Life at the Turn of the Century Sec. 1 – Science & Urban Life Sec. 2 – Education & Culture Sec. 3 – Segregation & Discrimination Sec. 4 – Dawn of Mass Culture
Transcript
Slide 1
Sec. 1 Science & Urban Life Sec. 2 Education & Culture
Sec. 3 Segregation & Discrimination Sec. 4 Dawn of Mass
Culture
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76,000,000 Americans in 46 states (by the end of the decade.)
Policeman arrests woman for smoking in public $46,000,000+ in the
U.S. treasury 8,000 cars - 10 miles of paved roads 1900 - Auto
deaths 96; lynchings 115 San Francisco earthquake took 700 lives
and cost over $4,000,000 in damage. Average worker made $12.98/week
for 59 hours Life expectancy: 47.3 female, 46.3 male - 33.0 blacks
Facts About 1900-1910
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Fun Facts: Cost of Living Item19032003 One pound of
coffee.132.64 Vest.357.10 Hammer.5310.76 Hotel Room (1
day)2.0040.60 Shotgun21.75441.48 Silver Thimble.153.04 Loaf of
Bread.051.01 Automobile850.0017,253.00 Cost of Living
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Different shoe styles are not the norm in 1903.
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Louisa May Alcott - Little Women (1868) L. Frank Baum - The
Wizard of Oz (1900) Charles Chesnutt - The Marrow of Tradition
(1901) Charles Dickens - Oliver Twist (1838) Arthur Conan Doye -
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1893) Rudyard Kipling - The Jungle
Book (1894) L.M. Montgomery - Anne of Green Gables (1908) Jack
London - Call of the Wild (1903) Howard Pyle - The Merry Adventures
of Robin Hood (1883) Anna Sewell - Black Beauty (1877) Johanna
Spryi - Heidi (1880) Robert Lewis Stevenson - Treasure Island
(1883) Jonathan Swift - Gullivers Travels (1726) Mark Twain - The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) Jules Verne - 20,000 Leagues Under
the Sea (1870) Kate Douglas Wiggins - Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
(1903) Schools Reading Lists
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Warm Up What type of technology could make Metro-Detroit
(including Algonac) a better place to live in?
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Objectives for Sec. 1: Science & Urban Life To describe
technological advances and urban planning and their affects on
turn-of-the-century city life. To summarize turn-of-the-century
advances in communications
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Technology & City Life Rural & immigrant people flooded
the cities By 1890 Chicago & Philadelphia had a population of 1
million By 1901 New York had a population of 3.5 million Urban
areas need space, transportation & communications Cities needed
to expand upward & outward
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Upward: Skyscrapers Architects could build taller buildings due
to new technology in steel & elevators Louis Sullivan designed
the ten-story Wainwright Building in St. Louis Daniel Burnham
designed the 285 foot tower, Flatiron Building In 1900s skyscrapers
became the greatest contribution to architecture Skyscrapers solved
the problem of how to make the best use of limited & expensive
space The buildings served as a towering symbol of a rich &
optimistic society
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Skyscrapers Wainwright Building Flatiron Building
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Electric Transit Changes in transportation allowed cities to
expand outward Electricity transformed urban transportation In
1888, Richmond, Virginia became the first American city to
electrify its urban transit by installing streetcars driven by
electric motors powered by an overhead wire Other cities followed
& by the turn of the century, streetcars carried the residents
of outlying neighborhoods to the downtown area Cities became a
sprawling metropolis
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Electric Transit cont New railroad lines also fed the growth of
suburbs Some cities moved their streetcars above street level
called el trains New York built subways by moving their rail lines
underground Urban & Suburban areas grew due to how
transportation linked the two areas Bridges also connected
different sections of cities: Brooklyn Bridge
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The Science of Urban Planning City planners wanted to restore a
measure of serenity to the urban environment Designed parks &
recreational areas Frederick Law Olmsted spearheaded this movement
Olmsted & Calvert Vaux drew up plans to make Greenwards which
became known as Central Park Olmsted went on to develop parks &
recreational areas for Washington D.C., St. Louis & Boston
Daniel Burnham designed Chicagos parks and an entrance to the city
called White City
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1906 Postcard from White City White City in Chicago
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Central Park, New York
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New Technologies Transform Communications New developments in
communications brought people closer together in time Advances in
aviation, printing & photography helped to speed the
transmission of information
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Airplanes & Mail Delivery Orville & Wilbur Wright took
their 1 st successful flight on December 17, 1903 it lasted 12
seconds & covered 120 feet No one really paid attention, but by
1905 they had increased their flights to 24 miles In 1908 the U.S.
