Date post: | 28-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | julius-flynn |
View: | 216 times |
Download: | 1 times |
Seabirds
Penguins
Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels
Pelicans, cormorants, boobies
Gulls, terns, skuas, puffins
Diving ducks
Loons, grebes
“Waterbirds”
Herons, egrets
Ducks, geese, swans
Shorebirds
Global seabird declines
% of species in each IUCN Red List category
Red List Indices for (a) seabird and non-seabird species; (b) coastal species, pelagic speciesand listed in Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)
Threats/factors for decline
Seabirds
Pelagic seabirds
Coastal seabirds
Puget Sound declines
• Common marine birds declining– 19 of 30 most common species in no. Puget
Sound decreased by ~20% from 1978-2004• Since 1979, marine bird numbers in the
Puget Sound region has dropped 47% • Western grebe populations declined by
95% over last 20 years
Likely factors (Puget Sound)
• Forage fish population declines• Changing migration patterns• Predation/hunting• Habitat loss• Fisheries interactions
– Bycatch from active fisheries– Derelict fishing gear
• Harm to Arctic breeding grounds
Puget Sound studies• PSAMP Winter Seabird Surveys (plane)
• WDFW
• Puget Sound and Washington Coast Seabird Population Trends (boat)– WDFW, USFWS
• Puget Sound Seabird Survey (shore*)– Seattle Audubon
• Rhinoceros Auklet Ecology (colony)– WDFW, UPS, NOAA
Foraging ecology/behavior
• Indirect evidence– Inferred from diet and movements
• Bill load contents, stomach contents– Auklets, terns, cormorants
• Regurgitated pellet analysis– Gulls, terns
• Tagging studies (satellite, TDRs), radio– Auklets, terns, cormorants
• Radar– Marbled murrelets. passerines
Foraging ecology/behavior
• Direct evidence– Observing individual behavior/movements
• Line/strip transects (at-sea)• Scan and focal animal sampling (shore)
Puget Sound Seabird Survey
• Monthly (Oct.-Apr.)• High tide (4-hour window)• Shore-based (but of water)• Random, pre-selected sites
• Binoculars/spotting scope• Geese, ducks, swans, loons, grebes,
cormorants, gulls, terns, alcids• Spp., #, distance, bearing, sex ratio,
flocks, weather
Scan/focal sampling• Scan sampling
– Counts of individuals in proscribed area(s)• Generates species densities, community
composition, habitat association• Noting behavior (standing/sleeping, walking,
foraging), generates # or % per behavior
• Focal animal sampling– Individual behavior over proscribed time
• Time-stamped behaviors• Note predators/competitors, habitat• Generates time budgets, consumption data, etc.
• Capture rates• Handling times• Prey selection• Kleptoparasitism
• Migration timing• Habitat associations• Prey associations• Restoration activity