Seat Increase: BN’s ultimate weapon in GE14?
Dr Wong Chin Huat Fellow, Penang Institute
Resource Person, BERSIH 2.0-Engage-DART Briefing for Parliamentarians, the Parliament
2014.03.31
BN’s 3 Magic Tools:
• Malapportionment
–manipulation in electorate size
• Gerrymandering
–manipulation in electorate composition
• Seat Increase –Manipulation of politicians’ judgement
Why must we have more lawmakers?
435 435
94
314
1911 2013
The Growth of Population and Congress
in US (1911-2013)
US Congressmen US Population (M)
144
222
9.4
26
1965 2005
The Growth of Population and Parliament
in Malaysia (1965-2005)
Malaysian MPs Malaysian Population (M)
5
Malaysia Boleh --- Let’s have 26 more MPs than India in 75 years?
6
154
177
180
192
193
219 222 253
552
288
328
374
417
465 518
578
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Projected Parliamentary Expansion in India and Malaysia
Number of Malaysian MPs and Projection (after GE13)
Maximum Number of Indian MPs and Projection (after GE13)
GE04-GE07:
+15%!
GE07-GE09:
+8.5%!
GE09-GE11:
+14%!
Projected Expansion Rate in GE14 and after
+14% / 2 GEs
Redelineation First, Seat Increase Later
Peninsula and Labuan
Sabah Sarawak
Constituency Redelination
1st Notice of Display 2002.08.08 2002.08.08 2005.01.07
2nd Notice of Display 2003.01.16 2002.12.26 2005.04.22
EC report laid before Dewan Rakyat
2003.04.03 2003.04.03 2005.06.23
Draft Order passed by Dewan Rakyat
2003.04.08 2003.04.08 2005.07.04
Order Gazetted 2003.05.01 2003.05.01 2005.08.01
Seat Increase
Amendment of Article 46 passed by Dewan Rakyat
2003.06.19 2003.06.19 2005.09.29
Amendment of Article 46 Gazetted
2003.08.14 2003.08.14 2005.12.31
Acknowledgement: Parliamentary Library; The Malaysian Bar especially Dr Pathmavathy Satyamoorthy, Santhi Latha and Anusha Gopalan Krishnan; Lu Wei Hong; and Cheng Eng Aun
Why the Confusions?
Issue Consideration Decision Maker
Pre-1962 Post-1973 (by design)
2003 & 2005 Redelineation (in practice)
Total Seats Effectiveness of Parliament; Quality of Representation;
Step 1: Parliament (Article 46)
Step 1: Parliament (Article 46)
Step 2: Election Commission (Article 46)
Interstate Apportionment
Electorate Size and Power of State
Step 2: Election Commission (Article 116) Districting Electorate Size
and Local Ties Step 2: Election Commission (13th Schedule)
Step 1: Election Commission (13th Schedule)
• Consideration 1: effectiveness of Parliament
• Consideration 2: quality of representation
How big should the Parliament be?
9
An average MP spoke and was heard for
2012
02:31:37
The Dewan Rakyat met for
560:58:00
Should we have MORE MPs so that each can speak LESS?
By Nicholas Chan
• Two standard methods in gerrymandering: – Packing (your opponents’ supporters so that they
can only win few constituencies)
– Cracking (your opponents’ supporters so that they cannot win marginal constituencies)
• By packing opposition supporters in a new seat, – BN’s marginal seats can be saved
– PR’s marginal seats can be cracked
How may seat increase make GE14 outcome more predetermined?
• In GE13, BN won 52.45% of total votes but 100% of 4 Parliamentary Seats surrounding Johor Bahru.
• With price hike, plane crash and other factors, BN support may fall in GE14 and it may lose 3 seats if there is a drop by 3% points.
• Without new seats, helping one BN candidate may hurt another one.
How may seat increase make GE14 outcome more predetermined?
P160 Johor Bahru Shahrir Abdul Samad (UMNO)
56.46%
P161 Pulai Nur Jazlan Mohamed (UMNO)
51.91%
P158 Tebrau Khoo Soo Seng (MCA)
51.13%
P159 Pasir Gudang Normala Abdul Samad (UMNO)
50.54%
11
Who should Gerry help?
