauber (1926) Mare Murumets Julius Oengo (1901-1941) Gustav Tikerpuu (1888-1913) Vaapo Vaher (1945) Elmar Vrager (1916-1998) Tõnu Õnnepalu (1962) See Ave Alavaini

See Boris Shtejn See Walter Flex

SAAREMAA Aleksander Antson (1899-1945) Carl Wilhelm Freundlich (1803-1872) Ivar Grünthal (1924-1996) Villem Grünthal-Ridala (1885-1942) Helvi Jürisson (1928) Aira Kaal (1911-1988) Henno Käo (1942) Jaan Oks (1884-1918) Juhan Smuul (1922-1971) Olga Särel (1894-?) Ingel Tael (Milla Mägi) (1949) Jaanus Tamm (1957) Tarmo Teder (1958) Endla Tegova (1922-1987) Debora Vaarandi (1916) Bernhard Viiding (1932) Ämblik-Make (Hannes Rist) Peep Ilmet (Peep Gorinov) (1948)

Enda Naaber (1938) Kari Lauren (Tiina Naaber) Maria Elise (Doris Peucker) Ain Leemet See Lydia Koidula 1843-86

See Aaro Hellakoski, (Finnish poet) See Juhan Liiv

MOHNI, ESTONIA Kristiina Ehin, poet, folklorist NAISSAAR (NARGEN) See Bernhard Schmidt, famous astronomer TRAKAI (CASTLE ISLAND) See Simonas Firkovicius

ŐLAND Erik Johan Stagnelius 1793-1823

Anna Rydstedt 1928-94 Lennart Sjogren See Goran Sonnevi : ‘Aby, Oland; 1982’

DALARŐ August Strindberg See Erik Lindegren 1910-1968 KYMMENDŐ See Werner Aspenstrőm August Strindberg 1849-1912 LIDINGŐ See Otto Gelsted 1888-1968 HARAMSØY See Stein Mehren b. 1935 DANISH ISLANDS BORNHOLM

Djorn Juni

Grethe Solhverv Rasmussen Kim Foss Jensen. A. Hammer Paul Jørgensen JB Kirkegaard, Eske K Mathiesen Christaian Stub-Jørgensen Jens Thaanum Carlsen Evan Vestergaard See Martin Andersen Nexø 1869-1954 (novelist) Holger Drachmann

ANHOLT See Harald Kidde, novelist 1878-1918 GOTLAND See Tomas Transtromer: Baltics

David Alqvist See Peter Curman Hakan Anderson Sonja Åkesson (1926-1977) Gustaf Larsson (1893-1985)

FALSTER See Sophus Claussen 1865-1931 B.S. Ingemann 1789-1862 LOLLAND Emil Aarestrup 1800-56 Gustav Wied, novelist & dramatist, 1858-1914 Kaj Munk, dramatist, 1898-1944 LANGELAND See Adam Oehlenschläger 1779-1850 See Frank Jaeger 1926-77 THY J.P. Jacobsen 1847-85 TÅSINGE Niels Møller 1859-1941

SJAELLAND Thomas Kingo 1634-1703 Adam Oehlenschläger 1779-1850 Johannes Ewald 1743-81 B.S. Ingemann 1789-1862 Chr. Winther 1796-1876 Ludwig Holstein 1864-1943 See Gustav Wied, novelist, dramatist Frank Jaeger 1926-77 PM Møller 1794-1838 HELGOLAND Kruss Heine: Die Nordsee from

Buch der Lieder, Heimkehr, Nr. 10/11 See: Eckermann: The Helgoland Fishergirl See: Robert Gernhart See friendship with Petter Dass RUGEN (“Halbinsel”) Ernst Moritz Arndt Theodor Fontane, (a poet too) 1819-98 USEDOM See Theodor Fontane, (as novelist) Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (1874-1927) (a.k.a. Elsa Plötz, (born Swinemünde, now Świnoujście)) See and Hannah Höch and Raul Hausmann WOLLIN FEHMARN (“Halbinsel”) Ferdinand Wilhelm Lafrenz

Klaus Groth – ‘Quickbornlieder’ See Monarchen poet Eduarde Friebe

NONNENWERTH (Rhine-island)

Mary Teresa Maloney: The Legend of Nonnenwerth 1876 See H. W. Longfellow

HIDDENSEE Gerhart Hauptmann, dramatist and epic poet FYN / FÜNEN

Ambrosius Stub 1705-58 See Thomas Kingo 1634-1703 Johannes Jørgensen 1866-1956 Hans Christian Andersen 1805-75 See Carl Nielsen, autobiographer, 1865-1931 See Emil Aarestrup 1800-56 Otto Gelsted 1888-1968 Fr. Paludan-Müller 1809-76

Jens Baggesen ALS See Hans Christian Andersen MØN See Gunter Grass AERØ Anders Arrebo 1587-1637 VINGA Evert Taube JØLA Olav Duun SOR GJAELINGAN Olav Duun NJORD Petter Dass MORS See Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson STYRSŐ Mary Värme

PUSUNSAARI, KISS ISLAND Pentti Saarikoski PORVOO ARCHIPELAGO JL Runeberg ??? KLOVHARUN See: Tove Jannson, The Summer Book THE FRISIAN ISLANDS See Rilke: ‘Die Insel’, Nordsee AMELAND Aldert Deelstra D A Tamminga W. L. Zylstra SH Hylkema Klaas de Wit Adriana Wiercx SCHIERMONNIKOOG L. Wiersma Jan Kal Han Gruschke Wiet S. Beernink Piet Boersma

Pita Grilk ROTTUM John O’Mill WADDEN Ida Gerhardt Remco Ekkers Jan Kooistra Jan van der Meulen TEXEL J Greshoff Christiaan Terpstra Akke Wybenga Frouwien van der Vooren-Kuyper Michael van der Plas

VLIELAND Han Meijer Klaes Dykstra Jelly Zijlstra-Barkmeijer C Doeksen b 1907

Jan Jacob Slauerdorf Lambert Wiersma 1881-1980 Wopke Fenenga 1889-1940 WANGEROOGE Dr Karl Ernst Hockeneyer / ‘Molar’

Artur Alliksaar (1923-66) HIDENSEE JUIST See Sujata Bhatt ‘The Hole In The Wind’ NORDENEY Heinrich Heine: the poetry cycle The North Sea and the second part of Travel Pictures.(prose) Also Nordeney published in Reisebilder, vol 2. TERSCHELLING

Klaus Hanzen Heeroma (Muuss Jacobse) 1909-1972 Henrik Visnapuu 1890-1951 Ida Gerhardt Muus Jacobse / Prof. K Heeroma 1909-72 Maia Lettinga-Bakker Jan Dotinga Barend van der Veen Ds. J. S. Bakker 1802-1863 Ad de Haan Ds. H. Domna I C Ruige Aalte Arjen Roggen 1840-1922 Willem Schroo C. Roggen J Roos Jo Smit b 1916 Gerrit Knop 1873-1948 Jan Pie 1886-1962 Tine Van Noord-Bos b1925 Martha Van Wichen-Schol Marie Vasalis

SCHOUWEN-DUIVELAND (Zeeland – dyke-linked island) Ed Leeflang NORD-FRIESISCHE INSELN NORDSTRAND Theodor Storm SYLT See Carl Zuckmayer See Thomas Mann AMRUM LANGELAND Kirstine Jensen

See Adam Oehlenschlager Sophus Claussen

FOHR George Konell PELLWORM Detlev von Liliencrom 1844-1909 (1882 Landesvogt of the island) RØMØ REICHENAU ISLAND, LAKE CONSTANCE Abbot Walahfrid Strabo (842-849) CHANNEL ISLANDS JERSEY

Wace Victor Hugo exiled 1851-5, also a poet Augustus Aspley, (Le Gros), !840-77, Patois Jersais poet Sidney Bisson Jersey Our Island See Jo Laurens, playwright and translator

GJC Bois: Jersey Superstitions in Etching and Poetry Some Account of Mont Orgueil Castle in the Island of Jersey: its present state, its various alterations and additions, with a poetical description of the castle, written by William Prynne, during his confinement therein, from 1637 to 1640 Jane Griffiths

GUERNSEY

George Metivier: Fantaises Guernesiaises: dans le langage du pays, la langue de la civilisation, et celle du commerrce, 1866 Denys Corbet John Linwood Pitts: The Patois poems of the Channel Islands, 1883 See G. B. Edwards: The Book of Ebenezer Le Page Victor Hugo exiled 1855-70 Brian Moses Peter Roffey Dom Sylvester Houedard

HERM See Compton Mackenzie (DH Lawrence’s ‘The Man Who Loved Islands.’) JETHOU See Compton Mackenzie MONT St MICHEL See Chanson de Roland Guillaume de Saint-Paier Guillaume de St Even L’ ÎLE VERTE, (River Isle- Loire) Ronsard ILE DE SEIN Henri Queffelec NOURMOUTIER See Rene Bazin, novelist GROIX Eugene Guillevic OUESSANT

Gilles Balmet Rene Gay Cadou: ‘Femmes D’Ouessant’ See Prevert LAKE ISLAND OF SAINT-PIERRE, LAKE BIENNE See Jean Jacques Rousseau MAINAU, LAKE BODENSEE

Hugh of Langenstein became one of the most capable Grand Masters of this Order of Knights of Mainau. He is also known as a great poet,

ISLANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CRETE Odysseus Elytis Pandelis Prevelakis b.1900 Nikos Kazantzakis b. 1883 G Hortatzis fl. End of 16th century

Vincenzo (Vitsentzos) Cornaros Epimenides Hortatsis Georgios Rhianus (3rd century BC) Marinos Falieros

KEPHALONIA Nikos Kavvadias CYPRUS Vasilis Michailidis Michalis Pasiardis Costas Montis Nikos Orfanidis Demitris Lipertis Leonidas Malenis b. 1937 Ne$e Ya$in George Seferis Michalis Kakogiannis

Neshe Yashin (Turkish Cypriot) Niki Marangou (Greek Cypriot)

Stasinos (epic poet) Kyriakos Charalambides Lysandros Pitharas Demosthene Charalambras ? Nicos Anastasiou Mehmet Kansou Nicos Kranidiotis Tana Baybars Yasar Ismail Otuza Yirmi Mel Melis Mustafa Gokceoclu Filiz Naldoven Faize Ozdemirciler Eren Nazim Zeki Ali Tamer Oncul Ozmen Birinci Mehmet Levent Fikret Demirag Mehmet Yasin Feride Hikmet Kypros Chrysanthis Manos Kralis Petros Sophas Yannis K Papadopoulos Nadina Dimitriou

LEFKAS

Aristotelis Valaoritis 1824-79 (Also on the islet of MADOURI, located opposite Nydri.)

Aggelos Sikelianos 1884-1952 Lyric ecumenical poet, mystic The poet and writer: Lefkadio Hern (also known as Yakumo Koizumi) was born here.

MALTA Monsignor Carmelo Psaila / Dun Karm 1871-1961 Sergio Grech Rene Balzon Michael Bugeja Raymond Micallef Achille Mizzi

Anton Buttigieg 1912-83 George Borg Frank Zammit (Maltese / Australian) Anastaju Cuschieri 1876-1962 George Pisani (Gozo) Mario Azzopardi Karm Vassallo Gilberto Testaferrata Viani

Richard England Joe Friggieri b 1946 Sarah Lawson: ‘Twelve Scenes of Malta’ Victor Paul Borg Immanuel Mifsud Simone Inguanez See Edward Lear: During his stay in Gozo in 1866, the English

poet described the island's coastal scenery as "pomskizillious and gromphiberrous”

LAMPEDUSA LINOSA LAMPIONE LESVOS Sappho

Alcaeus b c. 620bc Erpander fl c 675bc Stratis Paschalis

SAMOS George Themelis b. 1900 PAROS Archilochus c 680-640bc THASSOS CEOS Bacchylides c 516-450bc Simonides c 556-468bc SANTORINI Yiannis:

SANTORINI

Nothing is altogether lost, Neither the silent pain of stars

Nor the ancient world of wisdom. Under the rippling and deceiving surface

Naked and pure, the human spirit Follows the unseen,

That beckons our shadows Into the first fresh gladness of awakening.

