Date post: | 23-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | patience-cobb |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War
Secession in the SouthLincoln’s election led to
secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean “civil war”
Two things had to happen first:
–One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South
–The North had to use its military to protect the Union
The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
SC seceded on Dec 20,1860 The entire Deep South
seceded by Feb 1861
The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence
& did not secede immediately
Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better off if the South
was allowed to peacefully secede
The Decision to Secede
Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of AmericaOn Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate
States of America were formed
The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with 4 key changes: (1) it protected states’
rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War
Adjusting to Total War
Northern AdvantagesAt the outbreak of the Civil War,
the North had lots of advantages:–Larger population for troops–Greater industrial capacity–Huge edge in RR transportation
Problem for the North:–Had to invade the South to win–Difficult to maintain enthusiasm
& support for war over time
Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
Southern AdvantagesAlthough outnumbered & less
industrial, South had advantages:
–President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit
–Had the best military leaders
–England & France appeared more willing to support the South
Robert E “Stonewall” J.E.B. Lee Jackson Stuart
“King Cotton” diplomacy
Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan
Blockade the Southern coast
Take control of the Mississippi River
Divide the West from South
Take the CSA capital at Richmond
Ulysses Grant in the
West
George McClellan
was in charge of
Army of the Potomac
Southern strategy was an “offensive defense”: drag out the war & strategically attack the
North to destroy Northern morale
Political Leadership During the Civil WarDavis was less
effective:–concerned
mainly with military duties
–neglected the economy
–obstructed by state governors who resisted conscription
Lincoln expanded his powers:–declared
martial law–imprisoned
“subversives”–briefly closed
down a few newspapers
Fighting the Civil War
The Civil War
1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign
was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson
The U.S. & CSA forces fought to a draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the single bloodiest day of the Civil War
From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership
& the Southern defensive strategy
Fighting “Total War”The Civil War was the world’s 1st
“total war” in which the entire economy was devoted to winning:
–North & South drafted soldiers
–North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands
–New weapons, old tactics, & sheer numbers of troops in battle led to massive casualties
Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; A number of women
also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)
Women’s most prominent role were as nurses on the battlefield: distributing medical
supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering comfort to wounded or dying soldiers
Cone-shaped bullets & grooved barrel riflesRepeating rifles &
the Gatling gun
Shrapnel, booby traps, & land mines
Massive frontal assaults and massed formations with as many as 100,000 soldiers
Battle of the Ironclads (1862)Battle of the Ironclads (1862): CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor
Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack
USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile
Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA
Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA
Confederate Prison Camp in Andersonville, GA
Built to hold 10,000 prisoners; but held more than 32,000 Union POWs
Mobilizing the Home FrontsBoth the North & South faced
problems supporting the war:–Both sides began running out of
troops; in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft)
–Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9,000% in the South)
The draft was unpopular among Southern governors & Northern, antiwar “Copperheads”
The Coming of EmancipationAt the beginning of the war, the
North was fighting to preserve the preserve the UnionUnion, not to abolish slavery
By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipation–Congress refused a gradual plan–Many thought immediate
freedom for slaves would lure England & France into alliance
–Southern victories pressured the North to “strike back”
The Emancipation ProclamationUnion “success” at Antietam led
Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation on January 1, 1863:–Lincoln freed all slaves in
Confederate territories–This did not free a single slave
but it gave the North a new reason fight the Civil War
–Inspired slaves to flee NorthPushed for the 13th Amendment
Passed after the Civil War ended on Jan 31, 1865
Emancipation in 1863The border states could keep their slaves (until 13th amendment passed in 1865)
The Tide Turns in 1863By early 1863, the North & South
both faced morale problems:
–SouthSouth—economic & diplomatic collapse, runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight
–NorthNorth—consistent losses against Lee, draft riots in NYC, anti-war “Copperheads” played on war failures & racial anxieties
New York City Draft Riot
Fight to the FinishBut by 1863, the war began to
turn in favor of the North:–Northern supremacy in industry
& manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South
–The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200,000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effort
The Civil War
In July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg & gained control of the Mississippi River
Lee led an attack into the North, but lost at Gettysburg; North’s
1st real victory in the east
Due to Grant’s success in the west, Lincoln made Grant supreme commander of Union army in 1864; Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on all fronts
Grant began a siege on Richmond and…
William Sherman began his “march to the sea” (Atlanta to Savannah) & destroyed everything of military value
Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our
forefathers brought forth on this continent,
a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have
come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. For the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here,
have consecrated it far above our poor power
to add or detract.
The world will little note or long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion—
—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of
the people, by the people, and for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
Election of 1864Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough
re-election in 1864 against General George McClellan:–War failures were a key issue–Radical Republicans considered
dropping Lincoln from the ticket But, when Atlanta fell during
Sherman’s “March to the Sea,” Lincoln regained support and was overwhelmingly reelected
In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”
In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside Richmond;
Lee was cut off from the South
Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865
On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse,
ending the fighting of Civil War
The Death of Lincoln Northern celebration was short lived;
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth
Effects of the War
Effects of the WarSocial changesSocial changes:
–618,000 troops were dead
–Women in both the North & South were forced to take on more non-domestic roles
–13th Amendment ended slavery
–Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in Civil War
Effects of the WarPolitical changesPolitical changes:
–The Civil War established that the national gov’t is supreme over the states
–With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies, & a national banking system
Ended the Southern argument over nullification & states’ rights
ConclusionsThe turning point of the war: 1863
–The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union,” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued)
–The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg and Vicksburg) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South