How to gerrymander within these 4 constituencies?
Blue – BN >= 55% Light Blue – BN 50%-<55% Magenta – PR 50%-<55% Red – PR > 55%
By HY
Without additional seats Seats GE 13 After Boundary Adjustment
Voters Margin Voters Margin
P158 Tebrau 90,482 1767 (BN) 95695 2587
P159 Pasir Gudang 101,041 935 (BN) 98936 1671
P160 Johor Bahru 96,321 10,134 (BN) 96955 6154
P161 Pulai 100,490 3226 (BN) 97748 2095
Seats After Boundary Adjustment
Voters Margin
P158 Terbrau 78394 7187 (BN)
P159 Pasir Gudang 73975 8324 (BN)
P160 JB Timor 78807 -17029 (PR)
P160A JB Barat 79034 10463 (BN)
P161 Pulai 78124 3562
With 1 additional seat
Without Adding Seats
No matter how much adjustment is made, only 1 seat (JB) can be made safe. Possibly, in total, PR 3: BN1, a PR’s net lead of 2.
Add 1 Additional Seat
With addition of just 1 seat, 3 seat are super safe, and 1 winnable and PR get 1 super safe seat (JB Timor). Overall: BN 4: PR 1, a BN’s net lead of 3. Compared to the previous scenario, BN’s fortune turns from -2 to +3, a net gain of 5 seats!
What about gerrymandering into neighbouring constituencies, without new seats?
Polling districts on the eastern front are heavily BN. Adding in these polling districts may result in the JB constituencies excessively larger than neighbouring rural constituencies (Kota Tinggi and Tenggara). Polling districts on the western front are quite pro-PR. Gerrymandering towards that direction will mean transfer out these polling districts, which will make Gelang Patah excessively large. Combining these two moves, BN may still be marginal in 1-2 constituencies in the middle.
By HY
Possible Scenario in Selangor • These 5 Parliamentary
Constituencies have 460,315 voters (7x national average)
• In GE13, BN won 2 marginally (2:3), a lead of 1
• In GE14, BN may lose all 5 (0:5), a net loss of 5
• If 1 seat can be added, it’s possible for BN to secure the 2 marginals and win the new seat (3:3), an even.
• This would mean an improvement from a net loss of 5 to possibly an even, a net gain in 5.
Hulu Selangor 85.697 (BN: 50.89%)
Kuala Selangor 62,298 (BN: 50.42%)
Selayang 101,236 (BN: 37.90%)
Gombak 123,290 (BN 47.53%)
Ampang 83,135 (BN 40.60%)
Possible Scenario in Terengganu
• With 634,944 voters (10x national average), Terengganu can count on increase up to 2 seats
• 1 seat can be added between Kuala Terengganu, Marang and Setiu, to be won by UMNO.
• Kuala Nerus can be wrested in the process.
• Another 1 seat can be added between Dungun and Kemaman, which UMNO stands a good chance of winning.
• With status quo, UMNO: PAS = 4: 4 (a net lead of 0)
• With 2 new seats, it could well be UMNO: PAS = 6:4 (a net lead of 2) or even 7:3 (a net lead of 4)
Kuala Terengganu 94,406 (BN: 43.23%)
Besut 72,566 (BN: 56.71%)
Hulu Terengganu 63,543 (BN: 57.38%)
Marang 90,795 (BN 46.83%)
Kemaman 91,442 (BN: 57.81%)
Dungun 78,174 (BN: 46.78%)
Kuala Nerus 76,238 (BN: 49.55%)
Setiu 67,280 (BN: 56.79%)
What about other states?
Seat increase will likely benefit BN in also • Kedah • Kelantan • Malacca • KL • Sabah • Sarawak • Pahang • Perak
47.38%
20.39%
15.71% 14.77%
59.91%
13.51%
17.12%
9.46%
126.00%
66.00%
109.00%
64.00%
BN PKR DAP PAS
Seats-Votes Disproportionality in the Parliamentary Elections 2013
Vote % Seat % Relative Value
• View 2: Malapportionment + Gerrymandering
Violation of the “1 Person, 1 Vote, 1 Value” Principle?