James Merrill: ‘Santorini: Stopping the Leak’ THERA DELOS Bernard Spencer LEFKADHA Anglos Sikelianos b. 1884 MADOURI Aristoteless Valaoritis ETOLIKON

M. Panayotopoulos b. 1901 ANDROS Andreas Karandonis b. 1910 Andreas Embericos b.1901 SKIATHOS Zisis Economou b 1911 HYDRA (YDRA) See Brenda Chamberlain A Rope of Vines See Michael Senior Leonard Cohen Miltos Saxtouris PETASI TRICKERI SYROS Rita-Boumi Pappas b. 1906 ZAKYNTHOS D. Solomus 1798- 1857

A Kalvos 1792-1869 PELOPPESOS Kostis Palamas Kastas Kariotakis Yannis Ritsos (indicative only) LEROS Dimitris Tsaloumas b 1921 Dimodikos CORSICA/CORSE Petru Santu Leca Marie Susini Leon Gustacci Guy de Maupassant Jean-Francis Bernadini Josee Andrei Jacques Fusina Marie-Paule Lavezzi COS Epicharmus 6th-5th century bc SYMI Antonias Skiathas Antonis Polias Katerina Razelou CORFU See Lawrence Durrell Filiskos Apollodorus Timoxenos See Dionysios Solomos Gerasimos Markoras Lorenzo Mavilis RODOS Apollonius of Rhodes IOS See Homer SPETSE

Anne Finch SICILY / SICILIA Bion of Smyrna c 325-255bc Theocritus

See DH Lawrence Salvatore Quasimodo 1901-68 Epicharmus, (see above) Philemon c 361-262bc

Giovanni Meli Stesichorus Ciacomo de Lentino Antonio Veneziano Frederico d’Antiochia Stephano Prontonotaro Cielo d’Alcamo Giacomo Pugliese Guido e Odo Delle Colonne Pier delle Vigne Rinaldo d’Aquino Mario Rapisardi 1844-1912 Bartolo Cattafi Abu Jabber Ibn Hamdis Vincenzo Errante See Sicilian/French: Vincenzo Rindone Chiaro Davanzati Aratus Dacia Maraini Ibykos Salvatore Amico M Buttaci Capaneus Nino Mattoglio Frank Miceli Moschus Alfredo Ormando Michalengelo Balistreri Felice Bisazza See Sicilian/ U.S. Scammaca See Sicilian/ U.S. Vincenzo Ancona Empedocles See Bernard Spencer Geppina Macaluso Turi Lima Placida Cavallara Fransesca Schembri Placido Benina Turi Zappala Esther Ciulla L’Erario Vera Ambra Alissandro Caldiero

Alfredo Danese Luciano Gullotto Santo Jacona Maria Sciavarrello Turi Scordo Giuseppe Peco Giuseppe Nicolosi Scandurra Mario Gorri Marco Scalabrino Nino Martoglio Emanuel di Pasquale Ignazio Buttitta Scontrino Antonio Nino Martoglio Nino Cirincione Giovanni De Rosalio See August Graf Von Platen Giocomo Leopardi Werner Aspenstrom: ‘Sicily’, ‘Cypresses’ & ‘Ages’

ITHACA See Homer passim. ZANTE Ugo Foscolo SIRMIONE (Lake Garda) Catullus VENICE / VENEZIA

Veronica Franco Gaspara Stampa, arr. Venice 1531 Rinaldo Rasa Maffio Venier Cosimo Zago Piero Aretino Giolo Strozzi Ippolito Pindemonte (famous for his translation of the ""Odyssey"") Ugo Foscolo See Rilke: ‘The Venetian Courtesan’ See Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley: Julian and Maddalo, 1818 Flippo Marinetti See John Ruskin: The Stones of Venice See Fra Paolo Sarpi Werner Aspenstrom: ‘Gondolier’, ‘The Prisoner’ & ‘Prophecies of Venice’s downfall’

See Tomas Transtromer See Carlo Goldoni (indicative only) Gaspara Stampa Veronica Franco Isabella Andreini Giovanni Perruzzini

MURANO See Lucia Barbini Falcone Across Tables/Over Bridges Mary Doty: Murano ISCHIA WH Auden: ‘Ischia – For Brian Howard’ PROCIDA See Alphonse de Lamartine’s Graziella, 1852, a love story. LIPARI Roland Zoss GIGLIO Harold Norse: Angels of the Lyre CAPRI See Compton Mackenzie: Vestal Fire and

Extraordinary Women DH Lawrence See Norman Douglas South Wind, 1917 See Axel Munthe: The Story of San Michele,1929 Ivan Bunin (visits 1909-14) SARDINIA Araolla, (‘first Sardinian poet’)

Petru Santu Leca Marie Susini Micheli Cugusi Pietro Lavra Giovanni Zurru / “Brundihone” 1871-1955

Francesco Masala Andrea Zanzotto Rafael Sari Antonio de Lafraso See Grazia Deledda (novelist) Massimo Barilla

Francisco Masala Sebastiano Satta Frantziscu Pauliou Mossa Giosoue Carducci Antioco Casula Montamuru 1888-1957 Diego Manca See Giuseppe Garibaldi, a poet too

MADEIRA Horacio Bento de Gouveia Herberto Helder Edmundo Betancor Joäo Carlos Abreu

Manuel Goncalves Caetano Antonio de Franca Machado de Castro Adrian Castro José Tolentino Mendonça

CANARY ISLANDS / CANARIAS Tomas Morales Alicia Morilla y

TQ.Morilla Alonso Quesada Pedro Garcia Cabrera Chona Madera Pino Ojedo Pino Betancor Pedro Lezcano Jose Maria Millares Sall

Luis Feria Rafael Arozarena Manuel Padorno Justo Jorge Padron Antero de Quental Josefina de la Torre b 1907 Emeterio Gutierrio Arvelo Estavanez Candy Diaz Jaime Farina Carasco Elena Ferrer Josefina Pia Benjamin Peret on Tenerife

ISLA CANELA

Eladio Orta b 1957

BALEARIC ISLANDS MAJORCA

Raimon Llull 1335-1315 See Robert Graves Melchor de Jovellanos? See George Sand Alan Riddell, Majorcan Interlude Miquel Bauçà (1940-2004) Guillem Torrella Valentí Puig Bartomeu Rosselló-Pòrcel (1913-1938)

IBIZA Miquel Costa I Llobera Isidor Macabich Jean Serra Vicente Valero Marià Villangómez MALLORCA Gillem Colom Jacobo Sureda Gillem d’Efak Cristobal Serra Horacio Sapere (Argentinian) Miquel Lopez Crespi Bernat Nadal Arnau Pons

MENORCA Pere Gomila Ponç Pons LA TOJA CORTEGADA LES ILES HYERES: PORQUEROLLES

See Theodore Aubanel See Frederic Mistral Robert Louis Stevenson IDE DE STE MARGUERITE Guy de Maupassant (also a poet) THE AZORES

Eduardo Bettencourt Pinto Armando Emanuel Monteiro Marcolino Candeias J Tavares de Melo Jose Martins Garcia Emmanuel Felix Madalena Ferin Americo Teixeira Moreiro Rui Machado Alamo Oliveira Hugo Santos Pedro da Silveira Maduro Dias Maria Luisa da Cunha Ribeiro Duarte Rego Pinherro Avelina da Silveira ? Isaac Felipe Azofeifu Roberto Brenis Mesen Hector Burke Rodmar Alzavar Otto Apuy Luis Alberto Altaro Jorge Arroyo Giaconda Belli Anabelle Orugario Joao Teixeira de Medeiros Adam Lindsay Gordon 1833-70

(ILHA GRACIOSA) Almeida Garrett

PITCAIRN ISLAND Rosalind A Young-Nield Anthony Morehead SOUTH GEORGIA

Douglas Stewart: ‘The Fourth Man’ TRISTAN DE CUNHA Roy Campbell: ‘Tristan da Cunha’ Zinnie Harris: Further Than the Furthest Thing (verse drama) ADRIATIC ISLANDS KRK See Mate Belota See Ivan Mazuramic Chakavian folk poets SOLTA Marko Marulic KORCULA/KOREULA (Croatian island) Kanavelic Augustin Draginiae Saske PAG Andriana Škunca

By reading the text of the island and re-inscribing it, Andriana Škunca is attempting to exhaust the specific conditions of a given world, to establish its contours and perimeters through the written word. In so doing, the poet achieves an astonishing perception, that the reality of a given world is never sufficiently real unless confronted with its own unreal reflection. In other words, she perceives that reality and unreality are not mutually exclusive, and that their failure to contradict one another functions to construct a truth, which actually can be defined as a poet’s, and that we see nothing of the decorative in so naming it. This simply indicates the thoroughness with which her poems work at rendering their model of the world legible. The Poetics of Insularity Z V O N I M I R

M R K O N J I Ć ( T R A N S L A T E D B Y K I M B U R T O N )

Mate Sepo Niksic

PašMAN ISLAND Stephanie Maricevic

HVAR Petar Hektorovic (16th century) RAB See Juraj Barakovic UGLJAN Joja Ricov VIS WOLIN ISLAND, POLAND AFRICAN & INDIAN ISLANDS CAPE VERDE ISLANDS Arguinaldo Fonseca b 1922 Baltasar Lopes / Osvaldo Alcantara b 1904

Kaoberdiano Dambara Onesima Silveira Joao de Melo ? Luiz de Montalvor Jorge Barbosa Eugenio Tavares Avenida Amilcar Cabran / Larbac Corsino Fortes b. 1933

CAMEROONS Ferdinand Oyono b 1929 Elolongue Epanya Yondo b 1930 ROBBEN ISLAND (South African Prison Island) See Tokyo Sexwale ‘Raks’ Seakhoa Dennis Brutus SAO TOME Costa Alegre fl. 1930s Alda do Espirito Santo b1926 Concei Sao Lima , (London)

See Professor Helder Macedo, Flat 9, 21 Fitzjohn Ave, NW3 5JY 02077 943642

Francisco Jose Tenreiro: ‘negritude’ Tomas Medeiras Caetano da Costa Alegre

PRINCIPE Maria Manuelo Margarito REUNION Leconte de Lisle 1818-1894 Evariste-Désiré de Forges Parny 1753-1814

See George Sand Charles Baudelaire See Marius Ary Leblond, (Georges Athena and Aimé )

KERKENNAH ISLANDS LA PLANE

BAHRAIN

‘Ali ‘Abdallah Khalifa b1944 ‘Ali al-Sharqawi b1948 Abd al-Rahman al-Qusaybi Maysoun Saqr Qasim Haddad b 1948 See Lorraine Bahrain Ahmad al-Shamian Mansur Al-Jamri Shaikh ’Abd al-Amir Mansur Salman al-Tajir (1875-1925)

SUAKIN Harry ‘Breaker’ Morant Omar Khayyam Judah ha-Levi (1086-1114)

Farid al-Din Attar SOCOTRA/SOQOTRA the ‘temethel’ poets Saad Muhammed al-Keshri Abdalla Ahmad Teysi See Ahmad Bhalo DJERBA

Nouri Bouzid, poet and film director of La Saison des Hommes

See Homer’s Odessey See Aroussia Nalouti, playwright and short-story writer Discovered by Giusto Grion: ‘Argument with Maid of Jerba’ (Sicilian) MINOO KHARG (OIL ISLAND) SHEIKH SAAS SHEIKH SHO’AYB HENDURABI KISH FARUR SIRRI ABU MUSSA THE GREATER & LESSER TUNB QESHM HENGAM LARAK FARSI HORMUZ LAVAN THE PRINCE ISLANDS, TURKEY BURGAZADA Sait Faik Abasıyanık

MAURITIUS Edouard J Maunick b 1931

Malcolm De Chazal 1902-81 Shakuntala Hawoldar b. 1944 Robert Edward Hart 1891-1954 John Spiers Tsang Man Kin Regis Franchette Danielle N. Nairec Lilian Berthelot Marcel Cabon Raymond Chasle P. Tiroumale Chetty Vistiwamitra Ganga Aashutosh Khaleel Torabully Khal

MADAGASCAR Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo 1901-1937 Jacques Rabemananjara b 1913 Flavien Ranaivo b 1914 Esther Nirina Leopoldo Lugones Jean Paulhan (translator of hainteny) Razilina Charlotte Arrisson Rafenomanjato Hazel Rochman 1901-37 Rado Lila Rahaingoson Jean-Claude Fota Jean-Luc Raharimanana David Jaomanoro L.-X. Andrianarahinjaka

Colleen McElroy See Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddinah Evarist Parni Bernadine Evaristo, (b.1959), Island of Abraham Jean Arevalo