government took notice The government established the first
transcontinental airmail service in 1920 At first it took a day and
a half for mail to travel between New York & San Francisco
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A Revolution in Printing Better public education led to an
increase in literacy rate of 90% Due to the increased interest in
reading, publishers turned out ever-increasing numbers of books,
magazines, & newspapers to meet the demands Less expensive
paper & better printing presses helped lower the costs of
printing After chemists discovered wood pulp could make paper,
paper mills began to produce large quantities of cheap paper
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A Revolution in Printing cont William Bullock invented the
web-perfecting press that printed on both sides of a continuous
paper roll, then cut, folded & counted the pages Faster
production & lower costs made newspapers and magazines more
affordable 1 penny per copy Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the
Linotype machine that sped up the process of typesetting 1 st used
by a newspaper in 1886 & it streamlined the process of setting
type Illustration became easier in the 1880s when the process of
chemical engraving enabled printers to reproduce paintings &
photographs cheaply & accurately
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Photography George Eastman developed a paper based film as an
alternative to the heavy glass plates previously used Photographer
could now send their film to a studio for processing Advertised his
product to the masses not just professionals Eastman invented his
Kodak camera in 1888 Was small & easy to operate which prompted
millions of Americans to become amateur photographers Also helped
create the field of photo-journalism reporters could now photograph
events as they occurred
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George Eastman Inventions Kodak Point & Shoot 1 st Kodak
with a flash
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Exit Ticket Please answer the following question and turn in:
Which development in science and technology described in this
section had the greatest impact on American culture? Use details
from your notes to justify and support your opinion.
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Section 2: Education & Culture Objectives To trace the
expansion of public education at the turn of the century To
summarize the educational opportunities open for immigrants To
describe the expansion of higher education To show how expanding
education enhanced American culture
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Warm Up How does an educational system help a nation meet its
social needs?
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Expanding Public Education Most states had public school
systems by the Civil War Many school-aged children received no
formal education at all The students who went to school left within
four years, and few went to high school Education reformers wanted
to change this: worked to extend school to more children, increase
the number of years for mandatory school/attendance, lengthen the
school year
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Schools for Children Between 1865-1895, 31 states passed laws
requiring 12-16 weeks a year of school attendance for children ages
8-14 By 1900 75% of American children attended school mostly in the
cities Studied a curriculum that emphasized reading, writing, &
arithmetic Rote memorization & the quality of teachers drew
criticism Kindergarten was created it was outside the public school
for unemployed mothers 62% of white kids attended school compared
to 34% of black children
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The Growth of High School Due to the industrial age, the
economy demanded advanced technical & managerial skills In
1878: 800 high schools In 1898: 5,500 high schools 1880: 72,000
students attended high school In 1900: 500,000 attended high school
H.S curriculum expanded to include science, civics, history,
literature & home economics Vocational courses became available
in drafting, carpentry, & mechanics Courses for females:
secretarial & bookkeeping
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Racial Discrimination African Americans were excluded from
receiving a secondary education In 1890 1% of black teenagers
attended high school In 1910 3% of black teenagers attended high
school most went to private schools
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Education for Immigrants Unlike African Americans, immigrants
were encouraged to go to school Most immigrants sent their children
to free public schools where they quickly became Americanized
Catholics were concerned because Bible verses were read from the
King James version Protestant Catholics started up their own
parochial schools in their communities to give their children a
catholic education Adult immigrants went to night school &
employers offered daytime programs to their immigrant workers
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Expanding Higher Education Only 2.3% attended college Usually
students came from middle class or wealthy families College
prepared well to do young men for successful careers Between 1880
1920 college enrollment quadrupled Colleges started to change their
admission policies
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Changes in Universities The industrial movement changed the
nations educational needs at the college level The Research
university emerged to meet these needs Offered courses in modern
languages, engineering, economics, physical science, psychology
& sociology Some Research universities were established by
wealthy capitalists (Rockefeller: Univ. Chicago) Medical schools
were changing as well due to what was learned in the Civil War
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Higher Education for African Americans After the Civil War
freed slaves pursued an education Excluded from white colleges,
they opened up all black schools to educate ministers, dentists,
teachers, physicians African Americans founded: Howard, Atlanta
& Fisk universities However, charitable organizations could not
financially support or educate a sufficient number of black college
graduates to provide enough doctors, lawyers & teachers to meet
the needs of the segregated community
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Higher Education for African Americans cont Out of 9.2 million
blacks, only 3,880 had graduated from college Only 1% of African
Americans attended college W.E.B. Dubois became the first African
American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1895 He said the most
educated blacks or the talented tenth attempt to achieve immediate
inclusion into mainstream American life Booker T. Washington
believed racism would end when blacks acquired useful labor skills
& proved their economic value to society He graduated from the
Hampton Institute & opened his own school
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Education Influences Culture More schools, universities &
colleges became a source of education Art galleries, libraries and
museums make culture available to more people. Many turn of the
century artist & writers embraced social realism, attempting to
portray life as it is really lived Increased literacy boosts sales
of dime novels and other light fiction.