Jika 1 undi = RM1, dan Harga 1kg sugar RM 1 如果一票=RM1, 而白糖每公斤RM1 If 1 Vote = RM1 and RM1 buys you 1kg sugar
BN DAPAT 买到 RECEIVED 1.26KG
PKR 0.66KG
DAP 1.09KG
PAS 0.64KG
PR 0.79KG
Kerusi dalam Parlimen 国会议席
Seats in Parliament
By Thomas Fann
DAPAT 买到 RECEIVED
DAPAT 买到 RECEIVED
DAPAT 买到 RECEIVED
DAPAT 买到 RECEIVED
PRU
选举 Elections
Bilangan undi pembangkang utama untuk melawan 1 undi Perikatan/Bn
与联盟/国阵一张选票等值,主要在野党所需赢得的选票数目 Votes for Main Opposition Parties to match 1 Alliance/ BN vote
Parti Pembangkang No 1
最大在野党
Largest Opposition Party
Parti Pembangkang No 2
第二大在野党 Second Largest Opposition Party
Parti Pembangkang No 3
第三大在野党 Third Largest Opposition Party
1955 PN Infinity PAS 2.54 NAP Infinity
1959 PAS 2.34 Labour 2.31 PPP 2.25
1964 SF 12.25 PAS 2.47 UDP 6.65
1969 PAS 3.39 DAP 1.79 Gerakan 1.81
1974 DAP 4.52 SNAP 1.37 Pekemas 11.39
1978 DAP 2.72 PAS 7.03 Pekemas Infinity
1982 DAP 4.75 PAS 6.30 PSRM Infinity
1986 DAP 2.27 PAS 40.41 PSRM Infinity
1990 DAP 2.10 S46 4.48 PAS 2.28
1995 DAP 3.33 S46 4.22 PAS 2.59
1999 PAS 1.45 DAP 3.28 PKN 6.11
2004 PAS 8.15 DAP 2.58 PKR 26.08
2008 PKR 1.67 PAS 1.70 DAP 1.37
2013 PKR 1.91 PAS 1.98 DAP 1.19
Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(c) the number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and the other disadvantage facing rural constituencies, a measure of weightage for area ought to be given to such constituencies;
• Equal apportionment is rule, malapportionment has to
be exceptional and justifiably pro-rural
Constitutional Provision Against Malapportionment
27
56,007
72,387
36,989
19,304
P9 Alor Star P16 Baling N29 Sri Serdang N30 Kinrara
Intra-State Malapportionment within the same state (Kedah) and
the same Parliamentary Constituency (P103 Puchong)
Proposed Electorate at the 2003 Redelineation (2001 figure)
Anti-rural and Unjustified Malapportionment
28
Is Baling a Metropolis? Is Kinrara twice
as backward as Sri Serdang?
Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(a) while having regard to the desirability of giving all electors reasonably convenient opportunities of going to the polls, constituencies ought to be delimited so that they do not cross State boundaries and regard ought to be had to the inconvenience of State constituencies crossing the boundaries of federal constituencies;
(b) regard ought to be to the administrative facilities available within the constituencies for the establishment of the necessary registration and polling machines;
(d) regard ought to be had to the inconveniences attendant on alterations of constituencies, and to the maintenance of local ties.
Constitutional Provision Against Gerrymandering
29
Gerrymandering Type 1: Crossing Municipal/District Boundaries
30
1 Parliamentary Constituency in 4 Local Authorities!
Gerrymandering Type 2: Arbitrary Combination of Communities (within the same Municipality/District)
31
The State Constituency of Selat Klang consists of two unconnected parts: urban settlement and islands.
• Address:278-D, Kg Abdullah, 85000 Segamat.
• Constituencies before 2003:P125 Segamat
• Constituencies after 2003
– Mr Ong :
• P140 Segamat - N02 Jementah
– Mrs Ong and other family members:
• P141 Sekijang - N03 Pemanis
One bed, two constituencies?
33
Gerrymandering Type 4: Teleporting Voters
http://www.pasukanp140.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/map-kg-abdullah-1024x887.png
Transfer of voters by way of electoral roll re-organisation after constituency redelineation.