COMOROS See T Chilton

Salim Hatubou b. 1972 MAYOTTE See Goffredo Mameli ? ZANZIBAR Shaikh Muhyi ’l-Din al-Waili 1778-1869 Sheikh Abdullah Saleh Al-Farsy 1912-1982 Willy Faria LAMU ISLANDS PATE Mwana Kupona Both men and women wrote poetry in the Kiamu dialect of Swahili. The Utendi wa Tambuka, one of the earliest known documents in Swahili, was written in the royal Yunga palace in Pate Town. The poetess Mwana Kupona (d. 1860) also lived at Pate Town. PEMBA

SHANGA TUMBATU Haji Gora Haji b.1933 UNGUJA MAFIA ISLAND Ustaad Mohamoud Rajab Damodar INDIAN ISLANDS CAYMAN ISLANDS Leonard Dilbert Thomas Hipolito Tatum MALDIVES See Maldive poem in DG Sen’s Eastern Bengal Ballads Old poetic form of raivaru Adam Nasreem Abdulla Fahumy Didi Abdulla Sadiq Adam Abdurrahman Al-Usihadh Noonu Thaa Hassan Didi Hussain Afeefudhdheen Hussain Salaahadhdheen Muhammadh Jameel Saeed Ali Fulhu Yosuf Mohamed Fulhu Abdul Rasheed SEYCHELLES Chetan Jivan Khantilal Jivan Shah (Mahe Island) Daniel Green SRI LANKA

Eelattu Poothanthevanar Sri Rahula Anne Ranasinghe Vattave (in Sangam anthologies 100 BC – AD 250) Bharathidasan Murugaiyan Mahakavi

Neelavanan Puratchikkamal MA Nuhman Shanmugam Sivalingam Maruthoorkkani Jeyapalan Sillaiyoor Selvarajan Puthuvai Rathnadurai Sivasegaram Mu Ponnambalam Vilvaratnam Cheram Vijayendram Solaikkili Vedanti Natchathiran Sevvinthiyam N Atma Deva Abira Aswagosh Aravinthan Charles Perera Patrick Fernando Yasmine Gooneratne Jean Arasanayagam Richard De Zoysa Michael Ondaatje Rienzi Crusz Alfreda de Silva Lakdasa Wikkramasinha 1941-78 Narampanawe Wimalaratna Alagiyavanna JM Tambimuttu George Keyt See Leonard Woolf’s novel, Village in the Jungle Philippus de Melho, Tamil poet Indran Amirthanayagam Irene Abeysekera Miriam deSaram Leila Ekanayake Eva Ranaweera b. 1924

LACCADIVE & AMINI ISLANDS Alula – composer of the ‘mooshakavarsna’ ANDAMAN ISLANDS See Conan Doyle ‘The Mark of Four’ Sentinelese poet

LITTLE ANDAMAN ISLAND Onge poet Polynesia and Indonesia CAROLINE ISLANDS TAHAA, SOCIETY ISLANDS Turo a Raapoto MARIANAS SAIPAN Beret Elizabeth Strong HAWAI’I Eric Chock b 1950 Tony Quagliano Revel Denney Cathy Song Diane Kahanu Sue Cowing Juliet S. Kono Haunani Kay Trask Lois-Ann Yamanaka Steven Curry Blasé Camacho Souza Tiang Hong Ee 1933-90 Malaccan poet; See Lines Written in Hawaii Garrett Hongo Mary Pukui (trans. Of Hawai’ian chants and mele Carolyn Han

Joseph Balaz: “da Mainland to Me” Mahealani Kamau’u Gail Harada Wing Tek Lum Larry Kimura, (Hawai’ian mele) Michael McPherson Kathy Banggo Puanani Burgess R Zamora Linmark Barry Masula Carolyn Lei-Lanilau b 1946 Nell Altizer Wayne Andrews Tim Burke

Fred Caparoso Laban Chang Kermit Coad See Sheryl Dare Fay Enos Tanya Felix Lorraine Flanders Caroline Garrett Elizabeth B Holmes Michael Howden Glenn John Kim Jim Kraus Leonard Kubo Mari Kubo Jim Long Wing Tek Lum Jody Masako Manabe Michael Mc Pherson Kealoha, slam poet Dana Naone Elizabeth Shinoda Stephen Shrader Mel Takahara Reuben Tam Martha Webb Susan Weston Bobby Holcomb Wayne Westlake Juliet S Kono John Dominis Holt Rob Wilson Dana Hall Don Blanding Joseph Stanton Ron Jacobs Ua Maomao Caroline Sinavaiana-Gabbard

SUVAROV See Tom Neale RAROTONGA Richard Hamasaki

EAST ISLAND, FRENCH FRIGATE SHOALS, HAWAI’I Harry Emmett Finch

BALI See the Jaya Prana

Kumpulan Puisi Mas Ruscitadewi I Gde Dharna Man Yasa Wayan Putra Suijana

Oka Rusmini Cok Sawitri Frans Nadjira Ngurah Parsua I Wayan Arthawa Sthiraprana Duarsa K. Landras Syaelendra Putu Fajar Arcana Wayan Sunatra Arif B. Prasetyo Warih Wisatsana Ketut Yuliarsa Tan Lioe Ie Putu Oka Sukanta Made Adnyana Ole Helmi Y. Haska Sindhu Putra Saut Situmorang Sitor Situmorang Supardi Djoko Damono Umbu Landu Paranggi

FLINDERS ISLAND

Tilly Aston Phil Rush FRASER ISLAND (World’s largest sand island) Oodgeroo Noonuccal Rupert McCall See Judith Wright KANGAROO ISLAND Geoffrey Dutton ROTTNEST ISLAND (TORRES STRAIT ISLANDS) Jack Davis MAGNETIC ISLAND Helene Rankin Randa Wood

NORFOLK ISLAND Archie Bigg NAURU ` Joanne Gobure TASMANIA / VAN DIEMAN’S LAND James Knox Agnes Morris 1895-1983

Caroline Leakey Garnet Walch Hubert Church 1857-1932 Edward Kemp David Burn Margaret Scott b 1934

James Hebblethwaite Frank Penn-Smith 1863-1935 Helen Power 1870-1957 Louisa Anne Meredith Marie EJ Pitt 1869-1948 Hal Porter 1911-84 Lloyd Robson b 1931 Graeme Hetherington b 1937 Vicki Raymond b 1949 Philip Mead b 1953

Tim Thorne b 1944 Andrew Sant b 1950 Ambi MacDonald b 1960

Norma Davis 1905-1945 AD Hope See ‘Tasmanian Magpies’ Elizabeth Riddell b.1909 Clive Sansom 1919-1981 Helen Chapman b 1916 Wolfe Fairbridge 1918-50 Barney Roberts b 1920 Christopher Koch b. 1952 Vivian Smith b 1933 Syd Harrex b 1935 James Charlton b 1947 Edith Speers b 1949 Alan Gould b 1949 Mary Blackwood b 1949 Stephen Edgar b 1951 Rod Moran See ‘Flinder’s Island’ Martin Flanagan b 1955 Sarah Day b 1958 Kitty Madeson Philomena van Rijswijk

Max Dunn Bruce Roberts Anthony Lawrence Peter Hay Tony Marshall Angela Rockel Anne Kellas Fiona Parker Sue Moss Ivy Alvarez John Kidd

ROOSEVELT ISLAND Kitty Madeson COOK ISLANDS Alistair Te Ariki Campbell Tom Davis Johnny Frisbie Hebenstreit Jon Jonassen Kauraka Kauraka Vaine Rasmussen Florence Syme-Buchanan Makiuti Tongia Mona Matepi Webb Uaongo Williams John Tunui Celo Kulanghoe SAVAI, THE COOK ISLANDS Sili AITUTAKI, COOK ISLANDS Alex du Prel NIUEAN ISLANDS John Pahiatau Pule FIJI Prem Banfal Vilsoni Hereniko Pio Manoa Nemani Mati Sudesh Mishra Satendra Nandan

Som Prakash Seri Subramani Joseph C. Veramo Alafina Vuki Paul Arongani See Ranjit Puri See Tulsidas Atil Narajan Savea Sano Malifo Daren Kamali Mohit Prasat Nancy Atkin Onneyn Morris Tahi HIVA OA Jacques Brel, singer/poet KIRIBATI /TROBRIAND ISLANDS Vianney Kianteata Teabo Francis Tekonnang Teweiariki Teaero John Kasaipwalova TAPITUA Robert Sims: ‘Ode and Paid to Kahu, the Fighting Christian of Tapitawa’ PAPUA NEW GUINEA Nora Vagi Brash Apisai Enos John Kasaipwalova Ignatius Kilage Loujaya Kouza Joyce Kumbeli Jack Lahui Steven Thomas Lyadale Russell Soaba Kumalau Tawali Thomas Tuman Vincent Warakai Peter Watlakas Steven Edmund Winduo Arnold Ap Kevin Gilbert Sam Ngwele Antigone Kefala

Dus Mapun PAGO PAGO Three Tutuila Poets: Eti Saaga Caroline Sinavaina John Enright LAE, NEW GUINEA Chris Mansell SAMOA Apelu Aiavao Litia Alaelua Pasitale Faleilemilo Epi Enari Fuaau Sano Malifa Tasi Malifa Ruperake Petaia Clara Reid Eti Sa’aga Noumea Simi Tate Simi Caroline Sinavaiana Talosaga Tolovae Emma Kruse Va’ai Momoe Malietoe Von Reiche Albert Wendt Fepai F S Kolia Sia Figiel Tony Gibbs Selina Tusitala Marsh Cherie Barford GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS Arthur Grimble BIKINI ISLAND Lore Kessibuki SOLOMON ISLANDS Sam L. Alaisa Lemu Darcy Cela Kulagoe

Julian Maka’a Jully Makini Rexford T. Orotaloa John Saunana Leonard P. Maenu’u TONGA Pesi Fonua Epili Hau’ofa Konai Helu Thaman Akanete Ta’ai Teresia Teaiwa Milo Queen Salote Talia’uli Latukefu BELLONA ISLANDS

TAHITI Henri Hiro Deleke Banewe Louise Peltzer William David Sherman, Tahitian Journals Octave Morillot James Norman Hall VANUATA Grace Molisa Sampson Ngwele KAUAI Jamie Michelle Bucao MIDWAY ISLAND See Sheri S Moreau See Sara W Fabio PHILIPPINES FILIPINO & FILIPINO / AMERICAN POETS Aquino de Belen’s Tagalog

Elizabeth Lolarga Fedel Rillo Neil C. Garcia Mabi Perez David Claro Recto

Apostol Guerrero Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion

N.V.M. Gonzales Manuel Viray Alejandrino G. Hufana Carlo Bulosan Gemino H. Abad Karina Africa-Bolasco Carlos A. Angeles Mila D. Aguilar Luisa Igloria / Maria Luisa B. Aguilar-Cariño Nerissa S. Balce JoAnn Balingit Merlinda Bobbis Rofel G Brion Maria Elena Caballero-Robb Luis Cabalquinto Regie Cabico Nick Carbo Catalina Cariaga Virginia R Cerenio Fidelito Cortes Simeon Dumdum Jr Elsa Rediva E’der Virginia E. Escandor Bataan Faigao Luis H. Francia Eric Fructuoso Eric Gamalinda Edward Cortez Garrett Jean V. Gier Eugene Gloria Vince Gotera Jessica Hagedorn Dolores de Iruretagoyena de Humphrey Dominador I. Ilio Jaime Jacinto Fatima Lim-Wilson Michael Melo Nori Mateo Clovis L. Nazareno Yolanda Palis Patrick Pardo Bino A Realuyo Danton R. Remoto Al Robles

E. San Juan Jr Ricardo M De Ungria Alfred Yuson Cyn Zarco Ron Loewinsohn

Francisco Balagtas 1788-1862 Nick Joaquin b 1917 Jose Garcia Villa b 1914 Jose Rizal Francisco Balagtas Valorie Slaughter Bejarano Luis H Francia Vicente de Veyra Teo T Yerro Garad Manlilikhang Bayan, Ambahan (song) poet, National Living Treasure

BORACAY ISLAND, PHILIPPINES Marvi BOHOL ISLAND Marjorie Evasco OLANGO ISLAND See Marjorie Evasco: ‘Through Binoculars Darkly’ CELEBES ‘Boeginees’

AUCKLAND (NEW ZEALAND) Fleur Adcock Vincent O’Sullivan C. K. Stead MACQUARIE ISLAND KAPITI ISLAND

Hinemoana Baker

WAIKEKE

Chris Bailey CHATHAM ISLAND See Daniel Samoilovich WEST INDIES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Juan Bosch Elvira de Mendoza Leonor de Ovando Gaston Fernando Deligne Fabio Fiallo Pedro Mir Portalatin See Junot Diaz, novelist: Drown Jonathan Cohen Lola Rodriguez de Tio Juan Pablo Duarte Angie Cruz Angela Hernandez Shepherd de Moya Soledad Alvarez Tony Raful Jeannette Miller Alexis Gomez Rosa Andrian Javier Angela Hernandez Nuñez Dionisios de Jesus José Alejandro Peña Fernando Cabrera José Acosta Basilio Belliard.