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Life at the Turn of the Century Sec. 3: Segregation &
Discrimination - Objectives To trace the development of legal
discrimination against African Americans in the South and their
struggle against it To summarize turn of the century race relations
in the North as well as in the South
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African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination After the North
lifted military authority over the South, white Southern Democrats
reclaimed control and instituted laws to subject African Americans
to second class citizenship
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Voter Restrictions For about 10 years after Reconstructions,
African Americans voted & even held office. Bt the end of the
1800s that had changed & Southern states adopted a broad system
of legal policies of racial discrimination & devised methods to
weaken African American political power New laws denied African
American legal equality
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Voter Restrictions: New Laws Literacy tests: registrars asked
blacks more difficult questions than they asked whites Sometimes
the test was given in a foreign language to blacks The officials
administering the test could pass or fail applicants as they
wished
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Voter Restrictions: Poll Tax Poll tax: an annual tax that had
to be paid to gain access to the voting booth Blacks & white
sharecroppers lacked cash to pay this & were frequently unable
to vote Whites who lacked money were grandfathered in Grandfather
clause: stated that even if a white man failed the literacy test or
could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he,
his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1,
1867
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Jim Crow Laws State and local governments passed laws to
separate white and black people in public and private facilities
The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to
Jump, Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of blacks performed by
white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface Segregation: system of
separating people on the basis of race Racial segregation developed
in schools, hospitals, parks, transportation systems, restaurants,
etc.
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Plessy v. Ferguson Homer Plessy: 7/8 th white, 1/8 th black was
classified as a black man Denied a seat in a railroad car &
challenged the segregation law Said it denied him his rights under
the Louisiana constitution Railroad said it just separate, but
equal Supreme Court sided with the railroad Established the term:
separate but equal Allowed states to maintain separate
facilities
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Turn of the Century Race Relations Written & unwritten laws
that led to discrimination Blacks were belittled and humiliated
Blacks & whites never shook hands Blacks had to take off the
hats to whites Blacks had to yield the sidewalk to whites If
accused of showing too little respect to whites, blacks would be
lynched - 2,500 between 1885 & 1900 Discrimination &
segregation just as bad in the North Blacks couldnt live in white
neighborhoods, labor unions denied them membership, hired as a last
resort
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Discussion Questions What types of legal discrimination did
African Americans face? What were Jim Crow laws? How do you think
these laws could have been fought? How did Plessy v. Ferguson
affect the civil rights of African Americans?
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Sec. 4 Dawn of a Mass Culture Although race discrimination was
prevalent among non-whites & caused legal problems across the
U.S. it was a different story for whites Due to rapid
industrialization & improvements that made daily life easier
more people (especially whites) found they had leisure time &
money to spend New recreational activities, new consumer products
& trends caught the interest of people at the turn of the
century. A mass culture was born
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Sec. 4: Dawn of a Mass Culture: Objectives To give examples of
turn of the century popular sports and other leisure activities To
describe turn of the century trends in music and the performing
arts To summarize the growing circulation of newspapers To describe
turn of the century innovations in marketing and advertising
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American Leisure Relief from city congestion & dull
factories Amusement parks Built on green spaces Often built by
trolley car companies Picnic grounds & rides Coney Island, NY
1894- Roller Coaster! World Columbian Expo- Chicago 1893
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More Leisure Male only till 1885: Safety bicycle Smaller
wheels, air filled tires Women discard corsets Shirtwaists &
split skirts, to ride Gave women a sense of freedom Tennis First
seen in Wales, 1873
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New snacks: Potato Chips - 1853 Chewing Gum - 1870 Coca Cola -
1886 Designed by pharmacist to cure headaches Cracker Jacks 1893
Hershey Bars - 1900 Ice Cream cone - 1904 Popsicle - 1905
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Sports Spectator Sports Boxing Baseball Telegraphed
transmissions of contests at hotel lobbies & barber shops Based
on Rounders, English sport By 1860s, many clubs across US National
League 1876 American League 1900 1 st World Series: 1903 Negro
Leagues founded
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Spread of Mass Culture Live Performances -Vaudeville
performances including song, dance & slapstick comedy -Barnum
& Baileys Greatest Show on Earth Motion Pictures 1 st film was
a one reel in 10 minute sequences Mostly vaudeville skits The Great
Train Robbery The Birth of a Nation (used fade outs, close ups, but
glorified the KKK) Art Realism Thomas Eakins Ashcan school Gritty
urban life scenes Abstract (Europe) Libraries spread (poor mans
university) Fiction Crime, Westerns Realism- Jack London, Stephen
Crane- show lower classes Humor- Mark Twain
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Mass Circulation of Newspapers Coverage of daily sports, shows
& news in newspapers Started using Sensational Headlines Used
promotional stunts, large Sunday edition, comics, & womens news
to sell newspapers & attract readers Personal scandals, cruelty
& outrageous stories were used to out do the competition Two
large scale papers at the time: Morning Journal ran by Joseph
Pulitzer & Journal ran by William Randolph Hearst
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Shopping: A New Way To Sell Goods Malls (Arcades) Cleveland,
1890 Jewelry, leather goods, stationery Bands play on Sundays
Department Stores Marshall Field, Chicago Geared to women shoppers
Bargain basement Chains Woolworths Five & Dime stores
Advertising Mostly patent medicines Soaps, baking powders
Newspapers, magazines, billboards, barns, rocks Catalogs & RFD
Montgomery Ward (1872) Sears (1886) Rural Free Delivery- packages
to your home!
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Homework Complete questions 2-5 on page 488 of your textbook
Complete questions on handout (on table)