34
EC informing PM and Speaker of Dewan Rakyat
EC publishing a NOTICE in Gazette and Newspaper(s) about the effect of recommended boundaries and venues of maps display.
EC make REVISION
INQUIRY
30 Days to make OBJECTIONS – 1. State
governments 2. Local
authorities 3. Group of
100+ affected voters.
EC submit REPORT to PM
PM to lay report before the Dewan Rakyat with a DRAFT ORDER (with or without
modifications to recommendations)
Dewan Rakyat to approve the draft order on a SIMPLE MAJORITY
PM to AMEND the draft order.
YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG to make the Order
The Constituency Delineation Process according to Part 2, Schedule 13, Federal Constitution
Objections fulfilling conditions
No objections or not fulfilling conditions
Objections accepted
Objections rejected
Mandatory to repeat once
Can proceed after 2nd revision
No
Yes
By Dr Wong Chin Huat
3
Objections Classified 2003 –
Peninsula and Labuan
2003 – Sabah
2005 – Sarawak
FIRST DISPLAY
Objections not fulfilling conditions 142 38 13
Objections fulfilling Conditions
By State or local governments 5
By 100 or more affected voters 138 28 13
TOTAL 285 66 26
SECOND DISPLAY
Objections not fulfilling conditions 36 14 2
Objections fulfilling Conditions
By State or local governments
By 100 or more affected voters 11 2 8
TOTAL 47 16 10
Untuk meningkatkan BILANGAN bantahan. To increase the QUANTITY of objections.
Untuk meningkatkan MUTU bantahan. To raise the QUALITY of objections.
Membuat BANTAHAN berkesan berdasarkan peruntukan Perlembagaan Senarai Semak Make effective OBJECTIONS based on the Constitutional provisions Check List
Membuat HUJAH berkesan dalam Siasatan Tempatan Sempadan Alternatif
Make effective CASES in Inquiries Alternative Boundaries
Pasukan Tindakan & Kajian Persempadan) It stands for Delineation Action & Research Team.
Inisiatif persempadanan oleh rakyat. A Citizens’ Constituency Re-delineation Exercise.
Di reka untuk orang biasa – senang guna tapi berkesan It is designed with the ordinary citizen in mind – easy to use but powerful.
Usaha bersame Bersih 2.0 dan ENGAGE It was developed by ENGAGE and endorsed by BERSIH 2.0.
Percuma dan boleh di muat turun. It is FREE and FREELY available.
To TRAIN and EQUIP affected voters to object to any UNFAIR or UNCONSTITUTIONAL delineation by the EC.
Untuk MELATIH dan MELENGKAPKAN pengundi terjejas untuk membantah apa-apa persempadanan yang tidak adil oleh Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya.
PERLEMBAGAAN PERSEKUTUAN / FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
JADUAL 13, SEK 2 / 3TH SCHEDULE, PART 1, SEC 2
PE
TA
/M
AP
S
DA
TA
SE
NA
RA
I S
EM
AK
/C
HE
CK
LIS
T
LA
TIH
AN
&
B
AN
TU
AN
TR
AIN
/ S
UP
PO
RT
LA
T
BANTAHAN YG KUKUH
LEGALLY-SOUND CHALLENGE
Current
boundaries
Parliament,
DUN and DM
Roads, rivers,
rail tracks
Districts
Municipali-ties
Google Maps
+-15% -
urban/semi-
urban
-33% - rural
Voters in
each Polling
Districts
Problematic
voters list
Based on
Federal
Constitution
Deals with
malapportion
- ment &
gerrymander-
ing
Easy
language
Build f
rom
gro
und u
p
for
cit
izens b
y c
itiz
ens
PEMBAHAGIAN TIDAK SEKATA Malapportionment
PERSEMPADANAN TIDAK ADIL Gerrymandering
PEMINDAHAN PELIK (sama alamat, lain kawasan pilihanraya) Teleportation (same address, different constituencies)
Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(c) the number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and the other disadvantages facing rural constituencies, a measure of weightage for area ought to be given to such constituencies;
Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke-13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 (c) bilangan pemilih di dalam setiap bahagian pilihan raya di dalam sesuatu Negeri patut lah lebih kurang sama banyak kecuali bahawa, dengan mengambil kira kesulitan yang lebih besar untuk sampai kepada pemilih di dalam daerah desa dan kesukaran lain yang dihadapi oleh bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya di luar bandar, ukuran pewajaran bagi kawasan patutlah diberikan kepada bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya;
Skima klasifikasi SPR – bandaraya, bandar, separa bandar, separa desa, desa – tidak berasas dari sisi Perlembagaan
The EC’s classification scheme – metropolis, urban, semi urban, semi rural and rural – has no constitutional basis.