DOMINICA ISLAND Phyllis Shand Allfrey Dr Daniel Thaly Julia Alvarez: Homecoming: a Dominican Reverie Juan Antonio Alix Ras Mo Salome Urena de Henriquez Giftus R. John BERMUDA Durham Thompson Glen Iris

Dennis Steede See Andrew Marvell Bessie Gray Thomas E Nelmes Thomas Moore BAHAMAS Michael Obediah Smith Percival A Miller FS McPherson (Mackey) Williams Exuma Nicolette Bethel Carlton Robinson Raymond Waldin Brown Turner-Rolle Susan Wallace Dennis Dames Christian A Campbell NEW PROVIDENCE ISLAND (Bahamas) Telcine Turner ST EUSTATIUS Laurence Liebertman: Dark Songs: Slave House and Synagogue BIMINI (Bahamas) Ashley B Saunders Janisse Ray BARBUDA Leonard Tim Hector CUBA Nicholas Guillen Nelson Herrera Ysla Miguel Barnet Lanza Virgilia Martinto Jose Zacarias Tallet Ramon Guireo Julian del Casal (1863-93) Elena Casals Jose Marti Dulce Maria Loynaz Cleva Solis (1926-97) Carilda Oliver Labra b 1924

Fina Garcia Marruz b1924 Lina de Freia b 1947 Georgina Herrera b 1936 Soleida Rios b 1950 Maria Elena Cruz Varela b 1953 Zoe Valdes b 1959 Elena Tamargo b 1957 Damaris Calderon b 1967 Cira Andres b 1954 Reina Maria Rodriguez b 1952 Silvio Rodriguez Chely Lima b 1957 Soledad Cruz Guerra b 1952 Nancy Morejon Jose Lezama Lima: Paradiso Pablo Medina: Floating Island Felipe Chibas Cora Ramirez Jose Morales Celina Bernal Garcia Mercedes Santos Moray Thaymi Sanchez Jose Maria Heredia Gustavo Perez Firmat Pablo Medina Teresita Fernandez Pablo Armando Fernandez

Heberto Padilla Juan Borrero Bonnifacio Byrne Francisco Riveron Hernandez Luis Marre Waldo Leyva Juana Rosa Pita Avelleneda Abilio Estevez Raydel Araoz Gomez de Avellenada y Arteaga Excilia Saldana Conceptio Valdess (Placido) Ruben Martinez Villena Cesar Lopez (1902-1997) Justo Rodriguez Santos Norberto Codina Boeras Carlota Caulfield Dr Victor Fowler Damon Guillermo Ernesto Reynaldo Arenas Mirta Yanez Gaston Baquero Dies Teurbe Tolon Bordenave de Lemos Ciutio Vitier

Pedro Peres Sarduay Ismael Gonzalez Castanes Raul Rivero Armando Valladaras See Roque Dalton Fernandez Retamar Severo Sarduy Mayra Montero Vergilio Pinera Boti Poveda Octavio Smith Rolando Sanchez Mejias Bladimir Zamora Virgilia Pinera Llera Orlando Rossardi

PUERTO RICO

Clemente Soto Velez Francisco ARRIVI (b.1915) :CANTICLE FOR A MEMORY

See Juan Rodriguez Calderon Julia de BURGOS , (1914-1953):

ROSES IN THE MIRROR/ROSAS EN EL ESPEJO Manuel Alonso Pacheco

Jose Gautier Benitez Jose Gualberto Padilla / “El Carribe” Salvator Brau 1842-1912 Virgilio Davila Luis Llorens Torres Luis Pales Matus Julia de Burgos Don Luis Munoz Martin Giannina BRASCHI (b.1953): EMPIRE OF DREAMS Jose Antonio Davila Juan Antonio Corretjer Victor Hernandez Cruz Matos Paoli Bernardo de Balbuena Jose de Diego Flaco Navaja Blasé Camacho Souza Austin Dias Carlos Fraticelli Reinaldo Silvestri Cosme Arano Jose PH Hernandez Pedro Pablo Vargas Lorenzo Caballes Gandia

Felipe Arana Joaquin Balaguer Miguel Algarin Tato Laviera Luis Munoz Rivera Luis Matos Pales Lola Rodriguez de Tio Alberto Martinez-Marquez Mario R Cancel Anita Veles-Mitchell Diana RAMIREZ de ARELLANO (b.1919): ARBOL EN VISPERAS/TREE AT VESPERS Victor Fragoso Ernesto Alvarez

HAITI / AYITI Anacaona (native dancer and poet)

Oswald Durand 1840-1906 Masillon Coicou 1865-1908 Leon Laleau b 1892 Jacques Roumain 1907-1944 Emile Roumer b 1908 Charles Pressoir b 1910 Rene Depestre b 1926 Felix Morisseau Leroy Syto Cave Denize Lauture Paul Laraque Eddlyn Desruisseau Dick Gregory Boadiba Jean Claude Martineau Johnson Aristide Joel Des Rosiers Hector L Poisson Emmanuel Vedrine Assotto Saint Gerard Bloncourt Herz Nazaire Margarette Rose Peck GP Hector Jan Sebon Jan Mapou Jean Francois Brierre Stephanie Jeannot M Frank Etienne Georges Sylvain Jerry Alexandre Manno Charlemagne Anthony Phelps See Edwidge Dandicat, novelist

Frank Fouche Claude Innocent Georges Castera Rudolph Muller Lyonel Trouillot Jean-Marie Willer Denis / Jean Mapou Mercedes F Guignard / Deita Michel-Ange Hyppolite / Kaptenn Koukouwouj Ernst Mirville / Pye Banbou Emmanuel Eugene / Manno Ejen Emil Celestin-Megie / Togiram Kiki Wainwright Jean Dorcely Dede Jean R. Desire Josaphat Robert Large Jacqueline Scott Dominique Batraville Suze Baron Cauvin L. Paul Rene Philoctete Nousnous / Lenous Surprice Carlo Resil Clotaire Saint-Natus Patrick Sylvain Alexander Akao Denize Lauture Gary Daniel Bob Lapierre Daniel Simidor Hilario Batista Felix Tontongi Jacques Alexis N Donald Assali GUADELOUPE Guy Tirolien b 1917 Paul Niger 1917-62 St John Perse Claudia Gournet Gilete Bazile Roger Toumson JAMAICA Edward Baugh

Louise Bennett James Berry Christine Craig

Gloria Escoffery John Figueroa Honor Ford-Smith Lorna Goodison Jean Goulbourne A. L. Hendriks Linton Kwesi Johnson Anthony McNeil Basil McFarlane Roger Mais Pamela Mordecai Una Marson Mervyn Morris Velma Pollard Andrew Salkey Dennis Scott Olive Senior Michael Garfield Smith Ralph Thompson H.G. Clerk Orlando Wong Monica Gunning Patrick Cameron Sharmaine Allen Lilian Allen Elaine Jackson – Eljay Opal Palmer Adisa Sydney March Stacey Ann Chin Claudia Rankine John Agard Leighton Hollar Chrysanthe Johnson Mosher Thomas McDermot 1870-1933 Dr Carl Isaacs Vivian Virtue CLR James Donna M Weir George McFee Brian Wilson Dwight Maxwell Donal Davis Oku Onuara- dub poet Ras Howard- dub poet Louis Simpson Valerie Bloom Pamela Mordecai Shakka Deddi Anum A. Iyapo

Desmond Johnson Mutabaruka Oku Onuora Michael Smith Frederick Williams Poets in Unity: Tomlin Ellis Anita Stewart Malachi Smith Shaka Bantuta Daniel Francis Williams: Carmen or an Ode Vera Bell George Campbell W. Adolphe Roberts Philip M. Sherlock

BARBADOS Nathaniel Weekes: mid-19th century Matthew Chapman: Barbadoes and other Poems, 1833 Edward Cordle: Overheard, (dialect), 1903 Frank Collymore

Edward Kamau Brathwaite Jean Binta Breeze Anthony Kellman Jonathan Small H Hargreaves (John) Robert Lee George Lamming Adise Andwele Winston Farrell Martin Carter Dia Timothy Callender Kemmerick “Bing Bong” Harrison Annette Trotman Nailah Folami Imoja (Charmaine Gill) Amida Deanne Kennedy Jerolynn Thomas Sandra E Morris Austin Clarke Jane King Hippolyte Bruce St John John Singleton A.N. Forde

BEQUIA See Richard Morris Dey ANGUILLA Daisy ‘Wong’ Richardson Patricia J. Adams TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Bongo Jerry b. 1948

Alfred Mendes C. L. R. James

Wayne Brown C. A. Thomasos

Faustin Charles LeRoy Clarke Anson Gonzalez Cecil Gray Amryl Johnson Paul Keens-Douglas Marina Ama Omowale Maxwell Victor Questel Ranjandaye Ramkissoon-Chen Harold Telemaque E.A. Carr Cecil Herbert Ruby Waithe Eric Roach Roger McTair Judy Miles Paul Keens-Douglas Claire Harris Vincent J Neptune John Lyons Roi Kwabene Mary Allison Sylvester Mervyn Taylor Corey Joseph Earl Lovelace Cheryl Boyce Taylor Brian ‘Bydeo man’ Joseph Christopher Laird Wlfred Cartey See Samantha Coerbell John La Rose David Jackman Alexander D Great (kaiso tradition) Marlene Nourbese Philip Leonard Tim Hector Roger Robinson

Christopher Laird Paula Obe Leroy Clarke Jennifer Rahim R Kwabena Earl Lovelace Devendranath Capildeo Mighty Sparrow, calypso R H Douglas AM Clarke W Richardson Hugh Conrad Stollmeyer DW Rogers J. Hamilton Holder Edgar Mittelholzer Ralph Dryce Merton Maloney Nellie Donovan

Z. Albert Perez Paul Da Costa Mitto Sampson Neville Giuseppi Albert Gomes A M Cruickshank Felix Ramon Fortune Ian McDonald

SAINT LUCIA

Kendel Hippolyte Jane King John Robert Lee Derek Walcott McDonald Dixon Harry Simmons Garth St Omer, novelist Earl G Long, novelist ST VINCENT E. McG. ‘Shake’ Keane Philip Nanton Daniel Williams Paul Layne Horatio Nelson Huggins BEQUIA, THE GRENADINES Silma Duncan

NEVIS MUSTIQUE Popular poet Felix Dennis keeps on coming

up with ref. To this island but surely he’s not the best Mustiqie can muster

Daniel Levy de Barrios BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS TORTOLA Sharon Freeman AMERICAN VIRGIN ISLANDS Valdemar Hill Edward Richards: Shadows 1933 Alfredo Vanterpoole b. 1916 Yvonne Zingue b. circa 1917 Rosalia Estella Lambertes

Hilda Williams Orale A. Vanterpoole (1915- ) Axel Hansen, Jr. :

December's here with breezes chill And raindrops on the window sill With fleecy clouds as white as snow And shiverings where ever I go. With happy faces on the street And odors of well-known sweet meat The guava and the coco-plum And native guavaberry rum.

