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Freedom RidersNew Volunteers
◦SNCC takes up cause of Freedom Riders “Bull” Connor
Birmingham, AL police commissioner Beat Freedom Riders “15 minute rule”
Riding for Freedom
◦Involvement of Federal Marshals Police wouldn’t protect riders 400 U.S. Marshals ordered to protect riders to Jackson, Mississippi
◦Segregation banned in all interstate travel facilities
Integrating Ole Miss◦James Meredith Wins court cases allowing him to enroll
in all-white college Gov. Ross Barnet refused to let him
register JFK orders federal marshals to escort
Meredith◦Riots break out on campus
Standing Firm
Heading into Birmingham◦Most segregated city in America◦MLK and Fred Shuttlesworth plan march Marchers attacked by Bull Connor on Apr. 12, 1963
King writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
May 2 – “Children’s March”
◦Results Birmingham ends segregation Convinced JFK that new civil rights act was necessary to end disorder and satisfy demands for racial justice
Kennedy takes a stand◦June 11, 1963 Forces Alabama Gov. George Wallace to
desegregate U. of Alabama◦Demanded sweeping civil rights bill
Jackson, Mississippi Killed on June 12, 1963
◦Byron De La Beckwith◦Member of the White Citizens' Council
and Ku Klux Klan
Medgar Evers
Dream of Equality◦Aug. 28, 1963 250,000 gather in Washington, DC MLK gives “Dream” speech
Marching to Washington
July 2, 1964◦ Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion,
national origin, and gender
Civil Rights Act
Freedom Summer◦SNCC volunteers trained in nonviolent resistance
◦Robert Moses leads SNCC Works to register black voters in Mississippi
3 workers killed – “Mississippi Burning”
KKK
Fighting for Voting Rights