Semua kawasan pilihanraya dalam negeri sama patutlah “lebih kurang sama banyak”, dalam ringkungan +-15% (piawaian 1957) daripada purata negeri
All constituencies within the same state should have “approximately equal” electorate size, within the range of +-15% from the state average (the 1957 standard)
Kekecualian dibenarkan untuk kawasan desa dan pedalaman sampai -33.33% (piawaian 1955) daripada purata negeri
Exceptions are allowed for rural and inland constituencies, up to -33.33% from the state average (the 1955 standard)
Kawasan pilihanraya dalam Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan/Daerah terpencil mungkin mempunyai saiz lebih kecil daripada piawaian di atas jika keadaan ini perlu untuk menghormati sempadan PBT/Daerah
Constituencies in remote Local Authorities/Administrative Districts may have even smaller sizes from the above standard if this is necessary to respect the LA/AD boundary
Jumlah Pengundi/Electorate = 1,040,522; Kerusi/Seats = 15; Purata/Average = 69,368; Biasa/General = +/-15%; Max = 79,773; Min = 58,963
Kecualian /Exception = -33% = 46,477
Too big
Too small
-33%
-15%
Kerusi Parlimen Pengundi
P010 KUALA KEDAH 95,328
P015 SUNGAI PETANI 93,176
P016 BALING 93,168
P014 MERBOK 85,908
P008 POKOK SENA 80,714
P012 JERAI 74,410
P017 PADANG SERAI 73,549
P011 PENDANG 70,135
P009 ALOR STAR 69,009
P006 KUBANG PASU 65,550
P018 KULIM-BANDAR BAHARU 60,910
P005 JERLUN 52,383
P013 SIK 46,786
P007 PADANG TERAP 41,960
P004 LANGKAWI 37,536
+15%
-15%
-33%
Kes Istimewa? Special Case?
Jumlah Pengundi/Electorate = 1,040,522; Kerusi/Seats = 36; Purata/Average = 28,903; Biasa/General = +/-15%; Max = 33,239; Min = 24,568
Kecualian/Exception = -33% = 19,365
Terl
alu
Besar
T
oo b
ig
Terl
alu
Kecil
Too s
mall
+15%
-15%
-33%
N25 BUKIT SELAMBAU 49,087
N34 LUNAS 40,498
N26 TANJONG DAWAI 36,821
N06 JITRA 36,322
N19 SUNGAI TIANG 35,512
N28 BAKAR ARANG 34,743
N18 TOKAI 34,623
N30 BAYU 34,570
N16 KUBANG ROTAN 34,559
N35 KULIM 34,404
N27 PANTAI MERDEKA 33,282
N33 MERBAU PULAS 33,051
N17 PENGKALAN KUNDOR 31,788
N31 KUPANG 30,511
N04 AYER HITAM 29,567
N05 BUKIT KAYU HITAM 29,228
N15 ANAK BUKIT 28,981
N12 BAKAR BATA 28,186
N32 KUALA KETIL 28,087
N09 BUKIT LADA 27,593
N20 SUNGAI LIMAU 27,287
N11 DERGA 26,695
N36 BANDAR BAHARU 26,506
N10 BUKIT PINANG 26,426
N22 GURUN 26,037
N24 JENERI 25,586
N14 ALOR MENGKUDU 25,357
N29 SIDAM 25,151
N03 KOTA SIPUTEH 22,816
N07 KUALA NERANG 21,651
N23 BELANTEK 21,200
N21 GUAR CHEMPEDAK 21,086
N08 PEDU 20,309
N01 AYER HANGAT 20,130
N02 KUAH 17,406
N13 KOTA DARUL AMAN 15,466
Kes Istimewa? Special Case?
Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke-13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(a)...bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya patutlah disempadankan supaya tidak merentasi sempadan Negeri dan patutlah juga diberikan perhatian kepada kesulitan bahagian pilihan raya Negeri merentasi sempadan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya persekutuan;
(a) ..constituencies ought to be delimited so that they do not
cross State boundaries and regard ought to be had to the inconveniences of State constituencies crossing the boundaries of federal constituencies;
Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Jadual ke-13, Bahagian 1, Seksyen 2 Federal Constitution, Thirteenth Schedule, Part 1, Section 2
(d) perhatian patutlah diberikan kepada kesulitan yang akan timbul dengan perubahan bahagian-bahagian pilihan raya, dan kepada pemeliharaan hubungan tempatan
(d) regard ought to be had to the inconveniences attendant on alterations of constituencies, and to the maintenance of local ties.
Jika kawasan Parlimen tidak boleh merentasi sempadan negeri, dan kawasan DUN tidak harus merentasi sempadan kawasan parlimen (PP/J13/P1/S2b), maka kawasan DUN juga tidak harus merentasi sempadan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan/Daerah.
If Parliamentary constituencies cannot cross State boundaries dan state constituencies should not cross boundaries of parliamentary constituencies (FC/13S/P1/S2b), then state constituencies also should not cross boundaries of Local Authorities/Administrative Districts
X X
X!
Setiap kawasan DUN mesti terletak dalam 1PBT/Daerah* sahaja
Every state constituency must fall within 1 Local Authority/Administrative District*
Setiap kawasan Parlimen boleh merangkumi paling banyak kawasan 2 PBT/Daerah sahaja, jika tidak dapat berada dalam PBT/Daerah* yang sama
Every parliamentary constituency must not span across more than 2 Local Authorities/Administrative Districts* if it cannot fall within 1.
* mana yang berkenaan / whichever relevant
Apakah sempadan pilihanraya memecahbelahkan komuniti tempatan?
Do electoral boundaries break up local communities?
22
“Pemindahan Pelik” Pengundi (alamat sama, kawasan pilihanraya berlainan) secara langsung memecahkan hubungan tempatan.
“Teleportation” (same address, different constituencies) directly breaks up local ties.
Ini harus dikesan dan diperbetulkan dalam proses persempadanan
This should be discovered and corrected during redelineation
23
Bilangan Pengundi Electorate %
Bilangan
Ahli Parlimen No of MPs
Bilangan ADUN No of State Assemblypersons
Selangor 2,048,828 22 56
MPSJ 214,068 10.45% 2 6
Subang-Sunway 30,108
USJ 42,967
Kinrara 35,947
Bandar Puchong 42,853
Seri Serdang 27,684
Seri Kembangan 29,893
Selangor State Constituency Average: 36,586; max 42,074 (+15%); min 31,098 (-15%); rural min 24,003 (-33%)
?
?
?
?
Subang Jaya 115,928
Serdang 93,524
Selangor Parliamentary Constituency Average: 93,129; max 107,098 (+15%); min 79,159 (-15%); rural min 62,117 (-33%)
?
Kenali sempadan anda KINI
100+ pengundi sah
DART P158
Apa yang perlu dilakukan?
Semakan SENARAI BAGI BANTAHAN (sebagai amalan sahaja)
Membentukan JAWATANKUASA TERAS
BERSIHKAN senarai pengundi yang kotor
Sediakan sempadan PILIHAN anda
BANDING peta SPR dgn peta anda
SPR menerbitkan persempadan baru – 30 hari bermula
Semakan SENARAI BAGI BANTAHAN
Buat BANTAHAN pada SPR
Salin dan tampal dari TEMPLATE SURAT BANTAHAN
Get to know your CURRENT boundaries
100+ voters
DART P158
What to do?
Go thru CHECKLIST of Grounds for Objections (as a practice)
Form a CORE committee of community leaders,lawyers,analyst,activists
CLEAN-UP dirty electoral roll
CREATE the preferred delineation for your constituency
COMPARE EC’s map with yours
EC presents new delineation
30 DAYS BEGIN
Go thru CHECKLIST of GOs
CHALLENGE EC’s recommendations
COPY & PASTE from Legal Template
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