Adolph Sixto Lionel Roberts Gerwyn Todman Cyril F. W. Creque Jose Antonio Jarvis Henry Richards Wilfred Irwin Hatchette Isidor Pywon Erica Beatrice Lee Aubrey A. Anduze Del Anduze Corey Emanuel Jean D. Larsen Edgar Lake Clement White

Dana Orie Habib Thuoni

ST CROIX Lilliana Caesar-Sutherland Richard A Schrader Sr Vivian Benneson George A Seaman Habib Tiwani Jose M Oxhohn Karen Jean Matsko Hood Marty Campbell John Singleton’s poem: A General Description

of St Croix (1767) ST THOMAS Isodor Paiewonsky Joseph Lisowski Jose Patricio Gimenez (1893--1953) Antonio Jarvis: ‘Bamboula Dance’, 1935 GRENADA Merle Collins Syl Lowhar Paul Layne Edel Clerge Maureen Roberts See Audre Lorde Delano Abdul Malik de Coteau MARTINIQUE Aime Cesaire b 1913 Edouard Glissant b 1928 Cf Patrick Chamoiseau, novelist Francois Marbot Rene Maran (1887 – 1960) Simone Yoyotte (1910-1933), first woman poet of African descent to take part in Surrealism ST KITTS

SB Jones-Hendrickson James Grainger: The Sugar Cane (1764)

MONTSERRAT E. A. Markham Howard Fergus See Matthew Phipps Shiel ANTIGUA Paul St. Vincent Tarno Zakela Leon Chaku Symister Clifton Joseph Novelle Richards N Erna Mae Francis Joy Lawrence Sylvanus Barnes William Gilbert Joanne Hillhouse Monica Matthew REDONDA John Gawsworth GRAND CAYMAN Helen Ramirez See Jane Danielson ST MAARTIN Lasana Sekou Camille Baly

CURAçAO Christiaan Engels John de Pool Cayley Monte Tip Marugg Lydia Geerman

TURKS & CAICOS Rachel Harvey Lovey Forbes, (songwriter) ARUBA Norman de Palm Ras Changa Geronimo Juliet Hodge Ruby Charles Bute Borromeo Hodge Ruby Bute BONAIRE J.S. Corsen: poet in the Papiamentu language NEW AMSTERDAM Nicasius De Sille RUSSIAN, CHINESE, KOREAN & JAPANESE ISLANDS WOO ISLAND, KOREA Saengjin Lee

If I come to Woo Island

I believed if I come to Woo Island, I would be a cow. But I've become a poet. I've become a poet watching the sea at a barley field. I believed if I come to Woo Island, I would be a cow eating grass and plowing a field. But I've become a poet lying prone on the sands and writing a poem

CHEJU/ JEJU ISLAND, KOREA

Ko Un "Song of Peace from jeju Island" See also shamanic epics SAKHALIN Andrey Yurchenko Anatoly Kobennkov See Chekov Vladimir Sangi

OLKHOR (Siberian lake-island) Mark Sergeev TAIWAN Zhou Mengdie Lin Hengtai Luo Fu Rong Zi Yu Guangzhong Yang Huan 1930-54 Guan Guan Shang Qin b.1931

Ya Xian b.1932 Zheng Chouyu b 1933 Fang Qi b 1937 Yang Mu / Ye Shan b 1940 Yang Ze / Yang Xianqing b 1954 Luo Zhicheng b 1955 Xiang Yang b 1955 Liu Kexiang b 1957 Chen Kehua b 1961 Chen Feiwen b 1963 Lo Ch’ing b 1948 Hsai Yü Lee Ming Youn Chu Ting-Wen Chien hsui-his Luo Fu Du Shisan (Huang Renhe) Chia-t Chiu Ho Lai Lo Ching Hsia Yu Chen I-Chih Liim Iongbirn Beng-Jin Tan Shen Kuang-wen Ya Hsien Dr Chin-An Li Yang Kuei San Mao Ch’en Ch’ien-wu Chen hsui-his Bai Ling Hsu Hui-chih His Muren Jiao Tong Dominic Cheung

MORAC – SONGHRATI – MEADS (South China Seas)

TOMAS ISLET Huntley Carson (1911-1977) Songhrato poet, writer of ‘If the gown fits’

SUMATRA

Teung Lam Rokam See Hikayat Pochut Muhamat Amir Hamzah 1911-46 Chairil Anwar 1922-49 Ismail Marzuki

GUAM (MARIANAS ISLANDS) Cecilia Perez Saul Mender See Rita Setpaul Peter R Onedera Eileen Shaefer KOLONIA Jay Ruben Dayrit: See ‘Road Tripping on Five’ COLOANE ISLAND Luis de Camoes MARSHALL ISLANDS See Adelbert con Chamissso See David M Higgins TAIPA ISLAND See Santos Ferreira (Macao) EAST TIMOR Xanana Gusmao Hamsa Fansuri Borja da Costa Ruy Cinatti GOA Philip Furtado Mendonca Basilio Magno Dr Manharrai Sardessai

Eunice de Souza Lauret Chandrakant Keni Madhav Borkar Shri Felix Paul Noronha See Camoens Fernando Leal (Luso-Goan poet) ROTE ISLAND Petrus Malesi –oral poet: bini These chants included the origin of rice and millet, the origin of fire and of the lontar, chants from the cycle of the Sun and Moon, and numerous mortuary compositions. He even composed new chant forms, outside the traditional and accepted canon, by rendering the Biblical tale of Adam and Eve into a Rotenese bini. An excerpt from this chant, at the point where the snake tempts Eve (in Rotenese, 'Koa Hulu') to pick the forbidden fruit, is as follows: So Rock Snake spoke And Eel Serpent conversed, saying: "Pick the fruit of the syrup tree For that is proper; And pluck the leaf of the honey tree For that is good." JAVA See Bharata Yuddha, 12th century Old Javanese kakawin

Chentini, anonymous !8th century Javanese poem Menak or Serat Menak Prapancha, 14th century author of Nagarakretagama epic Chairil Anwar WS Rendra Prabu Jayabaya R Ng Ronggoowarsito (1802-1873) Ki Ageng Kutu Ratna Mohini Bramantyo Widodo Dhanghyang Nirartha Dharmaja – epic ‘Arjunavivaha’ Jasadipura Sunan Kudus Empu Tantalar Sri Mangkoenagoro – ‘Wedotomo’ See Sultan Agung of Mataram Mpu Kanwa c. 1035 ad ‘Arjuna Wihaha’ Goenawan Mohamad Subagio Sastrowardojo Sapardi Djoko Damono Sutardji Calzoum Bochri Amir Hamza Emha

Ismail Marzuki See HB Jassin, critic b 1917 Wiji Thukul Raden Haji Hasan Mustafa R. Intojo Yasadipura I Bhattikayva

HONG KONG Wen Jianliu 1944-76

Shu Xiangcheng Gu Cao Huang Kuo-Pin

Marilyn Chin Leung Ping-Kwan Huang Chan Lan Mani Rao, See echolocation Xiao Xi

Xi Xi / Zhang Yan Yau Ching Huang Wen Kavita Huang Guliu Zhong Weimin Eileen Chang Agnes Lam Joe Chiang Lu Wa Chan Chi Hay Kwan-Chung Yu Louise Ho Juliette Chen Joseph Lee Karen Cheung Yu Che Hung Joyce Hsia Lai Tim Cheong Monica Lai Cregory Leong Herbert Leong See Edmund Blunden Joseph Jay Jones Liam Fitzpatrick Laurence Wong Brent Ambacher Simon Beck Ulrikka Gernes Jeremy Hardington Richard Lawrence Jimmy McGregor Gerrard Tannam Deirdre Tatlow

Gordon Osing Gladys Palmer Raymonde Sacklyn Ng Mei Kwan Yu Kwang-Chung Woo Kwok-Yin Wu Xubin Chung Waiman Chan Tak-kam DEL Fan Sin Pui Heather Tu Lau Wai Shing Chan Chi Tak Cheung Siu Por Choi Chi Fung Qiu Cheng Cheung Kwok Man Andrew Parkin Madeleine Marie Slavick Tso Chang Chung Wai-man Wong Leung-wo Ng Mei-kwan Jennifer Wong

LAMMA ISLAND, HONG KONG

Alan Jefferies HAINAN (isle of exile for historic poets) Wang Xiaolong b 1955 Su Dong po 1036-1101 (exile on and populariser of the island) See Lu Di MATUSHUSHIMA Basho Hara Anteki Sodo See Edmund Blunden JOGASHIMA ISLAND Kitahara Hakushu TUKONOSHIMA

See Stephen Pain SHODO-SHIMA Tsuboi Shigeji AMAMI OSHIMA Yufuko Shima b 1941 Ishii 1890-1936 See Basho Date Masumune Cf Mieko Chikapp, (Ainu) SADO ISLAND Takano Kikuo b 1927 Zeami, Noh poet banished to the island in 1434 Harry Guest SHIKOKU Kobo Daishi Shinmin Sakamura OKINAWA Yamanoguchi Baku 1903-63 Tichi Harata (South Island) Cholo Giwan 1823-1876 Geraldine Kudaka

Stacy Makishi See Mira Chieko Shimabokuro Sinichi Kawamitsu Mitsuo Aida See Mark Tadao Nakada Ben Takara Touson Shimazaki Yosano Akiko 1878-92 Master Funakoshi Giichin Zhou-Zi-He See Ooka Makota Un’na Nabii Yoshiya Chiruu: Poem three Fortunate are my pa and ma For they're at their comfortable home But I am alone like a worthless grain

In the midst of the prostitute ward of Nakajima

SUWA-NO-SE ISLAND Nanao Sakaki Gary Snyder SANSHAN ISLAND Qinguan 960-1127

CHEJU/ JEJU ISLAND Yun Sun-to Rayn Roberts Soka Kim Jeong SINGAPORE Edwin Thumboo Angeline Yap May Wong Arthur Yap Lee Tzu Pheng Tuo Ge Wong Yoon Wah Xie Qing Dan Ying Ee Tiang Hong

Mohammad Haji Salleh Sng Bob Khim Felix Cheong Sanjay C Kuttan Alfie Lee Susie Lingham Dessmond Sim Robert Yeo Kirpal Singh Lin Hsin Hsin Boey Kim Cheng Koh Buck Song Heng Siok Tian Ho Poh Fun Nick Tan Jonathan Lim Shirley Roi Jones See Dennis Haskell

Agnes Lam Simon Tay Wong Phui Nam Goh Poh Seng Panshou Kucinta Sefia

SAMET ISLAND, (Kosamet) THAILAND Sunthorn Phu: Pra Apaimanee PHUKET ISLAND (Junkceylon) Nai Mi, poet-chronicler PERHENTIAN ISLANDS, MALAYA Rob Greybar BURU ISLAND Laksmi Parnuntjak, ( poems re. Buru as an isle of detention) NORTH AMERICAN AND CANADIAN ISLANDS NANTUCKET Jonathan Coffin See John Greenleaf Whittier Diane Blakely Shoaf See Jamie McKenzie Anne Bridget Foye MOOSE HEAD ISLAND James Schuyler PLUM ISLAND? Whittier CHEBEAQUE ISLAND Kay-Kay Hill Lari Smith Helen L. Wheldon MONHEGAN ISLAND See Poet’s Cove

Kathie K Innicelli

Jan Bailey: Heart of the Other: Island Poerms Kate Cheney Chapell Alonzo Gibbs Marjory Bates Pratt Joanne Scott Marjorie Mir Reuben Tam Lance Burton Bonnie Enes William Kinney George Anthony VINALHAVEN Peter Davison CURME ISLANDS Eric Alden Smith VANCOUVER ISLAND Avron Hoffman Karen Connelly (indicative only) Susan Musgrave Leonard C Jenkins Henry Sherren LENNOX ISLAND Brent MacLaine LOPEZ ISLAND See Lopez Island Writers’ Guild GALLIANE ISLAND See novelist Jane Rule ANNA MARIA ISLAND Bruce Knecht PENDER ISLAND, B.C. Marlene Cookshaw ANGEL ISLAND, off San Francisco Anonymous Chinese immigrant poet:

There are tens of thousands of poems on these walls They are all cries of suffering and sadness The day I am rid of this prison and become successful

I must remember that this chapter once existed I must be frugal in my daily needs Needless extravagance usually leads to ruin All my compatriots should remember China Once you have made some small gains, you should return home early

Written by one from Heungshan WIZARD ISLAND, CRATER LAKE, OREGON Ernest G. Moll: The Poetry Of Wizard Island GALIANO ISLAND Jane Rule VASHON ISLAND, WASHINGTON Marnie Jones Suzanne Myers Jaron Berliner Bette Kimmel McKenzie Bienen Robin Merigan Katy Ellis Anaiis Salles See Eleni Sikelianos Carolyn Anderson WHIDBEY ISLAND Julian Taber MAYNE ISLAND Cathy Ford

MINGAN ISLANDS, QUEBEC Roland Jomphe SAN JUAN ISLANDS, WASHINGTON P L Morningstar Dylan Stephens Tom Odegard SALT SPRING ISLAND BC Phyllis Webb Daphne Marlatt Leah McColm Angela Hryniuk Mona Fertig Debbie Harford See Karen Connelly Shirley Graham Murray Reiss Nadine Shely BEAVER ISLAND Robert Cole CORTES ISLAND Ellen Bass

Dayna Davis See Gary Snyder Gilean Douglas KIKASTAN ISLANDS Al Purdy, North of Summer, 1967 FARALLONE ISLANDS, SAN FRANCISCO Milton Ray, poet and scientist. See ‘The Lost World Cave’ QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS Haida poets

Bill Reid Sean Virgo Susan Musgrave Robert Bringhurst J. Michael Yates: ‘Charlotte Island Meditations’

D.E. Hatt’s ‘Sitka Spruce’, Songs of the Queen Charlotte Islands

MANITOULIN ISLAND Cheryl Kennelly DANISH ISLANDS Guy-Marie Rousseliere, Ed Inuit Songs SABLE ISLAND (‘Graveyard of the Atlantic’) See Joseph Charles Tache – collector of folk tales

See Thomas H Raddall The Nymph and the Lamp, (Prose) Joseph Howe 1804-1873

EMERALD ISLE See Evelyn M Richardson, novelist RHODE ISLAND Galway Kinnell Tom Chandler Michael S Harper Pieter Vanderbeck Winfield Scott (indicative only) MERCER ISLAND, WASHINGTON Arlene Naganawa Nancy Stewart GUEMES ISLAND, WASHINGTON James Bertolino BAINBRIDGE ISLAND, WASHINGTON Kristin Henshaw Katy Dunn Maria McDonald Jack Prelutsky LOPEZ ISLAND John Sanster DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALABAMA Irving Flint "Bud" Foote

GILBERT ISLANDS See Gary Snyder NORTON ISLAND, MAINE Kathleen M Heidermann, (also APOSTLE ISLANDS) WHITE HEAD ISLAND, ST GEORGE, MAINE Charles Wilbur Snow SEVEN-HUNDRED-ACRE-ISLAND, MAINE See St John Perse ORR’S ISLAND, MAINE James Scrimgeour BAILEY ISLAND, MAINE James Scrimgeour PEAKS ISLAND Robert Creeley, (part-time resident) CRANBERRY ISLES, MAINE

Charles E Wadsworth, Views from the Island – Poetry and Prints

PENOBSCOT ISLAND Phoebe Barnes Driver KEY WEST See Elizabeth Bishop Wallace Stevens Robert Frost ISLES OF SHOALS Celia Thaxter James Kennard Jnr. BARRIER ISLANDS Gunnar Hansen

FIRE ISLAND See WH Auden See Christopher Isherwood LONG ISLAND Bloodgood Haviland Cutter “Long Island farmer poet” Walt Whitman Jupiter Hammon (1712-1800)

William Heyen (indicative) STATEN ISLAND Edwin Markham (indicative) BELL ISLAND E.J. Pratt Alison O’Brien ‘Bell Island Ice Blockade’ Rosalind (Reardon) Pinsent Joseph Pynn Paul Bowdring PASS ISLAND See Ted Russell (novelist) NEWFOUNDLAND Henrietta Prescott Oliver Goldsmith Johnny Burke Arthur Scammell Des Walsh Jay MacPherson E.J. Pratt b 1882 Carmelita McGrath John Steffler: The Grey Islands Ellen Carbury Robin McGrath Tom Dawe Agnes Walsh BYLOT ISLAND Pierre Morency ANTICOSTI ISLAND

See Gilles Vigneault FOGO ISLAND Al Pittman CAPE BRETON ISLAND Wally MacAuley William Charles M’Kinnon (novelist) Rita Joe Dawn Fraser MAGDALEN ISLANDS Farley Mowett CAMPOBELLO ISLAND, NEW BRUNSWICK Anne Simpson MIRAMICHI ISLANDS Hedley Parker BRIER ISLAND Jane Danielson BAFFIN ISLAND/NUNAVET See AL Purdy See Cliff Forshaw: ‘The Truelove’ Lucy Idlout Dorothee Komangapik Alootook Ipelie Charlie Adams SITKA ISLAND, ALASKA Richard Nelson See John Straley, novelist Marc Hudson: ‘By Indian River, Saranof Island’ PRIBILOF ISLANDS Rudyard Kipling: ‘The Rhyme of the Three Sealers’ See Sumner MacLeish, Seven Words for Wind

See Libby Beaman KODIAK ISLAND See Joy Davidson Leslie Leyland Fields Asha Falcon, poet and painter KIKASTAN ISLANDS A L Purdy PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Louise Montgomery: See ‘On Cape Leforce’ Mark Strand Milton Acorn 1923-86: See The Island Means Minago

Thomas LePage 1857-1889 John LePage 1812-86 ‘The Island Minstrel’ Dr Leone M Ross 1917-1982 Charlotte Wells 1883-1976 Ferne Peake 1916-68 John Hunter Duvar See Fred Cogswell (New Brunswick) Elizabeth Newell Lockerby b 1832 Robert Harris Father Adrien Arssenault (Acadian poet) John W Smith See Cornelius O’Brien Ed Ives ‘the Farmer Poet’ Tara MacLean Frank Ledwell John Mackenzie Margaret Furness MacLeod Tammy Armstrong Brian Bartlett Joe Blades Denault Blouin Laurie Brinklow Lesley Choyce George Elliott Clarke Fred Cogswell Anne Compton Geoffrey Cook Greg Cook Mary Dalton Julie Dennison Deirdre Dwyer Penny L. Ferguson Judy Gaudet Richard Greene Annie E. Hayes

David Helwig Laurence Hutchman Deirdre Kessler Lynne Kossitsky Carole Glasser Langille Ross Leckie Jane Ledwell Jeanette Lynes Hugh MacDonald John MacKenzie Brent MacLaine Sue MacLeod Catherine Matthews Shauna McCabe Robin McGrath Steve McOrmond Eric Miller Dianne Hicks Morrow Thomas O'Grady Heather Pyrcz Matt Robinson Aaron Schneider Joseph Sherman Sandy Shreve John Smith E. Russell Smith John Steffler Fraser Sutherland Harry Thurston Liliane Welch Wanda Campbell Leone Ross Florence Roper Elaine Harrison Libby Oughton Alice Anna Reese Margo Wheaton ??

FOGO Jack May, lighthousekeeper poet

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS Jerah Chadwick Karen Hesse, See Aleutian Sparrow: Aleuts have been poets and artists. We have made music. We have guided the church and charted the sea. Now we are trapped like the foot of a bird in the snarte of war.

UNALASKA ISLAND See Thomas Campbell Joseph Enzweiler MACKINAC ISLAND (MISH-I-NIM-AUK-IN-ONG), Lake Michigan See William Cullen Bryant Henry Wadsworth Longfellow John Churchman MADELINE ISLAND (Lake Superior) Louise Erdrich SMITH ISLAND, Chesapeake Bay Jennings Evans John C. Hammond See Jon Gower: An Island Called Smith (prose) Tim Marshall TANGIER ISLAND, VIRGINIA Willie Crockett Robert P Arthur: Hymn to the Chesapeake Peter Makuck ASSATEAGUE ISLAND, VIRGINIA Joe Cardarelli

See Frank Stringfellow, “Treasure of Assateaugue Island” CHINCOTEAGUE ISLAND, VIRGINIA John Ian Marshall BLACK HAWK ISLAND Lorine Niedecker GALVESTON ISLAND Paul Boor GRAND ISLAND, NEBRASKA Dion Cautrell Terry Lee Shifferns ST SIMONS

See Eugenia Price, novelist: The Lighthouse SAPELO ISLAND Coleman Barks MT DESERT ISLAND Phil Levin Katherine Higgins JEKYLL ISLAND, GEORGIA (‘millionaire’s island’) See Joseph Pullitzer Sidney Lanier: ‘Marshes of Glynn’ OCRACOKE ISLAND, N. CAROLINA Chad Baker Bill Hicks HATTERAS Johnnie Baum Sybil Austin Skakle HARKERS ISLAND, (a CORE BANKS Island) PAWLEY’S ISLAND, an Atlantic coast barrier island George F Brown Sr. Susan Meyer KEY BISCAYNE Joan Gill Blank Chinese immigrant poets SANIBEL ISLAND Clifton Fadiman Charles Sobczak (novelist) DENMAN ISLAND

Renee Robichaud CAPTIVA ISLAND See Edna St Vincent Millay Jennifer Rose RADDED ISLAND Edna St Vincent Millay PINE ISLAND See James Wright Kip Lawrence LUMMI ISLAND See Annie Dillard, also a poet MADRONE ISLAND Annie Dillard SANTA CATALINA ISLAND, CALIFORNIA Blanche Trask

See L Ron Hubbard Sue Hesse, a resident islander, wrote this quite simple, beautiful poem called: ‘There was this little café on Catalina Island…’

ALAMEDA ISLAND Mary Rudge SULLIVAN ISLAND Dawn Fraser PADRE ISLAND Billy L. Sandifer FIDALGO ISLAND Paul Hansen TYBEE ISLAND, GEORGIA

Thomas Lapp ? EDISTO ISLAND Nicholas Lindsay (Son of Vachel Lindsay) MESO-AMERICAN & SOUTH AMERICAN ISLANDS SAN BLAS ISLANDS, PARAGUAY Arysteides Turapana / Aristide Turpana: Archipelago

Here Kuepti island Fluttering about the cold bleeds white

Killing hours stuck into the wall My grandfather reveals dreams

My grandmother - wild claw and jaw Fans the word solitude

The Storm brings flowers Between shadows

The sea fires Dolphins

Looking towards the sun Ipeton hill

Gives out mysterious mists Around me

Nothing nothing nothing

BOCAS DEL TORO ISLANDS, PANAMA Margaret Walker ISLA DE ITAPARICA Gregorio de Mattos e Guerra Frei Manuel de Santa Maria (Frei Itaparica) ILHA DO MEL

Alberto Cardoso (1930-1992) Vo Maria COZUMEL Gonzalo de Jesus Rosado Iturralde ISLA SANTA CATARINA Cruz de Souza See Antoine St Exupery ISLA DE CHILOE Julio Norambuena Vera Ercilla SAN ANDRES See Gabriel Garcia Marquez: News of a Kidnapping MACACOS ISLAND (Heron Island) JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND See Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe SOLENTINAME ISLAND ON LAKE GUATEMALA Ernesto Cardenal, (poetry workshops) William Agudelo CHILOE ISLAND See Pablo Neruda EASTER ISLAND Pablo Neruda: see La Rosa Separada Dennis Siluk GALAPAGOS ISLANDS See Daniel Samoilovich ISLA DE CEDROS Raul Savin Acevedo, poet and short-story writer FALKLANDS ISLANDS/ MALVINAS

Ernest Spencer: ‘Motherland’ Salvador Oria:

Icicles hang from crosses with a common Christ Seen from different angles; They rest in peace now In a fathomless eternity under the Islands’ soil Flanked by their British comrades reaped by the same scythe; Plastic flowers, flying blue and white ribbons, and brass plaques Eroded by that never-ending wind playing its pipes.

ELEPHANT ISLAND See novel: Endurance TIERRA DEL FUEGO Anahi Lazzaroni Susana C Zilberberg Nini Bernardello Maria Isabel Hector Bravo Gustavo Yellow Andres Miguel Turkish Angel Axel Jovanovich Laura Verga See Nicholas Granato Jose Maria Castineira de Dios : Del impetu dichoso (1943)

Julio Leite: Cruda Poesía Fueguina, 1986; Primeros Fuegos, 1988; Edad Sol, 1990; Bichitos de Luz, 1994; De límites y militancias, 1996; Aceite humano. Poemas para restañar heridas, 1997. Pablo Aguirre

Supplement Open Invitation Perhaps my drafting of an advance reply to those readers who feel that I might have consciously or unconsciously excluded those islands which are well-known and dear to them might, at this stage, be seen as over-defensive; nonetheless, below I cite just a few of the hundreds of islands and chains of islands surveyed which, due to lack of resources, my own inexperience or their ‘remote’, (remote in terms of which other geographical perspective), nature, didn’t, at time of enquiry, reveal literary links: Mitkof Island, Ruhnu, Kihnu, Kisar Islands, Kei Island, Minoo, Kharg,(Oil Island), Sheikh Saas, Sheikh Sho’ayb, Hendurabi, Kish, Farur, Sirri, Abu Mussa, The Greater and Lesser Tunb,Qeshm, Hengam, Larak, Farsi, Hormuz, Lavan, Ambon, Babar

Islands, Paracel Islands, Han Pajang, Ka Way, Halmahera, Belitung, Ogawara Islands, Aero, Russian Island, Popov Island, Soroya, La Isla Isabel, Hasvik, Truk Island, Viikinsaari, Naissaar, Osmussaar, Valaam, Kizhi Prince Charles Island, Batu islands, Islas de la Bahia, Isla de Trinidad, St Pierre and Michelon, Macquarie Island, Cayman Islands, Lakshadiweep, Astola island,Samso, Laeso, Isla Mocha, Isla Campana, Mulatas Islands, Santa Barbara Island, San Clemente Island, Santa Rosa Island, Chagos Island, Isla Tiburon, Islas Revillagigedo, Arrecife Alacran, Isla Coiba, Ilha de Marajo, Ambergris Cay, Saipan, Koror, Papeete. Also, Great Barrier Reef Islands:Haggerstone island, Lizard Island, Green Island , Fitzroy Island, Bedara Island, Dunk Island, Ounda Ginni Koma, Orpheus Island, Hinchinbrook Island, Hayman Island, Hamilton Island, Daydream Island, Pepper’s Palm Island, Brampton Island, Heron Island, Wilson Island, South Molle Island, Lady Elliott Island, Wiencke Island. My desire at all times has been to remain as inclusive as I can be. I’m sure that the majority of these islands do have poets and poetry associated with them and it may be possible to fill such gaps in this study in the future. Yet there has also been another type of omission here. It’s my understanding that Mykola Zero and many Ukrainian poets and artists were killed on the Solovetsky Islands; I did not include their names in citation in the main text here because this Gazetteer is intended to celebrate island-experience and poets’ expression of this, not to evoke associations with islands which have only been the topoi of terrible atrocity in these writer’s lives and deaths. In short, these poets have not been islanders by choice or birth. There may, of course, be other poets who grew up on these particular islands and who saw a life-style outside the grasp of tyranny. As the sub-title states, this is a source book not an attempt at a comprehensive survey, (whatever that might designate in this complex web of cultural intersections and contexts), and there is enough scope here for others to use and build on my work in terms of inter-insular comparative studies for this author to feel this has been exciting and ground-breaking research, an adventure which might have more permanent benefits. I extend my invitation to all readers of the Gazetteer: this short survey is what I could achieve over an allotted time-span with the tools at my disposal and from a given cultural standpoint. It was written with the awareness that my standpoint in this study is supremely relative, only one vantage, (perhaps, in some ways, both a privileged and blinkered one), out of millions. My appeal to potential readers who discover yawning gaps in my coverage is: Don’t discard this book in displeasure or frustration. This particular text wears its ignorance on its sleeve-notes. Please use it, fill out the gaps, inform us all and add to this Gazetteer – we’ll profit from your labour. (Hence the blank pages for your additions the list of islands where I was unable to discover links above.)

Island as Paradigm Notebook Shreds and Scattered Thoughts As well as actual islands, mythical and allegorical islands have been employed in the arts over centuries as creative paradigms. In fact, within the human imagination, the outlines of island as reality and island as paradigm have often been blurred. Stories carried back home by storm-dispersed traders or shipwrecked mariners have led to all

kinds of fantastical insular projections. Yet some paradigms have actually been built up from experience of well-known islands. The following list is a catalogue of some of the paradigms associated with islands which I have encountered and I do hope they provide a useful resource. An islander for life: George Mackay Brown on Orkney Sorley MacClean the Djurhuus Brothers and Roi Patursson of the Faroe Islands the Lewis Brothers on Anglesey Pino Ojeda, Pino Betancor on Las Islas Canarias Lazaro Santana on Tenerife: Que gira entre las islas Poets on Arran on Ynys Enlli (Bardsey) on Malta An exiled islander,(temporary):

T.E. Brown from the Isle of Man Goronwy Owen from Anglesey Edwin Muir & GM Brown from Orkney Louise Montgomery from Prince Edward Island Long-term visitors and exiles to the isles: Victor Hugo on Guernsey Mervyn Peake on Sark Napoleon on Corsica Tiberius’ ‘Golden Exile’ on Capri Vibrant island cultures which are re-discovering their pre-colonial heritage by envisioning fusions of old and new life-patterns, often without reference to global consumer powers. The fear, (‘insulaphobia?’) and ennuie associated with islands: ‘Rock Fever.’ River islands and Guthlac: cf Avalon Lake isles of Innisfree Islands near a mainland Castle-islands: Trakai Palace and temple-islands: Cleopatra on Antirodos Remote Islands Landlocked Islands: the Wesley brothers from the ‘Isle’ of Axeholme Presque’ Isle, Sunk Island, Black Isle Islands as paradise Deception Island As retreat / haven / refuge Isles of the inner body: Isles of Langerhans Isles as allegory and Utopia: A fictional island is naturally the favourite location of classic utopias. Thomas More’s Utopia near South America used to be a peninsula, which King Utopus had had cut off from the mainland with a canal (1516), the New Atlantis (1627) of Francis Bacon was located on the island of Bensalem, James Harrington’s

Oceana (1656) had been built on the island of Oceana and Johann Valentin Andrae’s Christianopolis (1619) on the island of Capharsalama. The island and the city find a unique organic unity in Tommaso Campanella’s The City of the Sun (1637), and its description renders the idea of an island: ‘The greater part of the city is built upon a high hill, which rises from an extensive plain, but several of its circles extend for some distance beyond the base o f the hill, which is of such a size that the diameter of the city is upward of two miles, so that its circumference becomes about seven.’ (Campanella 1882: 217.) The image of an island is seconded by the circle-based plan of the earlier utopian cities: a market square, surrounded by temples is located in the centre of the model city of Plato’s Laws (Laws, 778c); the concentric walls of the City of the Sun are, naturally, especially characteristic of the image. Vitruvius in his De architectura – the only completely preserved treatment of architecture of the Ancient time – also recommended a radial scheme, because of weather conditions (winds) and other considerations (Bk. I, Ch. 5–6). See Virve Sarapik: ‘ –Topias & Islands’

Swift, Circe, The Tempest, Margaret Atwood, Ingelow , Anatole France’s Penguin Island and ‘Gladys’ Island’ which vanished, Isles of enchantment and the Golden Hesperides JM Barrie: Peter Pan’s Never Never Island Mythical Islands Poe’s ‘Island of the Fay’ The Voyage of the Mael Dunn and Odyssey Isles of Detention and Alcatraz, Devil’s Island, Papillon, Ellis Island, Angel Island Isles of shipwreck and castaway: Robinson Crusoe Isles of English ‘Boys Own’ imperialistic literature: Coral Island And its dystopic counterpart: Lord of the Flies Islands of slavery and internment. See Koh Kor Island, Tonle Bassac River, Cambodia. A safe haven now for women once abused as prostitutes, the island was a Khmer Rouge prison formerly 1975-97. J G Schnabel’s Die Insel Felsenburg See Huxley’s Island Disappearing islands of the Indian Ocean, (global warming): See Lohachara Island in the Sundabans Moskenesoy and the Moskenesstraumen maelstrom Isla de Pescado and the hotel made of salt, Bolivia Skeleton Island Fake or hoax islands like Saracen Island and Japanese ships disguised as islands during World War Two Isles of women’s liberation: cf Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing, George Sand’s vision of ile de Reunion in Indiana and Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett’s New Amazonia, A Foretaste of the Future, (1889) Butler’s Erewhon ‘The Isle of No Return’ T.V. islands: Gilligan’s Island, Fantasy Island

Islands of horror & dystopic experiment and The Hounds of Zaroff (The Most Dangerous Game) and the Island of Dr Moreau. See also Edgar Rice Burroughs inheritance of this idea from Wells: The Monster Men, 1929. Verne’s Mysterious Island. The Island that Time Forgot.See also the different films of Jurassic Park. Shipwreck and morality: Robinson Crusoe, Ballantyne, Lord of the Flies, Oliver Reed Painterly islands: Lawren S. Harris’ stunning Pic Island, Friedrich’s white cliffs on Rugen Isles of the Blessed and Bocklin’s ‘Isle of the Dead’, (not actually titled thus by the painter) See Val Lewton’s film which uses this very motif. (Also Gieger’s image derived from this.) Poet, Adam Czerniawski’s imaginary island of sumiram. Isles of massacre /isles of germ warfare and bomb experiments: Bikini Atoll Vanishing islands/imaginary islands: cf Seamus Heaney The Haw Lantern And the imaginary Sicmon Islands in Nick Bantock’s Griffin and Sabine Islands that have literally vanished due to land reclamation and immolation like Reimerswaal island in South Beveland, (Zeeland archipelago), where young lovers of the Brussels nobility who wished clandestine marriages fled to in the 15th century. Also drained islands like Szigetkoz, Hungary. Religion specifically connected with Islands : Huna from Hawaii Cervantes imaginary island, Barataria which actually gave the name to real isles off New Orleans Spencer’s imaginary island on top of the skull Island shrines like those at Elephanta, Bombay Harbour, India Guadeloupe-born St John Perse on Aeaea, (Circe’s Island) Islands of volcanic birth and destruction ‘Fog-islands’: see Elisabet Hermodsson: Dimstråk (Fogbank) Kahuna means ‘Keeper of the Secret’ Role of ancestors - atavism “If you walk all around the island, eventually you end up behind yourself.” The islander said: “At least seven generations of my ancestors direct the keel of my life’s boat” ‘The smaller the island, the larger the neurosis.’ The mysterious treasure and seawater conduits of Oak Island. Mme d’Aulney: L’ile de la felicite (1690) ‘The Isles of Felicity’ and separatist, women-only islands and utopias Kronos’ island See Lee Harwood: ‘Qasida Island’ Island as ‘holy’: Lindisfarne, Anglesey for the Druids, Bornholm Island as site for pilgrimage and penitence: St Patrick’s Purgatory, Lough Derg, Co., Donegal Artificial islands: see Aircraft carrier in F.P., Wemick’s island in Great Expectations and cinematic versions like the fantasies of Waterworld. Dead Man’s Island: islands of suspense and murder - Ten Little Indians-racist titles. Lane’s Mizora is a fantasy of an island inside the planet earth. A land of all-white women, organised by eugenics and racist policies. (CF also Herland.) Plane-crash fantasy islands: TV series Lost

One Approach: an Afterword At the risk of exhibiting the researcher’s perilous and introspective self-absorption, my feeling in drawing close to the end of this particular spell of study is that its

methodology has become almost as fascinating and problematic area of discourse as its results. Indeed, the two are inseparable. To re-coin Marshall McLuhan:

The mode is medium is message. The publishing histories of poets from many of the islands mentioned here are frustratingly fragmentary and, though the Internet and greater ease of publication will hopefully remedy the situation to some extent, these conditions are liable to be perpetuated, (unless a researcher such as myself), starts to island-hop for long periods of his or her earthly existence seeking to fill out the record. IT resources are Janus-faced with regard to this type of research. Many Websites are ephemeral and/or badly-maintained, especially, (but not uniquely of course ), on islands and in institutions which are remote and lack funding. The future might change all this. Yet the Net does, of course, provide resources which are impossible to find elsewhere and, as such, is a real breakthrough in human technology. Daunting too, is the high speed of IT development. Even in the few years I’ve spent writing this study, I’ve come across technical assistance which would have helped my search at the outset and would have resulted in a much fuller cache of poets. The genesis of translation services, (at least for French, Hispanic languages and German texts), on the Net has assisted the latter part of this work. The speed of change will only increase and one, (perhaps perversely), hopes that in a few years this study will be seen as very limited in scope compared to newer studies available then. In part, then, I have laboured to produce a study which anticipates, even welcomes. its own obsolescence. In the final analysis, since continents themselves could, of course, be defined as vast islands, I had some extremely difficult decisions to make about the size of island eligible for inclusion in this collection. Consider, for example, the case of Greenland, (included). The task at the outset was dauntingly complex and still is since I don’t regard this provisional list as, in any way, finished or closed. For my purposes, unless the Gazetteer was to be immense, some islands had to omitted here. Since the poetries of the mainlands of Britain, Ireland, New Zealand and Japan have been amply anthologised, (in English), and the numbers of poets involved on these islands is very high, I determined, for reasons of sheer practicality, to place an emphasis upon: 1 Small islands and their literature. 2 Larger islands where the work of the poets involved is not well known in English. Urban or urbanised islands posed another class of problem but for the reasons mentioned above, I decided to include Hong Kong, Singapore, Bahrain and Taiwan but not Manhattan or most of the isles of the Thames (one exception.) The further I went with my survey, the more I realised that this catalogue could only be an infinitesimally small section through the world’s vast networks of poetic lives and expression. It was often also a sobering journey: a reminder of generations suffering from poverty and decimation at the hands of colonisers and imperialists. The histories of many archipelagos are harrowing and brutal, testaments to the need felt by global powers to subject and terrorise unfamiliar cultures. A bread-line existence with no schools or books does not encourage any poetry other than oral traditions. Consequently, many of

the island-writers mentioned in these pages have been remarkably resilient, brave and mobile, sometimes willing to risk exile in foreign cities in order to find requisite employment and publication of their work. It is salutary to note that there are still too many small islands which are merely army and naval bases for the global powers or hidden arms dumps and munitions complexes for Western ‘democracies’ or Middle Eastern dictatorships. One thinks of the heroic struggle, recently successful, of the Chagos islanders against the British government to return to their homeland. One also remembers Joseph Brodsky translating English poets in the Gulag, and, if a person is concerned at all, one draws a tentative graph of hope, always provisional, always frail. I append a very select Bibliography to indicate some of the poetry and critical anthologies which have assisted me the most in assembling these materials. Despite the years of research, it is finally daunting to remain aware that such a work as this is, by dint of its parameters, necessarily a kind of ongoing creative failure. I must stress that this writer realises that some islands mentioned here are ruinously under-represented : my research was for a limited span only and I was dependant upon those very helpful individual individuals mentioned in Acknowledgements, texts and Net resources available over that time. Many of the islands cited here have ancient literatures and deserve whole books to themselves. Such a survey runs foul of the author’s own total ignorance of Far Eastern languages and ruinously incomplete knowledge of others. Thus, very important figures might have been omitted here and that which we call the ‘vanity’ writer in Britain, (the writer of trite, naïve and self-indulgent doggerel), might have crept in. Open access to the Internet has, of course meant that anyone can present themselves as a poet, even though, sometimes, the evidence is thin on the ground. Though I believe that everyone has their own poem to write, it’s with a sinking heart I read the all-too-predictable web-text: ‘I dabble in poetry.’ What would one think, I wonder, if one read: ‘I dabble in thought’ or ‘I dabble in auto engines’ instead ? I, for one, wouldn’t like to think that thought/ drive that car. Indeed, even given a total open-ness to oral poetries here: performance, rap, slam and jive, sometimes it seems as though there’s a thin, (or, at times, non-existent), line between the apparent simplicity and unbookishness of some younger poets represented, (usually from cultures early in their literate use of any particular language), and the trite tickertape of vanity poets. (One never knows which direction a young or newly-fledged poet or poets will take.) In some cultures, the line between song-writing and poetry is almost invisible or, again, non-existent. Ditto I’m aware that the Net has, here and there, become, (in 2002 as I write this), the preserve of rich freewheeling young Americans, Canadians, Brits, Australians et al who have attended a Creative Writing program, call themselves ‘published poets’ and happen to have visited one of these islands once. They now flag this up on their Website. Incidentally, neither have I been prejudiced against the inclusion of young Americans, Canadians, Brits and Australians. At one point I even encountered: ‘Island writer, Miss ……. ……. (Name Deleted) is a published poet and wants to be a vampire.’ No doubt, one of the corrupt urban Council ‘planners’ of my acquaintance from Yorkshire, England, presently disposing of our last green fields, will be glad to oblige her. A Net organisation called ‘The International Poetry Hall of Fame’ seems to be colonised exclusively by notorious doggerelers. Time may prove me wrong on this too. Yet it would be a different kind of prejudice to argue that even such amateur writers aren’t somehow part of an island’s history. Where the poetry itself has been available,

I’ve tried to exercise some degree of quality control, (using my own poetic criteria with all the limitations that implies), but I’d also stress that most of the island-poets at any stage of their creative development that I encountered are cited here. My view has been that I’m not in the business of expanding one severely restrictive set of canons in order to establish another, however seemingly inclusive. My purpose is to point out those insular literary inheritances and activities, (which I’ve been able to trace), and to encourage new writers who wish to grow from or react against those valuable inheritances, not to shut the stations down if the evidence for poetic activity seems flimsy to me from my own very localised and limited perspective. Neither am I any kind of censor or arbiter of moral/literary correctness. This desire to be as objectively inclusive as I can even extended at times, (twice to my knowledge), to citing the names of poets whose ideologies I found incredibly offensive and racist. Perhaps their names would have been better forgotten, though I generally concur with Robert Lowell in ‘Epilogue’: We are poor passing facts, warned by that to give each figure in the photograph his living name. And her living name. If we omit a trace of the past, we run the risk of ignoring that resource which might counter the more horrific aspects of human heritage in the future. Let us not fall foul of adopting the racists’ own exclusionist methodologies and let us, instead, allow history to judge. Of course, such an open approach is prone to errors, perhaps a great many. One error might, of course, be the citation of poets here who don’t wish to be identified in any way as ‘an island-poet’, since such a label might bring with it criteria which just aren’t relevant to their work. Such errors and slips as well as the misplacing and mistitling and duplication of poets are all my own – mea culpa. Due to my unfamiliarity with some archipelagos, it might be that an island crops up more than once here under different names, (as might poets under slightly different names.) Take the example of Goa, the island, and Goa, the area of mainland India. It’s not always been easy to tell what ‘Goan poet’ means. A fictional poet, (or, indeed, Web-constructed virtual island), might have worked their way in. Sometimes it was difficult to discover from the sparse details available whether the writer was poet, novelist or both. Where I could only trace novelistic connections for an island, I included the novelist’s name here for general information, but their name isn’t included in my ‘2000 poets’ count. Since my project involves such far-flung communities of poets, it would take a bank of proof-readers and researchers to re-trace my steps, checking as it went; concomittantly, I’ve no doubt that it will only take a few specialists world-wide to reveal a mutitude of errors. Even to attempt such a project, I’ve had to become a generalist and that always leaves a researcher wide open. At other times, after long hours in front of the PC screen, I felt I’d cite any poet’s name – however ‘weak’ their work – just to be able to include their island. Including the island, to cite it on one type of literary map here, seemed as important as the inclusion of a known writer. Such motives may be extremely questionable and undoubtedly shaped too insistently by obsession; also undoubtedly, many island-poets are still out there locked away from my research behind the wall that their language or culture poses to such an Anglo-Welsh writer as myself at this moment in time. Such

predicaments certainly force an author to re-appraise their methodology for research repeatedly as it evolves. As it is, it is enough for this researcher to know that the names of these writers have never been gathered together in such numbers before. And, just as we can still experience that stunning moment of a new iceberg being ‘calved’ and a new island breaking the surface of the sea, it is useful to remember that this small book is now set adrift and may encourage others; this, after all, only a beginning.

Semper insula.

Select Bibliography African Women’s Poetry, Ed Stella and Charles Chipasula, Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. Anthology of Modern Chinese Poetry, Ed and Trans Michelle Yeh, Yale, New Haven and London, 19992. A Shetland Anthology, Ed John and Lawrence Graham, Shetland Publishing Company, London, 1998. Breiner, Lawrence A., An Introduction to West Indian Poetry, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1998. Maria Luisa A. Cariño, In the Garden of the Three Islands, Asphodel Press / Moyer Bell, Wakefield, Rhode Island & London, 1995. Caribbean Verse, an anthology, Ed. O.R.Dathorne, Heinemann Educational Books, London, 1967. Concert of Voices, An Anthology of World Writing in English, Ed Victor J. Ramraj, Broadview Press, Cardiff, 1995. Davey, Steve & Schlossman, Marc, Unforgettable Islands to escape to before you die, BBC Books, 2007. Davies, Catherine, A Place in the Sun ? Women Writers in Twentieth-Century Cuba, Zed Books, London and New Jersey, 1997. Effects of Light, The Poetry of Tasmania, Ed Vivian Smith and Margaret Scott, Twelvetrees Publishing Company, Tasmania, 1985. Ferguson, James, The Caribbean, Traveller’s Literary Companion, In Print Publishing, London, 1997. From the Bluest Part of the Harbour, Poems from Hong Kong, Ed. Andrew Parkin, Oxford in Asia Paperbacks, Oxford, 1995. Gedichten Rong Het Wad, Bijeengebracht door Ad. C. de Haan, At See Uitgever, Hallum, 1985. Geographical Atlas of the World, Foreword W. Read, Bramley Books, Surrey, 1991. (A small, clear and handy atlas.) Gestures, Poetry from SAARC Countries, Ed K. Satchidanandan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2001 Habekost, Christian, Dub Poetry, 19 poets from England and Jamaica, Michael Schwinn, West Germany, 1986. Hinterland, Caribbean Poetry from the West Indies & Britain, Ed. E.A. Markam, Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1989.

Islands, Gallery Calendar, Workman Publishing, New York, 2007. Kennedy, Ellen Conroy, The Negritude Poets, Thunder’s Mouth Press, New York, 1975. Ian Mathieson, Miles Apart: A booklist on the South Atlantic Islands : 5, Harraton House, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7HF, List No. 14, 2000. McLachlan, Gordon, The Rough Guide to Germany, Penguin Books, London, 2001. Message in a Bottle, The Literature of Small Islands, Proceedings from an International Conference, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, June 28-30, 1998, Ed. Laurie Brinklow, Frank Ledwell and Jane Ledwell, Institute of Island Studies, Charlottetown, 2000. Modern Arabic Poetry, An Anthology, Ed Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987. Moritz, Albert and Theresa Moritz, The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to Canada, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987. Nuanua, Pacific Writing in English Since 1980, Ed Albert Wendt, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 1995. 100 Island Poems of Great Britain and Ireland, Ed. James Knox Whittet, Iron, Northumberland, 2005. Open Gate, An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry, Ed Paul Laraque and Jack Hirschman, Curbstone Press, Willimantic, 2001. The Pen Is Mightier Than The Sword, Skoob Pacific Anthology 2, Preface by Ike Ong, Skoob Books, London, 1994. The Penguin Book of Caribbean Verse, Ed. Paula Burnett, Penguin, London, 1986. The Song Atlas, A Book of World Poetry, Ed. John Gallas, Carcanet, Manchester, 2002. Perceiving Other Worlds, Edited by Edwin Thumboo, Times Academic Press, Singapore, 1991. Poetry Hawaii, a contemporary anthology, Ed Frank Stewart and John Unterecker, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, 1979. Returning A Borrowed Tongue, An Anthology of Filipino and Filipino American Poetry, Ed Nick Carró, Coffee House Press, Minneapolis, 1995. Rocky Shores, An Anthology of Faroese Poetry, Compiled and Translated by George Johnston, Wilfion Books, Paisley, Scotland, 1981.

Schei, Liv K. and Moberg, Gunnie, The Faroe Islands, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2003. Schei, Liv K. and Moberg, Gunnie, The Islands of Orkney, Colin Baxter, Scotland, 2000. Schei, Liv K. and Moberg, Gunnie, The Shetland Islands, Colin Baxter, Scotland, 2006. Standard Encyclopedia of the World’s Oceans and Islands, Ed Anthony Huxley, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969. Terschelling…Rijmt En Dicht, Stichting Ons, Terschelling, 1981. The Arnold Anthology of Post Colonial Literatures in English, Ed John Thieme, Arnold, London and New York, 1996. The Heinemann Book of Caribbean Poetry, Selected by Ian McDonald and Stewart Brown, Heinemann Educational, Oxford, 1992. The Morning After, Poems about Bali by Bali’s major poets, Trans. Vern Cork, Darma, Darlington, 2000. The Observer Island Britain, Edited by Peter Crookston, Little, Brown, London, 1993. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide, Ed. Dorothy Eagle and Hilary Carnell, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981. The Times Atlas of the World, John Bartholomew & Son, Times Newspapers Ltd., London, 1968. (Absolutely indispensable and, despite, place-name changes since its publication, these beautiful maps are a good deal easier to read than those in newer Times editions or on the Internet.) Judy Urquhart & Eric Ellington, Eigg, Canongate, Edinburgh, 1987. Voices from / Voix de Madagascar, An Anthology of Contemporary Francophone Literature, Ed. By Jacques Bourgeacq and Liliane Ramarosoa, Ohio University Center for International Studies, Ohio, 2002.